A Sulfide Ion Sensor from Commercial Bentonite

2014 ◽  
Vol 894 ◽  
pp. 412-415
Author(s):  
Duangsamorn Morawong ◽  
Atchana Wongchaisuwat ◽  
Ladda Meesuk
Keyword(s):  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Solid Reaction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sulfide Ion ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Percent Recovery ◽  
Synonymous Term ◽  
Nernstian Slope

Bentonite is a synonymous term of montmorillonite which is a clay mineral consisting of 2 : 1 aluminosilicate layered structure. In this work, a commercial bentonite was used to prepare an intercalation compound [Ca (2,2-bipyridine)3]2+in the interlayer space, by solid-solid reaction, which formation was confirmed by the expansion of the interlayer space of bentonite from 1.5 to 1.8 nm, by powder X-Ray Diffraction technique. The intercalation compound [Ca (2,2-bipyridine)3]2+-bentonite was then used as a sensor to assemble a potentiometric electrode. The electrode gave best response to sulfide ion in terms of Nernstian slope. Precision of measurement, reproducibility and percent recovery were also studied. The electrode could be used to measure sulfide ion in real water samples and gave satisfactory results.

[Ca (2,2′-Bipyridine)3]2+-Intercalated Montmorillonite: An Application as Potentiometric Sensor

2012 ◽  
Vol 428 ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Payungsak ◽  
Atchana Wongchaisuwat ◽  
Ladda Meesuk
Keyword(s):  
Interlayer Space ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Potentiometric Sensor ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Solid Reaction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Artificial Graphite ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

This article involves the use of [Ca (2,2′-bipyridine)3]2+-intercalated montmorillonite as a potentiometric sensor to measure anions in aqueous solution. The [Ca (2,2′-bipyridine)3]2+-intercalated montmorillonite was prepared by modification of an in situ solid-solid reaction, between natural Ca (II)-montmorillonite and 2,2′-bipyridine at a molar ratio 1:3. The formation of [Ca (2,2′-bipyridine)3]2+- in the interlayer space of montmorillonite was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the existence of 2,2′-bipyridine was confirmed by the C:N ratio of the product compared with that of the 2,2′-bipyridine molecule. The potentiometric sensor was constructed by mixing [Ca (2,2′-bipyridine)3]2+-intercalated montmorillonite with artificial graphite, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in an appropriate ratio. It was found that the sensor had higher sensitivity to S2- rather than other anions, graphs of log [S2-] vs voltage (mv) gave a slope 30.0 which was closed to theoretical value, 29.5. Activity of the [Ca (2,2′-bipyridine)3]2+ sensor was verified by using sensor made from Ca (II)-montmorillonite as a reference. Reproducibility and precision of the electrode were also determined.

Adsorption of the harmful hormone ethinyl estradiol inside hydrophobic cavities of CTA+ intercalated montmorillonite

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Burgos ◽  
Tatiana A. Ribeiro-Santos ◽  
Rochel M. Lago
Keyword(s):  
Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrophobic Cavity ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Derivative Thermogravimetry

Hydrophobic cavities produced by cetyltrimethylammonium cation (CTA+) exchanged and trapped in the interlayer space of montmorillonite were used to remove the harmful hormone contaminant ethinyl estradiol (EE2) from water. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry, elemental analysis (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen), Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and contact angle analyses showed that the intercalation of 9, 16 and 34 wt% CTA+ in the montmorillonite resulted in the d001 expansion from 1.37 to 1.58, 2.09 and 2.18 nm, respectively. EE2 adsorption experiments showed that the original clay montmorillonite does not remove EE2 from water whereas the intercalated composites showed high efficiency with adsorption capacities of 4.3, 8.8 and 7.3 mg g−1 for M9CTA+, M16CTA+ and M34CTA+, respectively. Moreover, experiments with montmorillonite simply impregnated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide showed that the intercalation of CTA+ to form the hydrophobic cavity is very important for the adsorption properties. Simple solvent extraction can be used to remove the adsorbed EE2 without significant loss of CTA+, which allows the recovery and reuse of the adsorbent for at least five times.

scholarly journals Intercalation of oxalate ions in the interlayer space of a layered double hydroxide for nickel ions adsorption

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Doungmo Giscard ◽  
Théophile Kamgaing ◽  
Ranil Clément Tonleu Temgoua ◽  
Ervice Ymele ◽  
Francis Merlin Melataguia Tchieno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interlayer Space ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Nickel Ions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Modified Clay ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Oxalate Ions ◽  
Double Hydroxide ◽  
Clay Materials

In this study, sorption properties of a synthesized anionic clay were enhanced by the intercalation of oxalate ions in its interlayer space. The pristine and modified clay materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. These techniques confirmed the presence of oxalate ions in the interlayer space of the clay. The intercalated clay was then used as a matrix for the sorption in batch mode of nickel ions in aqueous solution. The influence of a number of parameters such as contact time, pH, initial concentration of the analyte and adsorbent dosage were studied. The maximum adsorption of nickel was obtained at pH 6, that is, about 90% Ni2+ removal. The adsorbent/adsorbate equilibrium follows a pseudo-second order kinetics and best matches the Langmuir model. The modified clay was shown to be efficient matrix for the sorption of nickel ions.

Evolution structurale de la nacrite en fonction de la nature des molécules organiques intercalees

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1351-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ben Haj Amara ◽  
H. Ben Rhaiem ◽  
A. Plançon
Keyword(s):  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intercalated Compounds ◽  
Xrd Study ◽  
Intercalation Process

Nacrite has been intercalated with two polar organic molecules: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) andN-methylacetamide (NMA). The homogeneous nacrite complexes have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The XRD study is based on a comparison between experimental and calculated patterns. The structures of the intercalated compounds have been determined, including the mutual positions of the layers after intercalation and the positions of the intercalated molecules in the interlayer space. It has been shown that the intercalation process causes not only a swelling of the interlayer space but also a shift in the mutual in-plane positions of the layers. This shift depends on the nature of the intercalated molecules and is related to their shape and the hydrogen bonds which are established with the surrounding surfaces. For a given molecule, the intercalation process is the same for the different polytypes of the kaolinite family. These XRD results are consistent with those of IR spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Mechanical Activation of Smectite-Based Nanocomposites for Creation of Smart Fertilizers

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 809
Author(s):  
Maxim Rudmin ◽  
Santanu Banerjee ◽  
Boris Makarov ◽  
Kanipa Ibraeva ◽  
Alexander Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Soil Leaching ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

This research presents the mechanical creation of smart fertilizers from a mixture of smectite and urea in a 3:2 ratio by using the planetary milling technique. The smectite–urea composites show intercalation between urea and mineral, which increases steadily with increasing activation time. A shift of X-Ray Diffraction basal reflections, intensities of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) peaks, and weight losses in thermogravimetric analysis (TG) document the systematic crystallo-chemical changes of the composites related to nitrogen interaction with activation. Observations of the nanocomposites by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) corroborate the inference. Nitrogen intercalates with smectite in the interlayer space and remains absorbed either within micro-aggregates or on the surface of activated smectites. Soil leaching tests reveal a slower rate of nitrogen than that of traditional urea fertilizers. Different forms of nitrogen within the composites cause their differential release rates to the soil. The formulated nanocomposite fertilizer enhances the quality and quantity of oat yield.

Chemical and structural properties of clay minerals modified by inorganic and organic material

Clay Minerals ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bandosz ◽  
J. Jagiełło ◽  
K. A. G. Amankwah ◽  
J. A. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Infinite Dilution ◽  
Inverse Gas Chromatography ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Hydrogen Adsorption ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pressure Hydrogen

AbstractModification of clay minerals by exchange, intercalation, calcination and imbibition of organics followed by their polymerization and carbonization was studied. The surface properties of the clays were investigated by inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution employing alkanes and alkenes as probes; the structural properties were measured directly by X-ray diffraction and inferred from the results of high pressure hydrogen adsorption. Calcination of pillared smectites prior to polymerization and carbonization of organic material in the interlayer space leads to a microporous “activated carbon” that demonstrates unique properties as an adsorbent for hydrogen, significantly different from clays that have not been calcined.

scholarly journals Preparation of Zirconium Carbide-Zirconium Silicide Composite Powders by Solid Reaction of Zr and SiC Powders

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-351
Author(s):  
Yingxin CHEN ◽  
Shoujun WU ◽  
Shaojun MA ◽  
Xiao ZHAO ◽  
Baowei CAO
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Diffusion Layer ◽  
Zirconium Carbide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Solid Reaction ◽  
Composite Powders ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Zirconium Silicide ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the present work, zirconium carbide-zirconium silicide composite powders were prepared by solid reaction using Zr and SiC powders as reactants. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that, after treatment at 800 ºC, the produced zirconium carbide-zirconium silicide diffusion layer was very thin and mainly consisted of ZrC and ZrSi2. After treatment above 900 ºC, the produced phases were mainly consisted of ZrC and ZrSi2, plus less ZrSi.

Room temperature conversion of X0.3V2O5· nH2O phase into X2V6O16· nH2O phase Influence of the nature of the cation X+

2004 ◽  
Vol 848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Durupthy ◽  
Saïd Es-salhi ◽  
Nathalie Steunou ◽  
Thibaud Coradin ◽  
Jacques Livage
Keyword(s):  
Vanadium Oxide ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxide Phases ◽  
New Phase ◽  
Supernatant Solution ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACTVarious cations (Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+) were introduced during the formation of a V2O5. nH2O gel. Cation intercalated Xy V2O5. nH2O (y = 0.3 for X = Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+ or y = 0.15 for Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+) were first obtained at room temperature but some of them evolve upon ageing into a new phase: XV3O8. nH2O for X = Na+, K+, NH4+ and Cs+ or XV6O16. nH2O for X = Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+. All the vanadium oxide phases were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR); the supernatant solutions were analysed by 51V NMR spectroscopy. These vanadium oxide phases exhibit a layered structure with cations and water molecules intercalated within the interlayer space. The formation of the different phases depends mainly on the pH of the supernatant solution and on the nature of the cation.

Preparation and characterization of poly(tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine)/clay hybrids via intercalative polymerization

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangming Chen ◽  
Nobuo Iyi ◽  
Taketoshi Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Noncovalent Bonding ◽  
Intercalative Polymerization

New noncovalent bonding polymer/clay hybrids were prepared, including the polymer poly(tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine) (poly-TMPD). Polymerization occurred in the interlayer space of clay mineral successively after intercalation of monomers. Two types of clay minerals with different surface properties—a hydrophilic lithium fluorotaeniolite (TN) and four kinds of organophilic fluorotaeniolites (org-TNs)—were used as the hosts. Powder x-ray diffraction results showed an increase of 0.7–1.0 nm in the basal spacings, indicating the formation of poly–TMPD in the interlayer space of the hosts. Intercalative polymerization was also supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The orientation of the poly-TMPD and thermal behavior were also discussed.

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