The Effects of Acrylamide Loading on the Swelling Capacity of Superabsorbent Polymer in Different Aqueous Medium

2013 ◽  
Vol 812 ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Nur Raihan ◽  
Nadras Othman ◽  
Ahmad Zulkifli ◽  
Fauzi Roslinda
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Superabsorbent Polymer ◽  
Potassium Persulphate ◽  
Superabsorbent Hydrogel ◽  
Waste Polystyrene ◽  
Swelling Capacity

Superabsorbent polymer from waste polystyrene-graft-polyacrylamide was synthesized through emulsion polymerization technique using acrylamide as a monomer and potassium persulphate as an initiator in the presence of N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA) as a crosslinking agent. The effects of acrylamide loading was investigated to obtain the optimum condition that shows the best swelling capacity in three different aqueous medium; distilled water, saline solution and urea solution. Superabsorbent hydrogel were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and electron scanning microscopy (SEM). Swelling test showed optimum absorbencies for distilled water, saline and urea solution were 1230 wt%, 1160 wt% and 440 wt% from their dry weight, respectively, recorded at ratio 1:10 of waste polystyrene to acrylamide. Meanwhile, the IR Spectroscopy proves that the grafting process between acrylamide and waste polystyrene was occurred in the hydrogel. Thermal degradation of the hydrogel started at 350 °C and the existence of porous unit can be observed in SEM micrographs.

scholarly journals Extraction of cellulose from waste papers for the preparation of cellulose graft-poly (acrylamide) for superabsorbent

2019 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 04013
Author(s):  
Chamylle Rose Aquino ◽  
Fauline Deune Carlos ◽  
Francis Padua ◽  
Honeylet Tayactac ◽  
Adrienne Hera Zulueta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Sorption Process ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Superabsorbent Polymer ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Swelling Capacity ◽  
Swelling Rate ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Poly Acrylamide

This article reports the use of wastepaper pulp as a direct source of cellulose for producing superabsorbent polymer. The white papers obtained from the offices in Adamson University were cut into 1 inch square pieces and drenched with distilled water and borax. This procedure was done couple of times to achieve a pH of 8 and consistency of 1%-2%. Commercial cotton was used as control to compare and differentiate the properties and structures with the superabsorbent polymer (SAP). Various trials have shown the value of 60 acrylamide beads to produce SAP with optimum performance. FTIR analysis shows properties that are characteristics of cellulose-based SAP. In the present investigation, the influence of temperature, effect in varying salt concentrations, swelling rate and water retention at constant temperature were evaluated. The SAP’s maximum swelling capacity ranges from 0.6561 g to 1.0638 g regardless of the amount of NaCl used. The swelling rate of the SAP proves that it gets heavier with time. Hence, it can be implied that the ability of the SAP to retain water is good. The temperature dependence data revealed the sorption process was favorable at higher temperature. The SAP will absorb the highest amount of solution at 500C given that the solution is pure.

Utilizing Rayon Fiber Residues from Fiber Manufacturing Industry for Preparation of Cellulose/CMC Hydrogels

2015 ◽  
Vol 799-800 ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Chakkrit Charoensai ◽  
Porntip Sae-Bae ◽  
Jantip Setthayanond ◽  
Sasswat Sittikoon ◽  
Somporn Chanchanuan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Stability ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Fiber Manufacturing ◽  
Rayon Fiber

The cellulose-based hydrogel was successfully prepared from rayon fiber residue obtained from the fiber manufacturing industry. By chemical means, the hydrogel was simply prepared at an ambient temperature by mixing rayon with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in NaOH/urea solution with epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a crosslinking agent. Rayon cellulose was used for stabilizing of hydrogel structure, providing a dimensional stability to the hydrogel whereas CMC acted as a porogen, widening the pore size within the hydrogel structure while swelling in water. With increasing CMC content, the percent water uptake of the hydrogel was increased but the structural stability was impaired. The prepared rayon cellulose/CMC hydrogel could take up more than 200% water within 60 minutes with an appropriate rayon cellulose-to-CMC ratio of 1:1 providing an ultimate balance between percent water uptake and the structural stability of the hydrogel. Its percent water uptake was as high as 285% to its initial dry weight.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Superabsorbent Hydrogels From Waste Bovine Hair Via Keratin Grafted With Acrylic Acid (AA) and Acrylamide (AAm)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysegul Uzuner Demir ◽  
Fatih Arican ◽  
Aykut Sancakli ◽  
Ezgi Ismar
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Superabsorbent Hydrogel ◽  
Swelling Capacity ◽  
Crosslinking Agents

Abstract The leather industry, due to its way of using chemicals during treatment and releasing them back to the environment makes it one of the hazardous sectors. It is not only releasing the chemicals also during the process precious biomass such as collagen and keratin discarded as waste. In this study, bovine hair which occurs during the treatments of the bovine leather process is supplied as waste and converted to superabsorbent hydrogel via grafting of keratin with monomers (Acrylic Acid (AA), Acrylamide (AAm)) in the presence of N, N'-methylene bisacrylamide (NMBA) used as a crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. Keratin is selected to enhance the biocompatibility of the hydrogel. Thus, different keratin/monomer ratios, crosslinking agents, and initiator amounts were accepted as variables, and reaction conditions were optimized to achieve the highest swelling capacity. Synthesized hydrogels were chemically, morphologically, and thermally characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). FTIR, DSC, and TGA results confirmed the grafted structure. The maximum swelling ratio was recorded at pH 9, at the end of 48 hours as 1791%. Sponge-like hydrogels were successfully obtained, and waste keratin is successfully valorized by means of hydrogels which can be used in high-value-added areas.

Preparation of Cottonseed Protein-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogel Composite

2011 ◽  
Vol 328-330 ◽  
pp. 1589-1593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bu Ning Zhang ◽  
Ying De Cui ◽  
Guo Qiang Yin ◽  
Hong Bin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Sulfite ◽  
Radical Copolymerization ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate ◽  
Potassium Persulphate ◽  
Free Radical Copolymerization ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Cottonseed Protein ◽  
Superabsorbent Hydrogel ◽  
Hydrogel Composite ◽  
Swelling Capacity

A novel superabsorbent hydrogel was obtained by graft coplolymerization of cottonseed protein (CP), acrylic acid (AA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). This composite was synthesized by free radical copolymerization in aqueous solution in the presence of redox initiators, potassium persulphate and sodium sulfite, and N, N-Methylene bisacrylamide (NMBA) as cross-linking agent. The effects of the certain variables of the copolymerization on the swelling capacity of the hydrogel were measured and its swelling properties in different solutions were investigated. This approach shows a promising method in utilizing cottonseed protein to synthesis superabsorbent polymer with excellent water absorbency and potential in various applications.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Naji K. Al-Mefleh ◽  
Yahia A. Othman ◽  
Maher J. Tadros ◽  
Amani Al-Assaf ◽  
Samer Talozi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Albizia Lebbeck ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Significant Difference

This study investigated the influence of treated greywater on growth and protein content of multipurpose (forage and ornamental) transplants, Prosopis juliflora L., Prosopis tamarugo L., and Albizia lebbeck L. Transplants of tested species were irrigated with treated greywater, diluted greywater (grey + distilled water, 1:1/by volume), and distilled water (control) for seven months. Water quality analysis showed that the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals found in the greywater were within the acceptable range compared with Jordan Institution for Standard and Metrology (JISM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for safe use of greywater. Escherichia coli found in the greywater were lower compared to JISM and WHO guidelines for the safe use of greywater. Irrigation with treated greywater increased shoot fresh weight by 24–39% and dry weight by 34–40% compared to diluted greywater and control. No significant difference in crude protein was noticed between water treatments. Prosopis species (P. juliflora Albizia lebbeck L. and P. tamarugo Albizia lebbeck L.) had higher shoot fresh (35%) and dry weight the same species had lower crude protein (44%) when compared to Albizia lebbeck Albizia lebbeck L. The reuse of treated greywater for landscaping or forage production alleviates the demand for water resources and reduces the pressure on wastewater treatment plants. However, considering the controversial findings of previous studies on greywater quality (especially, long-term reuse), the reuse of treated greywater needs to be considered with caution and periodic quality analyses and economic assessments are required.

scholarly journals Effective Enhancement of Water Absorbency of Itaconic Acid Based-Superabsorbent Polymer via Tunable Surface—Crosslinking

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2782
Author(s):  
Yong-Rok Kwon ◽  
Jung-Soo Kim ◽  
Dong-Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Itaconic Acid ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Superabsorbent Polymer ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Crosslinking Reactions

A superabsorbent polymer (SAP) was synthesized by copolymerizing itaconic acid and vinyl sulfonic acid. The typically low absorbency of itaconic acid-based SAPs under mechanical loads was improved by introducing surface crosslinking. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesis and surface-crosslinking reactions in the SAP. Various conditions for surface-crosslinking reactions, such as the surface-crosslinking solution, content of surface-crosslinking agent, and reaction temperature, were explored and correlated with the gel strength and absorption characteristics of the resulting SAP particles. The distilled water content in the surface-crosslinking solution strongly influenced the absorption capacity of the SAP, but this sensitivity decreased when acetone was used as a co-solvent. Itaconic acid-based SAP that was crosslinked under optimal conditions exhibited centrifuge retention capacity and absorbency under a load of 31.1 and 20.2, respectively.

Konzentration einiger Lipide in den Chloroplasten von Zea mays und Antirrhinum majus / Concentration of Some Lipids in the Chloroplasts of Zea mays and Antirrhinum ma jus

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1180-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Lamellar System ◽  
Total Leaf

Stroma-containing chloroplasts from Zea mays and Antirrhinum majus were isolated in aqueous medium. The average dry weight of chloroplasts from Zea mays is 27·10-12 g, that of Antirrhinum majus 30·10-12 g. Water freed chloroplasts consist up to 49 or 45 percent respectively of lamellar system. The lipid content of the lamellar system of Zea mays is 49 percent, that of Antirrhinum majus 45 percent. A chloroplast of Zea mays contains on the average 920·106 chlorophyll molecules, 220·106 carotenoid molecules, 2000·106 molecules of galactolipids, 190·106 molecules of sulpholipid, 260·106 phosphatide molecules and 64·106 molecules of lipophilic quinones. In addition to phosphatidylglycerol also phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine were found. It is very probable that besides vitamin K1 the homologeous compound lacking one methylgroup is present in the chloroplasts. In contrast to the literature only 62 percent of the total leaf galactolipids are found in the chloroplasts.

Evaluation of the Superabsorbent Effect on the Yield and Some Growth Factors of Pisum sativum L. under Drought Stress Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-114
Author(s):  
Farahnaz A. Norodinvand ◽  
Davoud K. Dehkordi ◽  
Aslan Egdernezhad
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Superabsorbent Hydrogel ◽  
Pisum Sativum L

Background: Deficit irrigation is an optimum technique for producing products under drought stress conditions. The superabsorbent hydrogel is a hydrophilic polymer with cross-linked 3-D hydrophilic nets that are able to take up and keep noteworthy values of water and aquatic liquids. Recently published patents have provided significant information about the superabsorbent application in agriculture. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the superabsorbent effect on the yield and some of the growth factors of Pisum sativum L. under drought stress conditions. Methods: The experimental factors included: irrigation treatments at two levels of 100% and 75% water requirement by the plant. The second factor included the levels of superabsorbent application which included three levels of control treatment, potting soil with a weight percentage of 0.5 and 1. The third factor was the location of the superabsorbent application. Results: According to the results, the largest root length value corresponded to I2S1U treatment plan, the largest root dry weight value corresponded to I1S2U treatment plan, the largest plant dry weight corresponded to I2S1U treatment plan, the largest grain dry weight corresponded to I2S1U treatment plan, the largest number of grains per pod corresponded to I2S2U treatment plan and the largest number of pods per plant corresponded to I2S1U treatment plan which were significant at 5% level. Conclusion: It was concluded that the presence of the superabsorbent at the lower end of the pot was effective in providing water and nutrients for the plant root.

scholarly journals Preparation of an experimental low-fluoride diet from single-cell organisms for rats and mice

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Khalawan ◽  
J. C. Elliott ◽  
R. W. Fearnhead
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Yeast Biomass ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Maize Oil

1. A method for producing a standard low-fluoride diet from a green alga and yeast is described. Chlorella pyrenoidosa was grown in a culture medium prepared with distilled water and analytical grade chemical salts. The spent culture medium from the alga culture was reclaimed and replenished with salts and sucrose for the production of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.2. The single-cell organisms were separated by centrifugation from their culture media and the dried cells were blended with sucrose, maize oil, cellulose and a salt mix to produce diet pellets for rats and mice.3. The diet was readily accepted as food by rats and mice and it was found to contain 100–300 μg fluoride/kg dry weight. Two generations of rats and four generations of mice were bred on this diet.4. The use of hydroxyapatite to reduce the fluoride content of the chemicals used in the production of the alga and yeast biomass was investigated. Diet pellets prepared with this biomass contained 45–60 μg fluoride/kg dry weight.

Preparation and swelling behaviour of a novel anti-salt superabsorbent hydrogel based on kappa-carrageenan and sodium alginate grafted with polyacrylamide

e-Polymers ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Pourjavadi ◽  
Hossein Ghasemzadeh ◽  
Hossein Hosseinzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Graft Copolymerization ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Solution ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Swelling Kinetics ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Superabsorbent Hydrogel ◽  
Swelling Capacity ◽  
Kappa Carrageenan

Abstract A novel superabsorbent hydrogel was synthesized via crosslinking graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) onto kappa-carrageenan (κC) and sodium alginate (Na-Alg) backbones in a homogeneous solution. Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and potassium persulfate (KPS) were applied as water-soluble crosslinker and initiator, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy was used for confirming the structure of the final product. A mechanism for superabsorbent hydrogel formation was also suggested. The parameters affecting the swelling capacity of the synthesized hydrogel, i.e., κC-Alg weight ratio, concentration of AAm, MBA and KPS, as well as reaction temperature were systematically optimized for obtaining maximum absorbency. The swelling capacity of hydrogels was also measured in various salt solutions (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2, BaCl2, and AlCl3). Due to their high swelling ability in salt solutions, the hydrogels may be referred to as ‘anti-salt superabsorbent’ polymers. The overall activation energy for the graft copolymerization reaction was found to be 374 kJ/mol. The swelling kinetics of the hydrogels in distilled water and in saline solution (0.9 wt.-% NaCl) was investigated.

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