Oxygen Sensor Testing for Automotive Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 896 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
Dragos Tutunea ◽  
Ilie Dumitru ◽  
Oana Victoria Oţăt ◽  
Laurentiu Racila ◽  
Ionuţ Daniel Geonea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Oxygen Sensor ◽  
Oxygen Sensors ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Automotive Applications ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Experimental Stand ◽  
Residual Oxygen ◽  
Sensor Degradation

During the operation of internal combustion engines the air-fuel ratio (A/F) is an important parameter which affects fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The automotive oxygen sensor (Lambda) measures the quantity of residual oxygen in the combustion gases. Sensor degradation in time due to the exposure to high temperatures causes a distortion in controlling the A/F with the increase in gas emissions. In this paper an experimental stand is designed to test oxygen sensor degradation in laboratory condition. Four oxygen sensors were tested function of temperature and time recording their variation in resistance and voltage. The results showed similar values in the curves for all sensors tested.

A phenomenological model for the description of unburned hydrocarbons emission in ultra-lean engines

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110050
Author(s):  
Enrica Malfi ◽  
Vincenzo De Bellis ◽  
Fabio Bozza ◽  
Alberto Cafari ◽  
Gennaro Caputo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Nitric Oxides ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Fuel Charge ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbons ◽  
Model Reliability

The adoption of lean-burn concepts for internal combustion engines working with a homogenous air/fuel charge is under development as a path to simultaneously improve thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, nitric oxides, and carbon monoxide emissions. This technology may lead to a relevant emission of unburned hydrocarbons (uHC) compared to a stoichiometric engine. The uHC sources are various and the relative importance varies according to fuel characteristics, engine operating point, and some geometrical details of the combustion chamber. This concern becomes even more relevant in the case of engines supplied with natural gas since the methane has a global warming potential much greater than the other major pollutant emissions. In this work, a simulation model describing the main mechanisms for uHC formation is proposed. The model describes uHC production from crevices and flame wall quenching, also considering the post-oxidation. The uHC model is implemented in commercial software (GT-Power) under the form of “user routine”. It is validated with reference to two large bore engines, whose bores are 31 and 46 cm (engines named accordingly W31 and W46). Both engines are fueled with natural gas and operated with lean mixtures (λ > 2), but with different ignition modalities (pre-chamber device or dual fuel mode). The engines under study are preliminarily schematized in the 1D simulation tool. The consistency of 1D engine schematizations is verified against the experimental data of BMEP, air flow rate, and turbocharger rotational speed over a load sweep. Then, the uHC model is validated against the engine-out measurements. The averaged uHC predictions highlight an average error of 7% and 10 % for W31 and W46 engines, respectively. The uHC model reliability is evidenced by the lack of need for a case-dependent adjustment of its tuning constants, also in presence of relevant variations of both engine load and ring pack design.

scholarly journals A design tool for the performances comparison of innovative energy systems for naval applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
D. Rattazzi ◽  
M. Rivarolo ◽  
T. Lamberti ◽  
L. Magistri
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
Market Solutions ◽  
And Storage

This paper aims to develop a tool for the performances comparison of innovative energy systems on board ships, both for concentrated and distributed generation applications. In the first part of the study, the tool database has been developed throughout a wide analysis of the available market solutions in terms of energy generation devices (i.e. fuel cells, internal combustion engines, micro gas turbines), fuels (hydrogen, natural gas, diesel) and related storage technologies. Many of these data have been collected also thanks to the laboratory experience of the authors’ research group on different innovative energy systems. From the database, a wide range of maps has been created, correlating costs, volumes, weights and emissions with the installed power and the operational hours required, given by the user as input. The tool highlights the best solution according to the different relevance chosen by the user for each key parameter (i.e. costs, volumes, emissions). In the second part, two different case studies are presented in order to underline how the installed power, the different ship typology and the user requirements affect the choice of the best solution. It is worth noting that the methodology has a general value, as the tool can be applied to both the design of new ships, and to the retrofit of already existing ships in order to respect new requirements (e.g. more and more stringent normative in terms of pollutant emissions in ports and restricted areas). Furthermore, the database can be easily extended to other generation and storage technologies.

scholarly journals Numerical study of the physical processes of gas leakage in the compression ring in diesel engines

2021 ◽  
Vol 2118 (1) ◽  
pp. 012016
Author(s):  
J A Pabón León ◽  
J P Rojas Suárez ◽  
M S Orjuela Abril
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Lubrication Film ◽  
Compression Ring ◽  
Complex Mathematical Model

Abstract In this research, the construction of a numerical model is proposed for the analysis of the friction processes and the thickness of the lubrication film present in the compression ring of internal combustion engines. The model is built using MATLAB software, and three load conditions are used as reference (2 Nm, 4 Nm, and 6 Nm) with a rotation speed of 3600 rpm, which correspond to a stationary single-cylinder diesel engine. Comparison between model estimates and experimental results show that the development model could predict the actual engine conditions. The deviation between the numerical model and the experimental data was 17%. It was shown that the increase in engine load causes a 16% increase in the friction force of the compression ring, which implies a 50% increase in power loss due to friction processes. In general, the model developed allows the analysis of the friction processes in the compression ring and its effect on the lubrication film, considering the leakage of the combustion gases. In this way, the construction of a more complex mathematical model is achieved, which allows improving the precision in the analyzes related to the interaction between the compression ring and the cylinder liner.

scholarly journals Challenging Sensing Solutions Designed by Sensata Bulgaria

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
A. Tanev ◽  
P. Mitsev ◽  
T. Lazarova
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Automotive Applications ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Very High

Abstract This paper presents novel green automotive platinum sensing technology together with pressure sensors design principles and applications. In recent years, worldwide emissions legislation has been introduced and is rapidly becoming more stringent. With alternative vehicular propulsion methods far from becoming mainstream reality, leading automotive providers have intensified efforts in the direction of reducing the harmful footprint of their products. This is being accomplished via smaller, appropriately designed internal combustion engines, necessitating an increased and higher-performance sensor content per vehicle. This paper elaborates on temperature sensor application in automotive exhaust gas performance sensing and as well as pressure sensors in different challenging automotive applications with very high pressure levels.

scholarly journals Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Martins ◽  
F. P. Brito
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Ic Engines

The recent transport electrification trend is pushing governments to limit the future use of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However, the rationale for this strong limitation is frequently not sufficiently addressed or justified. The problem does not seem to lie within the engines nor with the combustion by themselves but seemingly, rather with the rise in greenhouse gases (GHG), namely CO2, rejected to the atmosphere. However, it is frequent that the distinction between fossil CO2 and renewable CO2 production is not made, or even between CO2 emissions and pollutant emissions. The present revision paper discusses and introduces different alternative fuels that can be burned in IC Engines and would eliminate, or substantially reduce the emission of fossil CO2 into the atmosphere. These may be non-carbon fuels such as hydrogen or ammonia, or biofuels such as alcohols, ethers or esters, including synthetic fuels. There are also other types of fuels that may be used, such as those based on turpentine or even glycerin which could maintain ICEs as a valuable option for transportation.

Simulation and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyu Han
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Simulation And Optimization ◽  
Modeling Methodology ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Key Issues

Simulation and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines provides the fundamentals and up-to-date progress in multidimensional simulation and optimization of internal combustion engines. While it is impossible to include all the models in a single book, this book intends to introduce the pioneer and/or the often-used models and the physics behind them providing readers with ready-to-use knowledge. Key issues, useful modeling methodology and techniques, as well as instructive results, are discussed through examples. Readers will understand the fundamentals of these examples and be inspired to explore new ideas and means for better solutions in their studies and work. Topics include combustion basis of IC engines, mathematical descriptions of reactive flow with sprays, engine in-cylinder turbulence, fuel sprays, combustions and pollutant emissions, optimization of direct-injection gasoline engines, and optimization of diesel and alternative fuel engines.

scholarly journals 1D Simulation and Experimental Analysis on the Effects of the Injection Parameters in Methane–Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3734
Author(s):  
Javier Monsalve-Serrano ◽  
Giacomo Belgiorno ◽  
Gabriele Di Blasio ◽  
María Guzmán-Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Dual Fuel Combustion

Notwithstanding the policies that move towards electrified powertrains, the transportation sector mainly employs internal combustion engines as the primary propulsion system. In this regard, for medium- to heavy-duty applications, as well as for on- and off-road applications, diesel engines are preferred because of the better efficiency, lower CO2, and greater robustness compared to spark-ignition engines. Due to its use at a large scale, the internal combustion engines as a source of energy depletion and pollutant emissions must further improved. In this sense, the adoption of alternative combustion concepts using cleaner fuels than diesel (e.g., natural gas, ethanol and methanol) presents a viable solution for improving the efficiency and emissions of the future powertrains. Particularly, the methane–diesel dual-fuel concept represents a possible solution for compression ignition engines because the use of the low-carbon methane fuel, a main constituent of natural gas, as primary fuel significantly reduces the CO2 emissions compared to conventional liquid fuels. Nonetheless, other issues concerning higher total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions, mainly at low load conditions, are found. To minimize this issue, this research paper evaluates, through a new and alternative approach, the effects of different engine control parameters, such as rail pressure, pilot quantity, start of injection and premixed ratio in terms of efficiency and emissions, and compared to the conventional diesel combustion mode. Indeed, for a deeper understanding of the results, a 1-Dimensional spray model is used to model the air-fuel mixing phenomenon in response to the variations of the calibration parameters that condition the subsequent dual-fuel combustion evolution. Specific variation settings, in terms of premixed ratio, injection pressure, pilot quantity and combustion phasing are proposed for further efficiency improvements.

scholarly journals Consideration regarding the reduction of pollutions emissions by increasing energy efficiency in ship operations

2020 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Lucian Mihail Dumitrache ◽  
Nicolae Buzbuchi ◽  
Cătălin Faităr
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Computing Technique ◽  
Main Disadvantage ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Over Time

The use of experimental investigation techniques in the research of internal combustion engines has contributed substantially to their progress and development over time. The performances obtained in the development of modern engines have been strongly influenced by the emergence and development of the investigation equipment, especially the laser and the modern computing technique. Maritime transport generates about 4% of the total CO2 emissions produced by human activities, which means that its carbon value is almost as large as that of Germany. Emissions from this sector are not yet internationally regulated, but this issue is currently being debated within the IMO and the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC). Of the strategies to reduce pollutant emissions from ships, identified so far, the technical solutions are the first ones that have been implemented on board. The advantage of using technical solutions onboard ships is the high efficiency of reducing a product or several pollutant products, but the main disadvantage is the high cost of implementing and operating them on board ships.

ME´RIME´E: A Simulation Software to Study Diesel Engines Used for Military Propulsion

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Tauzia ◽  
Pascal Chesse ◽  
Jean-Franc¸ois Hetet ◽  
Arnaud Bonin
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Ground Vehicles ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Engine Simulation ◽  
Computer Research ◽  
Second Category

The design and development of internal combustion engines, and by extension of complete powertrains for ground vehicles, constitute a particularly complex, costly and time consuming task. As a result, numerical simulation is now commonly used by engine manufacturers and vehicle designers in addition to test bench experiments. Engine simulation codes can be divided into three main categories, with very different objectives and levels of complexity: CFD codes, thermodynamic codes and real time codes. This paper presents the MERIMEE simulation code, which belongs to the second category (MERIMEE is the French acronym for Computer Research and Study Model for Engines and their Equipment). Jointly developed by Ecole Centrale de Nantes (for the models) and the CS-SI Company (for the software development) it is used by ETAS (French Army) for the development and study of complete powertrains designed for military ground propulsion. The main models used to simulate the engine behavior are first briefly described. Then, the software architecture, the interface as well as the programming and numerical aspects are described. Finally, some significant results are shown and compared with experimental data. They deal with steady state and transient engine behavior in addition to the evaluation of pollutant emissions.

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