Synthesis and Characterization of Melamine Halogen Acid Salts and its Application as Flame Retardant

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 1087-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Lun Tan ◽  
Liu Sun ◽  
Si Chun Shao ◽  
Jin Peng Fu ◽  
Zhi Han Peng
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polymer Processing ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Halogen Compounds ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Halogen Acid ◽  
Acid Salts

In this paper, a series of novel halogen compounds, melamine halogen acid salts were directly synthesized by melamine and halogen acid in water phase. The chemical structures of melamine halogen acid salts were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis and1H-NMR. Meanwhile, the thermal properties of compounds were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA results showed that melamine halogen acid salts had good thermostability during polymer processing. Futhermore, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test were used to study the flame retardant properties of composites blended by melamine halogen acid salts and polymer. The results revealed good flame retardancy that flame retardant polyethylene with 2 wt% melamine hydrobromide in total 8 wt% flame retardants got LOI value of 29.7% and reached UL 94 V-0 rating.

Flammability and mechanical properties of poly(styrene–butadiene–styrene) copolymer–containing intumescent flame retardants

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiren Huang ◽  
Jianwei Yang ◽  
Zhengzhou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Flame-retardant properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and its two microcapsules, APP with a shell of melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin (MFAPP) and APP with a shell of epoxy resin (EPAPP), were studied in styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS). The results indicate that APP after the microencapsulation leads to an increase in limiting oxygen index in SBS compared with APP. When dipentaerythritol is incorporated into the SBS composites containing the APP microcapsules, a further improvement in flame retardancy of the composites is observed. The microencapsulation does not result in much improvement of mechanical properties. Moreover, the effect of a compatibilizer (SBS grafted with maleic anhydride) on flame-retardant and mechanical properties of SBS/APP composites was investigated.

Synthesis and Application of a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant Containing Ferrocenyl

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 931-936
Author(s):  
Cong Yan Chen ◽  
Rui Lan Fan ◽  
Guan Qun Yun
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Phosphate Groups

A novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) containing ferrocene and caged bicyclic phosphate groups, 1-oxo-4-[4'-(ferrocene carboxylic acid phenyl ester)] amide-2, 6, 7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo- [2.2.2] octane (PFAM), was successfully synthesized. The synthesized PFAM were added to flammable polyurethane (PU) as flame retardants and smoke suppressants. The structure of PFAM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and elemental analysis. Thermal stability of PFAM was tested by themogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results revealed that PFAM had good thermal stability and high char weight, the char weight up to 54% at 600 °C. Flammability properties of PU/PFAM composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and UL-94 test, respectively. The results of LOI tests showed that the addition of PFAM enhanced flame retardancy of PU. When the content of PFAM reaches to 3%, the LOI value is 22.2. The morphologies of the char for PU and PU/3% PFAM composite can be obtained after LOI testing were examined by SEM. The results demonstrated that PFAM could promote to form the compact and dense intumescent char layer. Experiments showed that, the PFAM application of polyurethane showed positive effect.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on the Flame-Retardant Properties and Mechanical Properties of PA66 with Different Dicyclohexyl Hypophosphite Acid Metal Salts

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Junliang Lu ◽  
Hongyan Yang ◽  
Jinyan Lang ◽  
Heng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Three metal salts of dicyclohexyl hypophosphite, namely dicyclohexyl aluminum hypophosphite (ADCP), dicyclohexyl magnesium hypophosphite (MDCP), and dicyclohexyl zinc hypophosphite (ZDCP), were synthesized. These flame retardants were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, and the results showed that ADCP and ZDCP had higher thermal stabilities than MDCP. They were then separately mixed with polyamide 66 (PA66)to prepare composite materials, of which the combustion properties were determined by the limiting oxygen index method and horizontal/vertical burning experiments. The mechanical properties of the materials were further evaluated using an electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that all the three flame retardants exerted a flame-retardant effect on PA66, but the flame-retardant effect of MDCP was inferior to those of ADCP and ZDCP. All the composites also showed similar mechanical properties. Among the three flame retardants, ADCP had the best overall performance for raw materials, showing good flame-retardant properties while maintaining the mechanical properties of the raw materials. The optimal dosage of ADCP was 15 wt %, at which a V-0 rating in the vertical burning test (UL 94 test) can be obtained.

Flame Retardance and Thermal Decomposition of EVA Composites Containing Melamine Phosphate and Dipentaerythritol

2011 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 1831-1835
Author(s):  
Zheng Zhou Wang ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
Gan Xin Jie ◽  
Ping Kai Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Melamine Phosphate ◽  
Suitable Amount ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Acetate Copolymer

Flame retarded ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) was prepared in a melt process containing melamine phosphate (MP), or MP in combination with dipentaerythritol (DPER) as flame retardants. The influence of MP and MP/DPER on flame retardant properties of EVA was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 test. Thermal decomposition of the flame retardants and flame retarded EVA composites was studied by the thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that MP used alone in EVA does not exerts good flame retardancy, even at a loading of 50wt%. It is found that the flame retardant properties of the EVA/MP/DPER composites is greatly improved when a suitable amount of MP substituted by DPER. Moreover, mechanical properties of the EVA composites were studied.

The Effects of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Additives in Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
A.I.H.Dayang Habibah ◽  
Abd Rahim Ruhida
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Halogen Free

Legislation on fire safety requirements especially in the USA and UK has been the driving force behind the use of halogen-free flame retardants (FR) in recent years. The present study describes the effect of inorganic fillers, namely aluminium hydroxides (ATH) on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) in order to increase its flame retardant capability. Two different types of ATH, a standard type Apyral 60 CD (ATH 60) and a submicron sized Apyral 200 SM (ATH 200) were used. The flame-retardant ENR composite was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94V, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to study the combustion behavior and thermal stability. The finer particles size (ATH 200) as expected produced better flame retardant properties (measured by LOI) compared to ATH 60; however, the difference between the values is marginal. It was also observed that a combination of 100 pphr ATH 200 and 60 pphr ATH 60 gave the highest LOI value (29.4%) in ENR compounds. The compound was V0 rated in UL-94V burn test. Even at the higher loading, it was also found that the compound exhibited lower viscosity indicating its easier processability.

scholarly journals A Green Water-Soluble Cyclophosphazene as a Flame Retardant Finish for Textiles

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 3100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayer-Gall ◽  
Plohl ◽  
Derksen ◽  
Lauer ◽  
Neldner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Grafting Reaction ◽  
Textile Finishing ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Textile Finishing Agents ◽  
First Time

Poly- and cyclophosphazenes are excellent flame retardants but currently, are not used as textile finishing agents because water-soluble and permanent washing systems are missing. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, the successful usage of a water-soluble cyclotriphosphazene derivative for textile finishing for cotton, different cotton/polyester, and cotton/polyamide blend fabrics. A durable finish was achieved using a photoinduced grafting reaction. The flame retardant properties of the various fabrics were improved with a higher limiting oxygen index, a reduced heat release rate, and an exhibition of intumescent. Furthermore, the finished textiles passed several standardized flammability tests.

Synthesis and properties of a new halogen-free flame retardant for polyethylene

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiapeng Long ◽  
Sanxi Li ◽  
Bing Liang
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Halogen Free

Purpose This paper aims to study a new halogen-free flame retardant that was prepared and characterised. Design/methodology/approach The phenyl phosphinic arid di-4-[1-(4-pheny phodphonic acid monophenyl ester-yl)-methyl-ethyl] phenyester dimelaminium (PDEPDM) was synthesised using phenylphosphonic dichloride, melamine, bisphenol A, triethylamine and dichloromethane via solvent-based reaction, that was added into the polyethylene to test flame performance. The chemical structures of PDEPDM were characterised by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The thermal stability, mechanical and flame properties, and morphology for the char layer of composite materials were separately investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, tensile and charpy impact tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 HB flammability standard and scanning electron microscope. Findings The results showed that the PDEPDM had been prepared successfully. When the intumescent fame retardant was added into the PE, the LOI of composite material was improved. Research limitations/implications The PDEPDM can be prepared successfully and can improve the flame resistance of composite material. Practical implications The PDEPDM has excellent flame-retardant properties and produce no toxic fumes when burnt in case of fire. Originality/value Under the optimal conditions, when the 32 per cent (Wt.%) PDEPDM was added into the PE, the LOI was 29.8, tensile strength and impact strength were 10.06 MPa and 16.77 kJ/m2.

Preparation and Properties of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polyurethane for Superfine Fiber Leather

2020 ◽  
Vol 993 ◽  
pp. 669-677
Author(s):  
Hui Min Ke ◽  
Ri Peng Zhu ◽  
Jing Hong Ma ◽  
Jing Hua Gong
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Alkali Resistance ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Halogen Free ◽  
Superfine Fiber

Polyurethane (PU) superfine fiber leathers have been widely used in people's life. However, the flammability brings potential risks to their application. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to the flame retardant modification of PU leathers. In the 1980s, researchers found that some brominated flame retardants produced dioxins during combustion. In 2007, the EU began implementing the REACH regulation, which restricted the use of certain halogenated flame retardants, so a majority of studies focused on halogen-free flame retardant modification. In addition, the halogen-free flame retardant PU should own a better alkali resistance, because alkali treatment is needed in the forming process of the superfine fiber leather. In this paper, two different halogen-free flame retardants were blended with solvent-based PU. The flame retardant properties and alkali resistance of the flame retardant PU were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical burning (UL-94) test, and thermogravimetry-infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). It was found that BY-90 system flame retardant could be uniformly dispersed in the PU matrix. And when its additive volume was 27%, the LOI value of the flame retardant PU was 27.1%, the vertical burning test could reach V-0 level. Moreover, it also had good alkali resistance. The LOI value remained at 26.1% after the alkali treatment at 90 °C for 40 min in the 30g/L NaOH solution.

The Effects of Coupling Agent on the Flame Retardant Properties of PP/ATH Nanocomposites

2015 ◽  
Vol 1115 ◽  
pp. 406-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimah A’thiyah Sabaruddin ◽  
Noorasikin Samat ◽  
A.I.H Dayang Habibah
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Coupling Agents ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

It is known that polymeric materials are easily to get on fire due to their chemical structures. Thus the flame retardant material such as aluminium hydroxide (ATH) is used to improve the flame retardancy property of polymers. Polypropylene (PP) with various amount of nanosized ATH particles of (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 wt%) were compounded with an extruder machine. The effects of two different type of coupling agent (3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP)) on the flame retardant properties were compared. All samples were characterized with two flame tests; the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 horizontal burning test (UL94 HB). It is found that both tests showed improvement on the flame resistance properties of the nanocomposites, mainly at high ATH loadings. Type of coupling agents affects the flame retardancy properties of PP/ATH nanocomposites.

scholarly journals Cotton-based flame-retardant textiles: A review

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 4354-4381
Author(s):  
Md. Shahidul Islam ◽  
Theo. G. M. van de Ven
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Biodegradable textiles made from cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, have gained attention from researchers, due to the ease with which cellulose can be chemically modified to introduce multifunctional groups, and because of its renewable and biodegradable nature. One of the most attractive features required for civilian and military applications of textiles is flame-retardancy. This review focuses on various methods employed for the fabrication of cellulose-based flame-retardant cotton textiles along with their developed flame-retardant properties over the last few years. The most common method is to merge N, S, P, and Si-based polymeric, non-polymeric, polymeric/non-polymeric hybrids, inorganic, and organic/inorganic hybrids with cellulose to fabricate flame-retardant cotton textiles. In these studies, cellulose was chemically bonded with the flame-retardants or in some cases, cotton textiles were coated by flame-retardants. The flame-retardant properties of the cotton textiles were investigated and determined by various methods, including the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the vertical flame test, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and by cone calorimetry. This review demonstrates the potential of cellulose-based flame-retardant textiles for various applications.

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