Potential-Magnetic Composite of Fe3O4/Activated Carbon from Palm Oil Shell

Composite of Fe3O4/activated carbon was synthesized from activated carbon by mixing with Fe(II) and Fe(III) using ethanol and treated with hydrothermal process at 250°C for 2 hours. Previous treatment, activated carbon was prepared from palm oil shell using potassium hydroxide as a chemical activation and pyrolyzed at 500°C for 3 hours. Surface area composite of Fe3O4/activated carbon is 8.05 m²/g. However, the X-ray diffraction analysis shows that Fe3O4/activated carbon has crystalline phase which tend to amorphous phase. Characterization using FTIR show that the composite has Fe-O on 557 cm-1. The Composite of Fe3O4/activated carbon has been successfully synthesized.

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Perovskite Relaxor Ferroelectric Thick Films Directly Grown from Oxide Precursors by a Low Temperature Hydrothermal Process

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.1049 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 334-335 ◽

pp. 1049-1052

Author(s):

Hui Qing Fan ◽

Xiu Li Chen

Keyword(s):

Dielectric Constant ◽

Dielectric Loss ◽

Thick Films ◽

Hydrothermal Process ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate ◽

Lanthanum Zirconate ◽

X Ray ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Phase Characterization

Relaxor-based lead-lanthanum-zirconate-titanate (PLZT) thick films were prepared on Ti substrates by a simplified hydrothermal method, in which the precursors were heated to 150 oC with durations from 8 to 32h. The mixture of oxides was used as the staring materials. The smooth PLZT films with a single perovskite structure were obtained through the synthesis route. Structural and morphological studies were carried out on hydrothermally synthesized films. The influences of the mineralizer concentration on the structural, morphological, and physical characteristics of the particles are studied. Phase characterization and crystal orientation of the PLZT thick films were investigated by x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the PLZT thick films were measured. In the frequency range from 1000 to 100 MHz, the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss were very steady.

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Effect of Activating Agent on the Properties of TiO2/Activated Carbon Heterostructures for Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12030378 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 378 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Manuel Peñas-Garzón ◽

Almudena Gómez-Avilés ◽

Jorge Bedia ◽

Juan Rodriguez ◽

Carolina Belver

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Anatase Phase ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Reaction Medium ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Porous Texture ◽

Adsorption Desorption ◽

Synthesized Materials

Several activated carbons (ACs) were prepared by chemical activation of lignin with different activating agents (FeCl3, ZnCl2, H3PO4 and KOH) and used for synthesizing TiO2/activated carbon heterostructures. These heterostructures were obtained by the combination of the activated carbons with a titania precursor using a solvothermal treatment. The synthesized materials were fully characterized (Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS) and further used in the photodegradation of a target pharmaceutical compound (acetaminophen). All heterostructures were composed of anatase phase regardless of the activated carbon used, while the porous texture and surface chemistry depended on the chemical compound used to activate the lignin. Among all heterostructures studied, that obtained by FeCl3-activation yielded complete conversion of acetaminophen after 6 h of reaction under solar-simulated irradiation, also showing high conversion after successive cycles. Although the reaction rate was lower than the observed with bare TiO2, the heterostructure showed higher settling velocity, thus being considerably easier to recover from the reaction medium.

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Characterization of Active Carbon from Coconut Shell using X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) and SEM-EDX Techniques

Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA) ◽

10.26740/jpfa.v8n2.p115-122 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Andi Ikhtiar Bakti ◽

Paulus Lobo Gareso ◽

Nurlaela Rauf

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Elemental Content ◽

Physical Activation ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Crystal Sample ◽

X Ray ◽

Two Samples

Activated carbon is produced from the coconut shell through physical and chemical activation. The pyrolysis method was employed in this research for physical activation at an optimum temperature of 600oC and 1,000oC, for chemical activation immersed using 10% Na2CO3 activating agent. This research has produced two samples, namely the physical activation of 1,000oC and the physics-chemical activation of Na2CO3. The X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) spectrum of activated carbon in the samples 1,000oC and Na2CO3 contained silicate minerals, iron ore and quartz, respectively, and it showed the formation of carbon and graphite structures in the hkl (002) and (100) planes. Through Scherrer’s method, the average size of the Na2CO3 crystals sample is 15.03 nm and the sample crystal sample of 1,000oC is 54.53 nm; the size of the Nano-scale crystals was formed when the temperature increases ≥ 600° C. The X-RD resulted the percentage of elemental content carbon phase volume fraction (Fv) and impurity (I) in the 1,000oC sample of 75.61%, 24.39% and the Na2CO3 sample of 77.87%, 22.13% . These results indicate that the carbon content in chemical activation is much better than the physics activation. SEM results with magnification of 5,000x, it is very clear the porosity formed of the 10 μm picture size are 0.8 μm in Na2CO3 sample and 1.00 μm in 1,000oC sample.

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Characterization of Active Carbon Prepared from Coconuts Shells using FTIR, XRD and SEM Techniques

Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni ◽

10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v7i1.2459 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Andi Ikhtiar Bakti ◽

Paulus Lobo Gareso

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

X Ray ◽

Carbon And Graphite ◽

Diffraction Peaks ◽

Coconut Shells ◽

Physical And Chemical

Activated carbon is produced from coconut shells through physical and chemical activation. With pyrolysis method, the optimum activation temperature for physics activation is 600oC, and for chemical, activation is to soak it in activator ZnCl2 10% and Na2Ca3 10%. Activated carbon was analyzed by Fourier Transformation Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. The FTIR result showed that the coconut shells succeeds in becoming carbon. The XRD results confirm the existence of several phases of crystals like graphite around the peaks of 36o and 44o, there are two wide diffraction peaks and can be interconnected with carbon and graphite content. The SEM result showed that the carbonization of pyrolysis and activation processes created porosity and a large surface area for absorption.Keywords: activated carbon, coconut shell, FTIR, SEM, XRD

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The Effect of Tetrahydrofuran on Transesterification of Palm Oil Using Modified Clay Catalystinto Biodiesel

International Journal of ChemTech Research ◽

10.20902/ijctr.2019.130116 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 132-141

Author(s):

Ilham Salim ◽

Alex A. Lepa

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Pore Diameter ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Hydrothermal Process ◽

Liquid Product ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Modified Clay ◽

Si Content

Transesterification of palm oil into biodiesel has been done using modified clay catalyst.The modified clay catalyst was synthesized by destructing the clay with 8M HCl solution, then fusion by NaOH pellet (NaOH/clayratio = 0.8), followed by treating with AlCl3.6H2O, CTAB and distilled water.Then the mixture was regulated to pH of 11.5. Next, the mixture was then poured into a reactor for hydrothermal process at 140 oC for 48 h. The results of the dealumination of clay was characterized byX-ray Fluorescence and the synthesized zeolite was characterized using surface area analyzer and X-Ray Diffraction. The transesterification of palm oil (PO) process was carried out in the variation of temperatures of 55 and 65oC.Ratio of catalyst :PO : methanol was 1.0 : 20.0 : 13.3and reaction time was 6h. The liquid product was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer. The resulted showed that the dealumination of clay had Si content of 34.77 % and Al of 5.67 %. The modified clay (MC) had surface area of 5.5685 m2 /g, pore volume of 0.0126 cm3 /g, and pore diameter of 8.871 nm. The results of measurements with XRD produced a different form of chromatogram and type of mineral. The main mineral was gismondine.In this research, the transesterification reaction of PO at a temperature of 55 °Cusing MC catalyst without THF resulted methyl esters (biodiesel)of 41.5 wt%. Furthermore, after adding THFwith ratio of methanol : THF of 1 : 1 and the same treatment, the resulting methyl ester (biodiesel) was the same phase (a one-phase) and methyl esters (biodiesel) product was more than 100 wt%..

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Physical Properties Analysis of Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber on Methylene Blue Adsorption

Journal of Technomaterials Physics ◽

10.32734/jotp.v1i1.824 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 67-73

Author(s):

Rakhmawati Farma

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Methylene Blue Adsorption ◽

X Ray

The present research was conducted to analyze the physical properties of activated carbon from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPEFBF) to be applied as methylene blue adsorbent material. The OPEFBF was pre-carbonized at 280oC for 4 hours in vacuum, milled, and sieved to obtain the self-adhesive carbon grain (SACG) with a size less than 106 µm. The chemical activation was done using potassium hydroxide (KOH) with variations of 25%, 50%, and 75% from the SACG weight, stirred at 400 rpm for 24 hours at room temperature and pyrolyzed using microwave irradiations at the output power of 720 W for 15 minutes. The physical properties of activated carbon consist of two characterizations, namely microstructure evaluated with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface morphology evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD pattern showed that the activated carbon had a semi-crystalline structure characterized by the presence of (002) and (100) planes at the diffraction angle of 2θ about 21o and 43o, respectively. The surface morphology of activated carbon depicted that a higher percentage of KOH resulted in more pores were formed. Thus, the higher the surface area of activated carbon, the greater the adsorption of methylene blue. The highest methylene blue adsorption was obtained in the sample of 75% KOH with 87.73 mg/g. The energy dispersive X-ray showed that the increase of KOH percentage used enhanced the percentage of carbon element produced.

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Effective adsorbents for removal Cd(II) ion in solution from activated carbon of palm oil shell coated with magnetite particles

10.21203/rs.3.rs-23077/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Buhani . ◽

Suharso . ◽

Mita Rilyanti ◽

Miranda Sari ◽

Sumadi .

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Adsorption Process ◽

Carbon Adsorbents ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Surface Areas ◽

A Value ◽

Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm ◽

Pseudo Second Order

Abstract Investigation of the ability of activated carbon (AC) adsorption from modification of palm oil shells by coating magnetite (Fe3O4) particles to Cd(II) ions in solution was studied through a series of adsorption experiments with a bacth method. The activated carbon adsorbents (PPAC-P) and the activated carbon-magnetite (PPAC-MnPs) were characterized by Fourier transform spectrometer to identify the functional groups, X-ray diffraction to study the level of material crystallization, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray analysis to analyze the surface morphology of material and element constituents, as well as Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyzer to analyze the surface areas of the adsorbents. The concentrations of Cd(II) ions in the solution were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The adsorption process of Cd(II) ions by PPAC-P and PPAC-MnPs was optimum at pH 6 and 7 with contact time of 90 minutes, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of Cd(II) ions in PPAC-P and PPAC-MnPs have a tendency to follow the pseudo second-order kinetics model and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model with a value of R2 > 0.99. These suggested that the adsorption process of the Cd(II) ions on PPAC-P and PPAC-PMnPs were described as heterogeneous adsorption. PPAC-PMnPs adsorbents can be used repeatedly with % Cd(II) ions adsorbed almost constant for 4 cycles with adsorption efficiency > 80%.

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Selective oxidation of cyclopentene to glutaraldehyde by H2O2 over Nb-SBA-15

New Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1039/d1nj02427b ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

yingmeng qi ◽

Qi Han ◽

li wu ◽

Jun Li

Keyword(s):

Structural Properties ◽

Selective Oxidation ◽

Mesoporous Materials ◽

Hydrothermal Process ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray

A series of niobium-containing mesoporous materials Nb-SBA-15 have been prepared by sonication–impregnation and hydrothermal process. The dispersion and structural properties of niobium-containing species were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning...

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