Effect of Epoxidation Level in Silica Filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber Compound on Cure, Rheological, Mechanical and Dynamic Properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afnan Aiman Rohadi ◽  
Abdul Razak Rahmat ◽  
Mazlina Mustafa Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Silanol Groups ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Spectroscopy Studies ◽  
Work Effect

Reinforcement of rubber by precipitated silica is adversely affected due to lack of strong polymer silica bonding. Functionalized polymers interact strongly with surface silanol groups of precipitated silica. In this work, effect of variation of epoxide content in silica filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) compound was studied namely ENR 10, 25, 37.5 and 50mol%. Increasing in epoxide level of rubber has contributed to better rubber filler interaction and lead to better mechanical properties. Meanwhile, ENR’s with greater degree of polarity has contributed significantly to higher storage moduli at small deformation and also leads to increase in bound rubber content value. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed that the silanol groups in silica interact with ENR through formation of Si-OH bond.

REINFORCEMENT OF NATURAL RUBBER BY SILICA/SILANE IN DEPENDENCE OF DIFFERENT AMINE TYPES

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hayichelaeh ◽  
L. A. E. M. Reuvekamp ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
A. Blume ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Aliphatic Amines ◽  
Shielding Effect ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Payne Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Bound Rubber

ABSTRACT Diphenyl guanidine (DPG) is the most commonly used secondary accelerator in silica-reinforced rubber compounds because of its additional positive effect on the silanization reaction and deactivation of free silanol groups that are left over after the silanization. However, because of health and safety concerns about the use of DPG, which decomposes to give highly toxic aniline during high processing temperature, safe alternatives are required. This work investigates the effect of various types of aliphatic amines having alkyl or cyclic structures and similar pKa (i.e., hexylamine [HEX], decylamine [DEC], octadecylamine [OCT], cyclohexylamine [CYC], dicyclohexylamine [DIC], and quinuclidine [QUI]) on the properties of silica-reinforced natural rubber (NR) compounds by taking the ones with DPG and without amine as references. When compared with the compound without amine, the use of all amine types reduces filler–filler interaction (i.e., the Payne effect) and enhances filler–rubber interaction, as indicated by bound rubber content and decreased heat capacity increment. The amines with alkyl chains can reduce the Payne effect and enhance cure rate to a greater extent compared with the amines with cyclic rings as a result of better accessibility toward the silica surface and a shielding effect because of less steric hindrance. The longer carbon tails on linear aliphatic amines ranging from HEX, DEC, to OCT lead to a lower Payne effect, lower heat capacity increment, higher bound rubber content, and higher modulus as well as tensile strength. Overall, the use of OCT provides silica-reinforced NR compounds with properties closest to the reference one with DPG and can act as a potential alternative for DPG.

Filler—Elastomer Interactions. Part IV. The Effect of the Surface Energies of Fillers on Elastomer Reinforcement

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Wolff ◽  
Meng-Jiao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Specific Component ◽  
Dispersive Component ◽  
Surface Energies ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
High Elongation ◽  
Polymer Interaction

Abstract Carbon black N110 and a precipitated silica, which have comparable surface area and structure, were selected as model fillers to study the effect of filler surface energies on rubber reinforcement. In comparison with carbon black, the surface energies of silica are characterized by a lower dispersive component, γsd, and higher specific component, γssp. It was found that the high γssp of silica leads to strong interaggregate interaction, resulting in higher viscosity of the compounds, higher αƒ, and higher moduli of the vulcanizates at small strain. The higher γsd of carbon black, in contrast, causes strong filler—polymer interaction, which is reflected in a higher bound-rubber content of the compounds and higher moduli of the vulcanizates at high elongation.

Studies on reinforcing effect of industrial nano silica in chloroprene vulcanizates containing carboxy-terminated liquid natural rubber

2021 ◽  
pp. 009524432110635
Author(s):  
Gopika Sudhakaran ◽  
Shanti A Avirah
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Nano Silica ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Reinforcing Effect ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Liquid Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Filler

Maleic anhydride was chemically attached to depolymerized natural rubber, and the product was named as carboxy-terminated liquid natural rubber (CTNR). The CTNR can act as a potential plasticizer in chloroprene (CR) vulcanizates. This paper describes the use of commercial nano silica (NS) as a promising cost-effective filler, which can enhance the tensile properties and ageing resistance of the CR vulcanizates incorporated with CTNR (CR-CTNR). The enhancement in properties may be attributed to the increased bound-rubber content owing to the large surface area of the nano-sized filler. The characteristics of the NS-filled CR vulcanizates containing CTNR (NS CR-CTNR) were compared with those containing amorphous silica. The NS CR-CTNR vulcanizates showed superior ageing and oil resistance due to the finer rubber filler interaction modified by ionic cross linking.

Influence of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide amount on the properties of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber-based composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-362
Author(s):  
Omar A. Al-Hartomy ◽  
Ahmed A. Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Said A. Farha Al Said ◽  
Nikolay Dishovsky ◽  
Mihail Mihaylov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Coupling Agents ◽  
Silane Coupling Agents ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Epoxy Groups

AbstractThe aim of the present article is to investigate the influence of the amount of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide on the curing characteristics and mechanical and dynamic properties of rubber composites based on epoxidized natural rubber (Epoxyprene 50) filled with 70 phr silica. The obtained results showed that although the interaction between the epoxy groups of epoxidized natural rubber and the silanol groups of silica through hydrogen bonds improves the dispersion of filler in the rubber matrix, the presence of silane coupling agents is necessary to obtain rubber compounds and vulcanizates with good vulcanization characteristics and mechanical and dynamic properties.

Compatibilization Efficiency of Polybutadiene-Grafted Maleic Anhydride in Ethylene-Propylene Diene Rubber/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Blends

2016 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Pranee Nuinu ◽  
Sansanee Srichan ◽  
Siriwat Radabutra ◽  
Chaiwute Vudjung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber ◽  
Diene Rubber

This research aims to investigate the efficiency of polybutadiene-grafted maleic anhydride (PB-g-MAH) as the compatibilizer for ethylene-propylene diene rubber and epoxidized natural rubber (EPDM/ENR) blends. PB-g-MAH was varied from 0-10 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr), and the cure characteristics, mechanical and dynamic properties of 70/30 EPDM/ENR blends with and without compatibilizer were evaluated. It was found that the minimum torque, maximum torque, scorch and cure times of the blends increased after adding PB-g-MAH, whereas cure rate decreased. The morphology of the blend is improved by the addition of PB-g-MAH in small amounts, owing to an improved compatibility of these rubbers confirmed by dynamic mechanical property. The hardness and oil resistance increased with increasing PB-g-MAH content. Of all blends investigated, the blend compatibilized with 2-4 phr of PB-g-MAH shows the optimum mechanical properties and thermal resistance.

Changes in Mixing Torque, Mechanical and Dynamic Rheological Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber and Copolyester Blends as Affected by Epoxidized Natural Rubber Contents

2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Densak Kaewkabpet ◽  
Charoen Nakason ◽  
Azizon Kaesaman ◽  
Anoma Thitithammawong
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
High Elongation ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Thermoplastic Natural Rubber ◽  
Low Tension ◽  
Internal Mixer

Thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) based on epoxidized natural rubber with 30 %mol epoxide (ENR-30) and copolyester (COPE) blends was prepared in a molten state by using roller rotor internal mixer. Effect of various ENR contents on mixing torque together with mechanical and dynamic properties of the ENR-30/COPE blends was investigated. It was found that the mixing torque and complex viscosity increased with increasing contents of the ENR in the blends. This was due to higher polarity the ENR molecules caused interaction and entanglement of the ENR molecular chains with higher viscosity. Furthermore, improvement of elastomeric properties of the ENR-30/COPE blends was clearly observed, especially in the blends with higher proportion of the ENR. These improved elastomeric properties with high elongation at break, low tension set and high storage modulus together with low tan δ. This observation correlated to higher elastic component in the blend caused promoting higher elastic response in combination with increasing of interaction between the ENR and the COPE phases.

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