Performance-Based Fire-Protection Partition Study of a Commercial Center Project

2013 ◽  
Vol 671-674 ◽  
pp. 3138-3141
Author(s):  
Xiao Nan Xue ◽  
Wei Hong Song
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Engineering Project ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Commercial Area ◽  
Maximum Heat Release ◽  
Functional Areas ◽  
Commercial Center

This paper discuss the fire objective of commercial center integrating the shopping mall and Wal-Mart supermarket etc., and also the auxiliary engineering project of commercial and residential buildings composed by high-rise residential areas. "Fuel Island" design method is adopted to prevent the radiation and spread across functional areas including dining area and commercial area. The maximum heat release rate of fires at various scenes is also determined by different approaches, and then the larger value is taken as the final fire scale.

scholarly journals Risk Analysis of Road Tunnels: A Computational Fluid Dynamic Model for Assessing the Effects of Natural Ventilation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Ciro Caliendo ◽  
Gianluca Genovese ◽  
Isidoro Russo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Road Tunnels ◽  
Maximum Heat Release ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Time Required

We have developed an appropriate Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for assessing the exposure to risk of tunnel users during their evacuation process in the event of fire. The effects on escaping users, which can be caused by fire from different types of vehicles located in various longitudinal positions within a one-way tunnel with natural ventilation only and length less than 1 km are shown. Simulated fires, in terms of maximum Heat Release Rate (HRR) are: 8, 30, 50, and 100 MW for two cars, a bus, and two types of Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs), respectively. With reference to environmental conditions (i.e., temperatures, radiant heat fluxes, visibility distances, and CO and CO2 concentrations) along the evacuation path, the results prove that these are always within the limits acceptable for user safety. The exposure to toxic gases and heat also confirms that the tunnel users can safely evacuate. The evacuation time was found to be higher when fire was related to the bus, which is due to a major pre-movement time required for leaving the vehicle. The findings show that mechanical ventilation is not necessary in the case of the tunnel investigated. It is to be emphasized that our modeling might represent a reference in investigating the effects of natural ventilation in tunnels.

Optimal Scheduling Method of Controllable Loads in DC Smart Apartment Building

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsubasa Shimoji ◽  
Hayato Tahara ◽  
Hidehito Matayoshi ◽  
Atsushi Yona ◽  
Tomonobu Senjyu
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Optimal Scheduling ◽  
Electricity Pricing ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Electricity Cost ◽  
Pricing Scheme ◽  
Scheduling Method

Abstract From the perspective of global warming suppression and the depletion of energy resources, renewable energies, such as the solar collector (SC) and photovoltaic generation (PV), have been gaining attention in worldwide. Houses or buildings with PV and heat pumps (HPs) are recently being used in residential areas widely due to the time of use (TOU) electricity pricing scheme which is essentially inexpensive during middle-night and expensive during day-time. If fixed batteries and electric vehicles (EVs) can be introduced in the premises, the electricity cost would be even more reduced. While, if the occupants arbitrarily use these controllable loads respectively, power demand in residential buildings may fluctuate in the future. Thus, an optimal operation of controllable loads such as HPs, batteries and EV should be scheduled in the buildings in order to prevent power flow from fluctuating rapidly. This paper proposes an optimal scheduling method of controllable loads, and the purpose is not only the minimization of electricity cost for the consumers, but also suppression of fluctuation of power flow on the power supply side. Furthermore, a novel electricity pricing scheme is also suggested in this paper.

The Green Building Environment of the Gymnasium

2018 ◽  
Vol 878 ◽  
pp. 202-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Qian ◽  
Li Yang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Area Planning

The natural ventilation of residential areas has placed more and more emphasis on residential area planning, according to the relationship between natural ventilation environments and the layout of architecture, we can reduce the energy consumption and the adverse effect of wind outdoors, improve the living environment and quality of life, making harmony between human and the nature. In this paper, we use Air-Pak to simulate the wind environment of residential areas. Through analyzing and simulating the air field which forms when the wind blows around the residential buildings by Air-Pak, we explain the advantage of the combination of computer simulation software and residential area planning. And we give some advice to the layout of the outdoor environment early in the residential planning area by the simulation of outdoor environments of buildings.

scholarly journals Adaptability and transferability of flood loss functions in residential areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 3485-3527 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Cammerer ◽  
A. H. Thieken ◽  
J. Lammel
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Loss Functions ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Flood Loss ◽  
Loss Data

Abstract. Flood loss modeling is an important component within flood risk assessments. Traditionally, stage-damage functions are used for the estimation of direct monetary damage to buildings. Although it is known that such functions are governed by large uncertainties, they are commonly applied – even in different geographical regions – without further validation, mainly due to the lack of data. Until now, little research has been done to investigate the applicability and transferability of such damage models to other regions. In this study, the last severe flood event in the Austrian Lech Valley in 2005 was simulated to test the performance of various damage functions for the residential sector. In addition to common stage-damage curves, new functions were derived from empirical flood loss data collected in the aftermath of recent flood events in the neighboring Germany. Furthermore, a multi-parameter flood loss model for the residential sector was adapted to the study area and also evaluated by official damage data. The analysis reveals that flood loss functions derived from related and homogenous regions perform considerably better than those from more heterogeneous datasets. To illustrate the effect of model choice on the resulting uncertainty of damage estimates, the current flood risk for residential areas was assessed. In case of extreme events like the 300 yr flood, for example, the range of losses to residential buildings between the highest and the lowest estimates amounts to a factor of 18, in contrast to properly validated models with a factor of 2.3. Even if the risk analysis is only performed for residential areas, more attention should be paid to flood loss assessments in future. To increase the reliability of damage modeling, more loss data for model development and validation are needed.

scholarly journals STUDI EVALUASI MODEL BENTUK ATAP DAN FENOMENA KEBAKARAN PENYEBAB LISTRIK PADA RUMAH TINGGAL MENENGAH KE BAWAH DI PEMUKIMAN PADAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Amat Rahmat ◽  
Eddy Prianto ◽  
Setia Budi Sasongko
Keyword(s):  
Research Study ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Residential Areas

Abstract: This research study discusses the phenomenon of fires that occur in several major cities in Indonesia in residential buildings in dense residential areas. In the case of this fire will be evaluated a variety of data on the cause of fire due to short circuit from electricity and record photos of objects typology of the form of residential roofs that burned around the location of the results of reports and documentation of publications media sources both newspapers and online media. Examples of cases of fire that were evaluated and discussed were taken from 2015 and 2018. Keyword: Roof Forms, Causes of Electricity, Homes Abstrak: Studi penelitian ini membahas tentang fenomena kebakaran yang terjadi di beberapa kota besar di Indonesia pada bangunan rumah tinggal yang ada di kawasan pemukiman padat. Pada kasus kebakaran ini akan dievaluasi berbagai data penyebab timbulnya api akibat hubungan arus pendek dari listrik dan merekam foto objek tipologi bentuk atap rumah tinggal yang terbakar di sekitar lokasi hasil dari laporan serta dokumentasi sumber media publikasi baik koran maupun media online. Contoh kasus kejadian kebakaran yang dievaluasi dan menjadi pembahasan diambil dari tahun 2015 sampai dengan bulan Juli 2018.    Kata Kunci: Bentuk Atap, Penyebab Listrik, Rumah Tinggal

scholarly journals Effect of Mechanical Activation on Ti3AlC2 Max Phase Formation under Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Yu. Potanin ◽  
P.A. Loginov ◽  
E.A. Levashov ◽  
Yu.S. Pogozhev ◽  
E.I. Patsera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Activation ◽  
Front Propagation ◽  
Max Phase ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Powder Mixtures ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
High Temperature Synthesis ◽  
Maximum Heat Release ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Pressing Technology

<p>In this study, we have investigated the effect of various mechanical activation (MA) modes on phase and structure formation in powder mixtures made up to produce Ti<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub> MAX phase. The optimal MA duration has been established which results in the maximum heat release under SHS due to accumulation of structural defects leading to the growth of internal energy. The effect of MA on the character and kinetics of combustion front propagation has been investigated. It was shown that following pretreatment of a powder mixture in a planetary ball mill, the combustion mode changes from stationary to a pulsating combustion and, consequently, the combustion rate decreases. The burning-out of the sample is partial and with interruptions (depressions). Force SHS-pressing technology was used for obtaining of compacted samples with homogeneous structure based on Ti<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub>.</p>

scholarly journals Environmental Health and Ecological Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution in the Coastal Cities of Estuarine Bay—A Case Study of Hangzhou Bay, China

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Rongxi Li ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Chengwei Li ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Hangzhou Bay ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Functional Areas

Shanghai is the major city on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay, and the administrative regions adjacent to Hangzhou Bay are the Jinshan district, Fengxian district, and Pudong new area (Nanhui district), which are the main intersection areas of manufacturing, transportation, and agriculture in Shanghai. In this paper, we collected a total of 75 topsoil samples from six different functional areas (agricultural areas (19), roadside areas (10), industrial areas (19), residential areas (14), education areas (6), and woodland areas (7)) in these three administrative regions, and the presence of 10 heavy metals (manganese(Mn), zinc(Zn), chromium(Cr), nickel(Ni), lead(Pb), cobalt(Co), cadmium(Cd), mercury(Hg), copper(Cu), and arsenic(As)) was investigated in each sample. The Nemerow pollution index (NPI), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were calculated to assess the soil pollution levels. The hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) assessment models were used to assess the human health risks posed by the concentrations of the heavy metals. The CR and HQ for adults and children in different functional areas descended in the following order: industrial areas > roadside areas > woodland areas > residential areas > education areas > agricultural areas. The HQ of Mn for children in industrial areas was higher than 1, and the risk was within the acceptable range.

Investigation of Hydration Features of the Special Concrete with Aggregates of Various Metal Particles

2014 ◽  
Vol 604 ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Pundienė ◽  
Viktor Mironov ◽  
Aleksandrs Korjakins ◽  
Edmundas Spudulis
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Concrete Sample ◽  
Structure Development ◽  
Concrete Composition ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Sample Composition ◽  
Maximum Heat Release ◽  
Sample Structure ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete

This study presents an analysis of various size metal particle waste (MP) influences on Portland cement (PC) paste hydration course, concrete sample structure densification during hardening and physical-mechanical properties. Investigations have shown that MP filler accelerates maximum heat release rate in PC pastes. MP intensifies structure development in the early phase, but slows it down in later PC hydration period. After 28-days of hardening the compressive strength of the concrete samples without MP filler is about 20% higher than of samples with MP. When in concrete composition microsilica and MP fillers are used together, compressive strength of concrete sample composition is up to 50% higher than of samples with MP filler only.

The Design of Filter Parameters of Dynamic Voltage Restorer in Medium Voltage Network

2014 ◽  
Vol 654 ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Jing Yao ◽  
Zheng Guo Zhu ◽  
Hua Ying Zhang ◽  
Jun Wei Cao ◽  
Guang Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Theoretical Expression ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Engineering Project ◽  
Dynamic Voltage Restorer ◽  
Voltage Unbalance ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Voltage Compensator ◽  
Dynamic Voltage ◽  
Output Filter

Dynamic Voltage Compensator (DVR) is able to handle the dynamic power quality problems in distribution network, such as voltage sags and voltage unbalance, and the parameters of the output filter will have important affect on the compensation results. In this paper, the parameter design method of the output filter of a cascaded H-bridge based DVR applied in medium-voltage distribution grid is studied. Through the analysis of the case when filter inductor current has the maximum value, the theoretical expression of the relationship between the low limit of the value of filter inductor and the capability of voltage compensation and power factor is derived. Meanwhile, the method of selecting the filter capacitor value is ​​obtained. The realization of the proposed method are given by taking an engineering project as an example, the correctness and validity of the design method of filter parameters proposed in this paper are verified by simulation.

Comparison Between Measured Radiance and a Radiation Model in a Spark-Ignition Engine

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yang ◽  
S. L. Plee ◽  
D. J. Remboski ◽  
J. K. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Radiant Intensity ◽  
Maximum Heat Release

Measurements of the radiant emission in the near infrared have been obtained in a spark-ignition engine over a wide range of operating conditions. The system includes an in-cylinder optical sensor and associated detector. Prior work has shown correlations between the measured radiance and pressure quantities such as maximum cylinder pressure, crank angle of maximum pressure, and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure. Here are presented comparisons between the radiant intensity and a simplified model of the radiation emission, which demonstrate that the measured intensity is a function of the mass-burn fraction, mean burned-gas temperature, and the exposed combustion-chamber surface area. Further simplification leads to the conclusion that the time of the maximum rate of change of radiant intensity is the same as for the maximum heat-release rate, leading to the possibility of feedback control of spark timing. In addition, the magnitudes of the maximum rate of change of radiant emission and maximum heat-release rate have a linear relationship over a range of different operating conditions.

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