Exergy Quality of Buildings

2014 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferenc Kalmár
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Energy And Exergy ◽  
Country Specific

Energy labeling of buildings is accepted and used in all European countries. Depending on the yearly specific primary energy consumption the energy quality of a building is expressed using a country specific method. Consequently primary energy is the basis of building energy class. Primary energy is obtained using different country specific transformation factors for gas, electricity, wood, biomass etc. However different quantities of warm water and steam can have the same energy content. Calculating the exergy content of used energy a better classification of buildings can be achieved. This paper presents a method to analyze residential buildings from exergy point of view. It was found a transformation factor between energy and exergy: 0.075.

scholarly journals Decarbonization of Residential Building Energy Supply: Impact of Cogeneration System Performance on Energy, Environment, and Economics

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2538
Author(s):  
Praveen K. Cheekatamarla
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Generation ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Cogeneration System ◽  
The Impact

Electrical and thermal loads of residential buildings present a unique opportunity for onsite power generation, and concomitant thermal energy generation, storage, and utilization, to decrease primary energy consumption and carbon dioxide intensity. This approach also improves resiliency and ability to address peak load burden effectively. Demand response programs and grid-interactive buildings are also essential to meet the energy needs of the 21st century while addressing climate impact. Given the significance of the scale of building energy consumption, this study investigates how cogeneration systems influence the primary energy consumption and carbon footprint in residential buildings. The impact of onsite power generation capacity, its electrical and thermal efficiency, and its cost, on total primary energy consumption, equivalent carbon dioxide emissions, operating expenditure, and, most importantly, thermal and electrical energy balance, is presented. The conditions at which a cogeneration approach loses its advantage as an energy efficient residential resource are identified as a function of electrical grid’s carbon footprint and primary energy efficiency. Compared to a heat pump heating system with a coefficient of performance (COP) of three, a 0.5 kW cogeneration system with 40% electrical efficiency is shown to lose its environmental benefit if the electrical grid’s carbon dioxide intensity falls below 0.4 kg CO2 per kWh electricity.

Nondestructive Evaluation of Tubing Closure Welds

1986 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Rehbein ◽  
D. K. Hsu ◽  
R. B. Thompson ◽  
T. A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
Bond Line ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Back Surface ◽  
Bond Quality ◽  
Ultrasonic Signals ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
Control Procedures

Resistance tube closure welds, referred to as pinch welds, are used to reliably seal small stainless steel tubing [1]. The quality of the bond is dependent upon, among other factors, the cleanliness of the tube bore. Post weld inspections are therefore desired as process control procedures. In previous studies, ultrasonics was shown to have considerable promise in this application. Thomas et al. [1] demonstrated that pattern recognition algorithms could be applied to the ultrasonic signals transmitted through the tubes to produce a correct classification of good and bad welds in several different sets of samples. The algorithms were somewhat dependent on the material from which the samples were fabricated, but all showed a good deal of commonality. In a parallel study, Rehbein et al. [2] examined, from a more mechanistic point of view, sets of tubes fabricated at the same time. They observed that gross disbonds could be easily detected from changes in signals either reflected from or transmitted through the bond line. When such disbonds were not present, they observed that signals doubly transmitted through the interface (i.e., the back surface echo) showed a trend to lower values as the bond quality decreased. This paper describes the sequel to that study, having the objective of developing a quantitative understanding of the interaction of the ultrasound with the pinch welds.

scholarly journals Glycaemic index methodology

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brouns ◽  
I. Bjorck ◽  
K. N. Frayn ◽  
A. L. Gibbs ◽  
V. Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Test Dose ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractThe glycaemic index (GI) concept was originally introduced to classify different sources of carbohydrate (CHO)-rich foods, usually having an energy content of >80 % from CHO, to their effect on post-meal glycaemia. It was assumed to apply to foods that primarily deliver available CHO, causing hyperglycaemia. Low-GI foods were classified as being digested and absorbed slowly and high-GI foods as being rapidly digested and absorbed, resulting in different glycaemic responses. Low-GI foods were found to induce benefits on certain risk factors for CVD and diabetes. Accordingly it has been proposed that GI classification of foods and drinks could be useful to help consumers make ‘healthy food choices’ within specific food groups. Classification of foods according to their impact on blood glucose responses requires a standardised way of measuring such responses. The present review discusses the most relevant methodological considerations and highlights specific recommendations regarding number of subjects, sex, subject status, inclusion and exclusion criteria, pre-test conditions, CHO test dose, blood sampling procedures, sampling times, test randomisation and calculation of glycaemic response area under the curve. All together, these technical recommendations will help to implement or reinforce measurement of GI in laboratories and help to ensure quality of results. Since there is current international interest in alternative ways of expressing glycaemic responses to foods, some of these methods are discussed.

scholarly journals Systems Approach to Standardisation, Classification and Modelling of Managed Events for Tourism

Organizacija ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-197
Author(s):  
Tadeja Jere Jakulin ◽  
Aleksandra Golob
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
National Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Event Management ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Event Tourism ◽  
Methodological Principles

Abstract Background and Purpose: The standardisation and classification of managed events provide a legislative basis to distinguish events managed for tourism in their characteristics and quality. The systems approach to standardisation and classification of managed events is a unique, holistic view of event management quality and event organization in tourism. It enables a clear overview of a researched topic and provides adequate support to design and decision-making. In this paper, we explain the meaning of standardisation and classification for Slovenian legislation related to event management. We present the importance of a systems approach methodology for event categorization and classification as it relates to the quality of event management organization, the quality of staff, the quality of the event program and the quality of event services. Objectives: Provide an overview of events in tourism, related definitions and information gathered from scientific authors, which serves as current systems approach principles with which we want to achieve the desired results, positive changes in legislation; in our case-in the field of managed event quality for tourism through standardisation and classification of events on the national level in Slovenia. Method: A descriptive method and systems approach methods are fundamental methodological principles in our analysis. In the context of a systems approach, we used qualitative modelling and constructed causal loop models (CLD) of the legislative system of events and investments in the events. We also used context-dependent modelling (SD model) in a frame of systems dynamics. Results: We present the most appropriate solution to eliminate our problem or question about how to achieve high quality and unique events within event tourism and with event management, thereby creating added value to an event legislative system. We explain suggestions for achieving triple-bottom elements through well-designed quality standards and classification of events, which leads to an optimal categorization of events. Conclusion: From a systems point of view, event tourism processes, including event management, are systems consisting of people and technologies with the purpose of designing, producing, trading and deploying the idea of an event. It is necessary to transform the current Slovenian legislative system of events and prepare a document which standardizes and classifies events based on systems approach methodology.

ALLERGY—THE UNANSWERED CHALLENGE IN PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND PRACTICE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-654
Author(s):  
William G. Crook ◽  
Walton W. Harrison ◽  
Stanley E. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Disease ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pediatric Research ◽  
Research Education ◽  
Pediatric Clinic ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Relative Neglect ◽  
Active Interest

THE NEGLECT OF TRAINING IN ALLERGY Perhaps the most remarkable thing about allergy is its relative neglect in the field of medical research, education and practice. This phenomenon has been recognized by a number of leaders in the field. "Allergy is sadly neglected in the medical schools of this country. Some department heads look upon it as scarcely more scientific than witchcraft. . . . There is no question that medicine either ridiculed or ignored. . . . The chances are overwhelming that as a resident—(the physician) had no exposure whatever to an allergy service or guidance from one trained in allergy." A review of the program of the Society for Pediatric Research for the past several years shows that, while there were many papers on varied subjects, few of them dealt with allergy. THE PROBLEM OF THE PRACTICING PEDIATRICIAN Our discussion of this subject is presented from the point of view of practicing pediatricians who have struggled with the problems of allergy in a general pediatric practice for some 9 years. During this period, the recognition and management of children with allergic disease presented such a problem that we had to take a more active interest in it as a matter of "self defense." In comparing our training with that of other pediatricians, we feel that our exposure, and the quality of the instruction given us in managing the allergic child, was well above the average. Nevertheless, we still were inadequately prepared to meet the needs of countless hundreds of our patients. A recent study of the incidence of allergic disease in our practice during the year 1954 showed that 14% of an unselected, consecutive group of children coming to our general pediatric clinic had major, unquestioned allergic disease, including asthma, hay fever, allergic rhinitis and eczema. An additional 18% had findings which warranted a classification of "probably allergic."

scholarly journals Study on the Certification Policy of Zero-Energy Buildings in Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeweon Kim ◽  
Ki-Hyung Yu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Zero Energy Buildings

This study presents a methodology and process to establish a mandatory policy of zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) in Korea. To determine the mandatory level to acquire the rating of a ZEB in Korea, this study was conducted under the assumption that the criteria of ZEB was a top 5% building considering the building’s energy-efficiency rating, which was certified through a quantitative building energy analysis. A self-sufficiency rate was also proposed to strengthen the passive standard of the buildings as well as to encourage new and renewable energy production. Accordingly, zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) in Korea are defined as having 60 kWh/(m2·yr) of non-renewable primary energy (NRPE) consumption in residential buildings and 80 kWh/(m2·yr) in non-residential buildings, and the self-reliance rate should be more than 20% of the renewable energy consumption as compared to the total energy consumption of the buildings. In addition, the mandatory installation of building energy management systems (BEMS) was promoted to investigate the energy behavior in buildings to be certified as zero-energy in the future. This study also investigated the number of ZEB certificates during the demonstration period from 2017 to 2019 to analyze the energy demand, non-renewable primary energy, renewable primary energy, and self-sufficiency rate as compared to those under the previous standards. For ZEB Grade 1 as compared to the existing building energy-efficiency rating, the sum of the NRPE decreased more than 50%, and renewable energy consumption increased more than four times.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effects of Strengthening Building Energy Policy on Multifamily Residential Buildings in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Byung Chang Kwag ◽  
Sanghee Han ◽  
Gil Tae Kim ◽  
Beobjeon Kim ◽  
Jong Yeob Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption

The purposes of this study were to overview the building-energy policy and regulations in South Korea to achieve energy-efficient multifamily residential buildings and analyze the effects of strengthening the building design requirements on their energy performances. The building energy demand intensity showed a linear relationship with the area-weighted average U-values of the building envelope. However, improving the thermal properties of the building envelope was limited to reducing the building-energy demand intensity. In this study, the effects of various energy conservation measures (ECMs) on the building-energy performance were compared. Among the various ECMs, improving the boiler efficiency was found to be the most efficient measure for reducing the building-energy consumption in comparison to other ECMs, whereas the building envelope showed the least impact, because the current U-values are low. However, in terms of the primary energy consumption, the most efficient ECM was the lighting power density because of the different energy sources used by various ECMs and the different conversion factors used to calculate the primary energy consumption based on the source type. This study showed a direction for updating the building-energy policy and regulations, as well as the potential of implementing ECMs, to improve the energy performances of Korean multifamily residential buildings.

scholarly journals Design and Operation of a Polygeneration System in Spanish Climate Buildings under an Exergetic Perspective

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7636
Author(s):  
Ana Picallo-Perez ◽  
Jose Maria Sala-Lizarraga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Air Handling Unit ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Energy And Exergy ◽  
Polygeneration System ◽  
Almost All

This work defines and analyzes the performance of a polygeneration system in five different locations in Spain to maintain the thermal comfort and air quality of an office building. The facility is based on a chiller and a CHP engine with PV panels that provide almost all the electricity demand of the chiller. According to the energy performance analysis results, the installation working in Bilbao is a full polygeneration system since no electricity needs to be imported from the grid in summer. To quantify the energy savings related to a separated production facility, polygeneration indicators (percentage of savings PES/PExS and equivalent electric efficiency EEE/EExE) have been calculated in energy and exergy terms. The main motivation for using exergy is based on the ambiguity that can arise from the point of view of the First Law. As expected, the exergetic indicators have lower values than the energetic ones. In addition, an in-depth analysis was conducted for the air-handling unit components. The study shows the behavior of components over the year and the efficiency values from both an energy and exergy point of view. From these facts, the need arises to develop methodologies based on exergy.

scholarly journals MODERN VIEW OF THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF ACNE SCARRING

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Mariya N. Ostretsova
Keyword(s):  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Hypertrophic Scars ◽  
Keloid Scars ◽  
Acne Scarring ◽  
Chronic Skin ◽  
Chronic Skin Disease

Acne vulgaris is a common chronic skin disease involving blockage and inflammation of pilosebaceous units. It has a genetic predisposition and sharply reduces the quality of patients’ life and the level of their social adaptation through the formation of conspicuous cosmetic defects in open areas of the skin. The processes of pathological scarring (atrophic, hypertrophic and keloid scars) is described in detail as one of the most severe consequences of acne vulgaris and its treatment. The problem is described from the modern point of view of the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Differential diagnosis between keloid and hypertrophic scars, as well as the most relevant approaches to classification and evaluation of severity of postacne scarring according to the valid international scales, are presented.

scholarly journals Are users’ ratings on Tripadvisor similar to hotel categories in Europe?

2018 ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Martin-Fuentes ◽  
Carles Mateu ◽  
César Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The One ◽  
User Ratings ◽  
One Way Anova

European countries do not have the same hotel classification system. Therefore, the criteria and requirements used to assign star ratings to hotels do not concur among the different countries. There have been some criticisms about the way hotel stars are assigned, because the requirements do not necessarily match the quality of service offered. Technical criteria such as infrastructure and room dimensions are taken into account, but users do not perceive them although these have nothing to do with the satisfaction. This study aims to determine whether the hotel category of about 80,000 hotels in 9 different European countries on TripAdvisor is related to customer satisfaction, measured from the point of view of the user ratings on this site. The one-way ANOVA test shows that there are significant differences between the average ratings of the hotel category, except in the classification of 1-star and 2-star hotels from most countries analysed that behave similarly, and 1-star and 3-star hotels from Austria, Greece, Portugal, Spain and UK that are ranked similarly.

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