Study on Evaluation of Explosion Effects of Gas Injection Wells

2014 ◽  
Vol 1051 ◽  
pp. 962-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Huang ◽  
Zhen Yi Liu ◽  
Zhe Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Gas Injection ◽  
Gas Explosion ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Safety Distance ◽  
Combustible Gas ◽  
Blast Effect ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Tnt Equivalence

In this paper, blast effect of oil-associated gas in gas injection wells is determined when using air injection displacement, and on this basis, the relevant safety distance is determined also. Numerical simulation is used to calculate the overpressure distribution, explosion energy and TNT equivalence of combustible gas explosion in gas injection wells. Based on shock wave damage criterion, the safety distances in seven levels are obtained, which are personnel minor injuries, severe injuries, death, and destruction of buildings with mild, moderate, severe manage and destroying. Therefore, technical support is provided to accident prevention, emergency and rescue.

Key Technology of Explosion Prevention in Air Injection EOR Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 827 ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Feng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gas Injection ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Failure Criteria ◽  
Injection Well ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Gas Explosion ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Tnt Equivalent ◽  
Alerting System ◽  
Explosion Limit

The article aims at researching on anti-explosion security technique for gas-injection well of air oil drive through the gas associated with crude oil alerting system, and then, making sure safety distance of associated gas explosion. Firstly, experiment the explosion limit of associated gas, then to determine the different alerting threshold and the arrangement of inspection instrument, which are on the basic of different limit requirements of density about gas-injection well head and internal gas-injection well. Secondly, with associated gas explosion in the well, calculate the overpressure of well head through simulation method. Finally, analogy between explosion energy and TNT equivalent, so that determine the level of people casualties and structure breakage for safe distance according to failure criteria of explosive blast.

The Likelihood of Injury Among Bias Crimes

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Pezzella ◽  
Matthew D. Fetzer
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Bias Crimes ◽  
Physical Injuries ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Sex Orientation ◽  
Serious Injuries

In 2009, President Barack Obama signed the Mathew Sheppard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Protection act and thereby extended the list of previously protected classes of victims from actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, disability and sex orientation to gender and gender identity. Over 45 states, the District of Columbia and the federal government now include hate crime statutes that increase penalties when offenders perpetrate hate crimes against protected classes of victims. Penalty enhancement statutes sanction unlawful bias conduct arguably because they result in more severe injuries relative to non-bias conduct. We contend that physical injuries vary by bias type and are not equally injurious. Data on bias crimes was analyzed from the National Incident Based Reporting System. Descriptive patterns of bias crimes were identified by offense type, bias motivation and major and minor injuries. Using Multivariate analyses, we found an escalating trend of violence against racial minorities. Moreover, relative to non-bias crimes, only anti-White and anti-lesbian bias crimes experienced our two prong “animus” criteria of disproportionate prevalence and severity of injury. However, when compared to anti-White bias, anti-Black bias crimes were more prevalent and likely to suffer serious injuries. Implications for hate crime jurisprudence are discussed.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TIRRAWARRA OIL AND GAS FIELD

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
H. T. Pecanek ◽  
I. M. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Reservoir ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Field ◽  
Cooper Basin

The Tirrawarra Oil and Gas Field, discovered in 1970 in the South Australian portion of the Cooper Basin, is the largest onshore Permian oil field in Australia. Development began in 1981 as part of the $1400 million Cooper Basin Liquids ProjectThe field is contained within a broad anticline bisected by a north-south sealing normal fault. This fault divides the Tirrawarra oil reservoir into the Western and Main oil fields. Thirty-four wells have been drilled, intersecting ten Patchawarra Formation sandstone gas reservoirs and the Tirrawarra Sandstone oil reservoir. Development drilling discovered three further sandstone gas reservoirs in the Toolachee Formation.The development plan was based on a seven-spot pattern to allow for enhanced oil recovery by miscible gas drive. The target rates were 5400 barrels of oil (860 kilolitres) per day with 13 million ft3 (0.37 million m3) per day of associated gas and 70 million ft3 (2 million m') per day of wet, non-associated gas. Evaluation of early production tests showed rapid decline. The 100 ft (30 m) thick, low-permeability Tirrawarra oil reservoir was interpreted as an ideal reservoir for fracture treatment and as a result all oil wells have been successfully stimulated, with significant improvement in well production rates.The oil is highly volatile but miscibility with carbon dioxide has been proven possible by laboratory tests, even though the reservoir temperature is 285°F (140°C). Pilot gas injection will assess the feasibility of a larger-scale field-wide pressure maintenance scheme using miscible gas. Riot gas injection wells will use Tirrawarra Field Patchawarra Formation separator gas to defer higher infrastructure costs associated with the alternative option of piping carbon dioxide from Moomba, the nearest source.

scholarly journals Ignition source localization in gaseous mixtures explosions expertise

2020 ◽  
Vol 305 ◽  
pp. 00035
Author(s):  
Nicolae Ioan Vlasin ◽  
Gheorghe-Daniel Florea
Keyword(s):  
Technical Expertise ◽  
Geometric Complexity ◽  
Computational Simulations ◽  
Gas Explosion ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Gaseous Mixtures ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
Combustible Gas ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Gas-explosion events in the private or industrial field are usually followed by a technical analysis of the factors that led to their generation. In this respect, INCD INSEMEX Petroşani is accredited for conducting the technical expertise and for the elaboration of the Expertise Report. Starting with on-site findings and sampling, research continues at INCD INSEMEX laboratories, grouped on areas of interest in case management (electrical, ventilation, chemical, pyrotechnics, etc.). Determining the causes of the event implicitly involves establishing the probable source of initiation of the explosive mixture, after discovering the fuel gas source and analyzing how the mixture was formed. Due to the geometric complexity of the space in which the explosion occurred, incident, reflected or compound shock waves generated by explosion can create a footprint of the event that questions the location of the source of initiation. Depending on the possible sources found in the field, the INSEMEX Laboratory of Computational Simulations performs analyzes based on finite elements and finite volumes methods. The elements taken into account in the computational simulations concern both the geometry of the space, the nature of the combustible gas leakage, the dispersion of the gas, and the resulting thermal and mechanical effects.

Damage Evaluation of Supercritical CO2 for Hydronibrile Nitrile(HNBR)

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 2582-2585
Author(s):  
Xiao Lu Yang ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
De Ping Zhang ◽  
De Zhi Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Co2 Corrosion ◽  
Damage Evaluation ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
Corrosion Morphology ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Safety Production ◽  
Mechanical Properties And Corrosion ◽  
Sealing Failure

CO2 corrosion for rubber materials makes sealing failure of downwell tools and annulus pressure even, which will endanger the safety production of gas injection wells. The high-temperature high-pressure autoclave was used to test supercritical CO2 corrosion for dumbbell-shaped hydronibrile nitrile with pressure 35MPa, temperature 90°C. The change in mechanical properties and corrosion morphology had been analyzed and compared before and after corrosion test in gas and liquid phase environment. Experimental results show that the hardness of hydronibrile nitrile was hardly changed and no dissolution occurred after corrosion. But the tensile strength decreased by 50%. In engineering design, the influence of corrosion on mechanical properties of rubber should be fully considered, and the mechanical properties of rubber in origin state should not be taken as the basis. The research results have provided evidence for the use of rubber materials in CO2 corrosion environment.

Ten-Year Trends of Adult Trauma Patients in Denmark from 2010 to 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Trier ◽  
Jesper Fjølner ◽  
Nikolaj Raaber ◽  
Anders Høyer Sørensen ◽  
Rasmus Søndergaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Trauma Center ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Fall Injuries ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
Minor Injuries

Abstract Background: Trauma causes a considerable economic and societal burden and the trauma patient population and its prognosis changes over time. The aim of this study is to analyze ten-year trends of trauma patients at a major trauma center in Denmark. Methods: 5366 patients aged ≥ 16 years with Injury Severity Score (ISS) > 0 admitted by trauma team activation at Aarhus University Hospital Trauma Center between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019 were included. Descriptive statistics, incidence rate calculation, parametric and non-parametric test were used. An annual percent change with 95% confidence interval was used to estimate trend in mechanism of injuries. Multiple logistic regression with mortality as outcome were adjusted for age, sex and ISS. Results: The median age increased from 37 in 2010 to 49 in 2019 and the proportion of patients aged ≥ 65 doubled. The incidence of minor injuries (ISS 1-15) decreased from 181.3/105 inhabitants in 2010 to 112.7/105 in 2019 corresponding to an incidence rate ratio between 2019 and 2010 of 0.62 (95% CI: 0.54 to 0.72). Severe injuries (ISS > 15) increased from 10.1/105 inhabitants in 2010 to 13.6/105 in 2019 corresponding to an incidence rate ratio between 2019 and 2010 of 1.35 (95% CI: 1.04 to 1.76). The proportion of patients with ISS > 15 increased from 18.1% in 2010 to 31.1% in 2019. Multivariable logistic regression showed lower 30-day mortality for all trauma patients with ISS > 0 over the study period when adjusting for age, sex and ISS (Odds ratio: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90 to 0.99). The 30-day mortality for severely injured patients with ISS > 15 decreased during the study period when adjusting for age, sex and ISS (Odds ratio: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87 to 0.97). Fall injuries increased with an annual percent change of 4.1% (95% CI: 2.3% to 6.1%). Conclusions: Ten-year trends of trauma patients in Central Denmark Region show an increasing median age, injury severity and number of fall injuries. The 30-day mortality of trauma patients decreased for both minor injuries and severe injuries when adjusting for age, sex and injury severity. Trial registration: Not applicable.

Injuries in Child-Care Centers: Rates, Severity, and Etiology

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043-1046
Author(s):  
Abbey Alkon ◽  
Pamela J. Kaiser ◽  
Jeanne M. Tschann ◽  
W. Thomas Boyce ◽  
Janice L. Genevro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Childhood Injury ◽  
Small Subgroup ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Injury Research ◽  
Type Of Injury

Injuries are the leading cause of mortality among children.1 To develop effective injury prevention programs, more information is needed regarding the incidence, severity, and etiology of injuries sustained by children of different age groups and in different settings. Childhood injury research has focused primarily on severe injuries and the physical environmental hazards that contribute to those injuries.2-4 Although the incidence of severe injuries is critically important from the perspective of morbidity and mortality, these injuries are relatively rare and consequently difficult to study. Scheidt5 has suggested that it may be useful to determine whether there are reliable markers of risk for severe injuries that are based on more frequently occurring events or easily observable indicators. Minor injuries, the most common type of injury that occurs in child-care settings,6-8 may be a marker of risk for severe injuries; however, previous research has not investigated the relationship between minor and severe injuries. Childhood injury research has also typically focused on a single category of etiologic factors, generally either environmental factors such as climbing equipment and impact surfaces,2,9 or child factors such as aggression, overactivity, and personal characteristics.10-11 The relative importance of different etiologic factors and the joint contributions of child-related and environmental factors have not been thoroughly examined. Research on childhood injuries indicates that a small subgroup of children, usually 15% to 20% of a sample, sustain the majority of injuries in any given setting.6,8,10,12 This phenomenon may be the result of chance or characteristics of the subgroup that may differ from those of other children.

Drilling and Completion of Dual Gas Injection Wells in Multilayered Reservoirs

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Farid ◽  
N.H.J. Al Khaffaji ◽  
M.A. Rayan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Injection ◽  
Injection Wells

The impact of urban speed reduction programmes on health system cost and utilities

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Mohit ◽  
Zohn Rosen ◽  
Peter A Muennig
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Traffic Calming ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Probability Of Death ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundVehicle speed changes impact the probability of injuring a pedestrian in ways that differ from the way that it impacts the probability of a collision or of death. Therefore, return on investment in speed reduction programmes has complex and unpredictable manifests. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of motor vehicle speed reduction on the collision-related morbidity and mortality rates of urban pedestrians.Methods and FindingsWe created a simple way to estimate the public health impacts of traffic speed changes using a Markov model. Our outcome measures include the cost of injury, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained and probability of death and injury due to a road traffic collision. Our two-way sensitivity analysis of speed, both before the implementation of a speed reduction programme and after, shows that, due to key differences in the probability of injury compared with the probability of death, speed reduction programmes may decrease the probability of death while leaving the probability of injury unchanged. The net result of this difference may lead to an increase in injury costs due to the implementation of a speed reduction programme. We find that even small investments in speed reductions have the potential to produce gains in QALYs.ConclusionsOur reported costs, effects and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios may assist urban governments and stakeholders to rethink the value of local traffic calming programmes and to implement speed limits that would shift the trade-off to become between minor injuries and no injuries, rather than severe injuries and fatalities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document