scholarly journals Glycaemic index methodology

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brouns ◽  
I. Bjorck ◽  
K. N. Frayn ◽  
A. L. Gibbs ◽  
V. Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Test Dose ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractThe glycaemic index (GI) concept was originally introduced to classify different sources of carbohydrate (CHO)-rich foods, usually having an energy content of >80 % from CHO, to their effect on post-meal glycaemia. It was assumed to apply to foods that primarily deliver available CHO, causing hyperglycaemia. Low-GI foods were classified as being digested and absorbed slowly and high-GI foods as being rapidly digested and absorbed, resulting in different glycaemic responses. Low-GI foods were found to induce benefits on certain risk factors for CVD and diabetes. Accordingly it has been proposed that GI classification of foods and drinks could be useful to help consumers make ‘healthy food choices’ within specific food groups. Classification of foods according to their impact on blood glucose responses requires a standardised way of measuring such responses. The present review discusses the most relevant methodological considerations and highlights specific recommendations regarding number of subjects, sex, subject status, inclusion and exclusion criteria, pre-test conditions, CHO test dose, blood sampling procedures, sampling times, test randomisation and calculation of glycaemic response area under the curve. All together, these technical recommendations will help to implement or reinforce measurement of GI in laboratories and help to ensure quality of results. Since there is current international interest in alternative ways of expressing glycaemic responses to foods, some of these methods are discussed.

Exergy Quality of Buildings

2014 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferenc Kalmár
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Energy And Exergy ◽  
Country Specific

Energy labeling of buildings is accepted and used in all European countries. Depending on the yearly specific primary energy consumption the energy quality of a building is expressed using a country specific method. Consequently primary energy is the basis of building energy class. Primary energy is obtained using different country specific transformation factors for gas, electricity, wood, biomass etc. However different quantities of warm water and steam can have the same energy content. Calculating the exergy content of used energy a better classification of buildings can be achieved. This paper presents a method to analyze residential buildings from exergy point of view. It was found a transformation factor between energy and exergy: 0.075.

scholarly journals Nutritional quality of foods and beverages on child-care centre menus in Mexico

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2014-2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara E Benjamin Neelon ◽  
Hortensia Reyes-Morales ◽  
Jess Haines ◽  
Matthew W Gillman ◽  
Elsie M Taveras
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Child Care Centre ◽  
Food Category

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to assess the nutritional quality of foods and beverages listed on menus serving children in government-sponsored child-care centres throughout Mexico.DesignFor this cross-sectional menu assessment, we compared (i) food groups and portion sizes of foods and beverages on the menus with MyPlate recommendations and (ii) macronutrients, sugar and fibre with Daily Reference Intake standards.SettingMenus reflected foods and beverages served to children attending one of 142 government-sponsored child-care centres throughout Mexico.SubjectsThere were fifty-four distinct menus for children aged 4–6 months, 7–9 months, 10–12 months, 13–23 months, 24–47 months and 48–72 months.ResultsMenus included a variety of foods meeting minimum MyPlate recommendations for each food category except whole grains for children aged 48–72 months. Menus listed excessive amounts of high-energy beverages, including full-fat milk, fruit juice and sugar-sweetened beverages for children of all ages. The mean daily energy content of menu items yielded an average of 2·76 MJ for infants, 4·77 MJ for children aged 13–23 months, 5·36 MJ for children aged 24–47 months and 5·87 MJ for children aged 48–72 months. Foods and beverages on menus provided sufficient grams of carbohydrate and fat, but excessive protein.ConclusionsMenus provided a variety of foods but excessive energy. Whole grains were limited, and high-energy beverages were prevalent. Both may be appropriate targets for nutrition intervention. Future studies should move beyond menus and assess what children actually consume in child care.

scholarly journals Glycaemic index and glycaemic load in the diet of healthy schoolchildren: trends from 1990 to 2002, contribution of different carbohydrate sources and relationships to dietary quality

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 796-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anette E. Buyken ◽  
Wiebke Dettmann ◽  
Mathilde Kersting ◽  
Anja Kroke
Keyword(s):  
Food Choice ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Mashed Potatoes ◽  
A Minor

Despite intense discussion of the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) concepts, data on the GI or GL levels in the diet of children are scarce. The present analysis determined trends in the levels of GI or GL of healthy children from 1990 to 2002 and examined the contribution of carbohydrate (CHO) sources to the overall GL, and the relationships of the GI and GL to the overall dietary quality. The analysis includes three cohorts of participants from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometrical Longitudinally Designed study, aged 7–8 years in 1990 (n 53), 1996 (n 46) and 2002 (n 56). A GI value was assigned to all CHO foods recorded over three consecutive days. In comparison with 1990, 7–8-year-old children in 2002 had slightly higher GI (56·5 v. 55·1%; P=0·03) and GL (17·5 v. 16·7g/MJ; P=0·04) levels. In all three time periods the combined contribution of the ‘tolerated food groups’ (i.e. sweets, soft drinks, cakes and cookies, and salty snacks) to the overall GL exceeded that of bread and rolls (1990, 31 v. 24%; 1996, 29 v. 31%; 2002, 28 v. 25%). Conversely, rice and fried or mashed potatoes had only a minor impact. Children in the lowest GI tertile, but not those in the lowest GL tertile, had a better nutrient profile and a more favourable food choice. In conclusion, partial replacement of high-GI ‘tolerated food groups’ for low-GI foods would help to reverse the slight recent increases in GI and GL, and to improve the overall dietary quality of 7–8-year-old children.

The nutritional quality of supermarket own brand chilled convenience foods: an Australian cross-sectional study reveals limitations of the Health Star Rating

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2068-2077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Elizabeth Pulker ◽  
Heather Robertson Farquhar ◽  
Christina Mary Pollard ◽  
Jane Anne Scott
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutrition Labels ◽  
Star Rating ◽  
Photographic Images ◽  
Corporate Social

AbstractObjective:To assess the nutritional quality of Australian supermarket own brand chilled convenience foods (SOBCCF), for example, ready meals, pizza, pies and desserts.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Two large supermarkets (Coles and Woolworths) in Perth, Western Australia were audited in February 2017.Participants:Data were extracted from photographic images of 291 SOBCCF, including front-of-pack information (i.e. product name, description and nutrition labels including Health Star Rating (HSR)) and back-of-pack information (i.e. nutrition information panel and ingredients list). SOBCCF were classified as healthy or unhealthy consistent with principles of the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGTHE), NOVA classification of level of food processing and HSR score.Results:Fifty-four percentage of SOBCCF were classified as unhealthy according to AGTHE principles, 94 % were ultra-processed foods using NOVA and 81 % scored a HSR of ≥2·5, implying that they were a healthy choice. Some convenience food groups comprised more healthy choices overall including prepared vegetables, salad kits and bowls, soups and vegetarian food. A significantly larger proportion of SOBCCF from Coles were classified as unhealthy compared with Woolworths (70 v. 44 %, P < 0·05) using the AGTHE.Conclusions:The findings suggest there is potential for Australian supermarkets to improve the nutritional quality of their SOBCCF and highlights the differences between supermarkets in applying their corporate social responsibility policies. Policies to assist consumers to select healthier foods should address difficulties in identifying healthy convenience foods. The findings reveal misclassification of unhealthy SOBCCF as healthy by the HSR suggesting that its algorithm should be reformed to align with recommendations of the AGTHE.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Consistency of the French Nutri-Score Front-of-Pack Scoring System with Canadian Dietary Guidelines

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1711-1711
Author(s):  
Mavra Ahmed ◽  
Kacie Dickinson ◽  
Laura Vergeer ◽  
Christine Mulligan ◽  
Beatriz Franco-Arellano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food Label ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
High Consistency

Abstract Objectives Nutrient profiling (NP) models, underpinning front-of-pack (FOP) labelling, can guide consumers towards healthier food choices and should be aligned with food-based dietary guidelines. In France, [the FSAm/HCSP NP model], underpinning the Nutri-Score (NS) FOP, ranks foods on both nutrients-to-limit (saturated fat, sodium, sugar) and nutrients-to-encourage (e.g., protein, fibre, fruits, vegetables, legumes and nuts) and was found to adequately align with dietary recommendations in Europe. However, investigations on the comparable ranking of foods by the FSAm/HCSP NP model with the new Canadian dietary guidelines is lacking. The objective was to assess the ability of the NS to discriminate the nutritional quality of foods and beverages in the Canadian food supply and their consistency with nutritional recommendations according to the Canada's 2019 Food Guidelines (CFG). Methods Using the University of Toronto Food Label Information Program 2017 database (n = 17,360), the nutritional scores for prepackaged foods and beverages were derived using the NS. These scores correspond to five grades of nutritional quality, ranging from green (A; highest quality) to red (E; lowest quality). Scores were assessed as binary where A/B were considered ‘in alignment’ with CFG recommendations while C/D/E were considered ‘not in alignment’. Results The NS system classified 21% of products as A, ranging from 99% of legumes to 0.45% of the sugars/sweets. The NS was able to discriminate the nutritional quality of foods within the same food groups (based on display of three grades represented within the Nutri-Score). Overall, there was 73% agreement between NS and CFG, ranging from 48% for combination dishes to 95% for eggs/egg substitute categories. The classification of foods according to the NS was consistent with the CFG; foods for which consumption is recommended were more favourably classified (e.g., 76% of vegetables were classified as A or B) than foods for which consumption should be limited (e.g., 79% of snacks were classified as C/D/E). Conclusions The NS FOP system is an effective tool to discriminate products across and within food categories. The classification of different food groups in the NS displayed a high consistency with the new Canadian dietary guidelines. Funding Sources Sanofi-Pasteur University of Toronto Université Paris-Descartes Collaborative Grant.

scholarly journals Eating out or in from home: analyzing the quality of meal according eating locations

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Henrique Bandoni ◽  
Daniela Silva Canella ◽  
Renata Bertazzy Levy ◽  
Patricia Constante Jaime
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meal Quality

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of meals consumed by workers from São Paulo according to eating location. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used the 24-hour recall to collect dietary data from 815 workers, including where the meal was consumed, and then grouped the meals by eating location: home, workplace cafeteria, and restaurant. Meal quality was assessed according to energy content and density, fiber density, and proportion of macronutrients, 10 food groups, and from sugar-sweetened beverages. These indicators and their respective eating locations were then included in linear regression models adjusted for gender, age, and education level. RESULTS: Meals consumed at workplace cafeterias had lower energy density, higher fiber density, and higher proportions of vegetables, fruits, and beans than those consumed at home. However, away-from-home meals contain more sugars, sweets, fats, and oils. CONCLUSION: Eating location influences diet quality, so dietary surveys should assess meals consumed away from home more thoroughly since meal quality varies greatly by food service.

scholarly journals Comparison of Convolutional Neural Network Architectures for Classification of Tomato Plant Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Maeda-Gutiérrez ◽  
Carlos E. Galván-Tejada ◽  
Laura A. Zanella-Calzada ◽  
José M. Celaya-Padilla ◽  
Jorge I. Galván-Tejada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Diseases ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Tomato plants are highly affected by diverse diseases. A timely and accurate diagnosis plays an important role to prevent the quality of crops. Recently, deep learning (DL), specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have achieved extraordinary results in many applications, including the classification of plant diseases. This work focused on fine-tuning based on the comparison of the state-of-the-art architectures: AlexNet, GoogleNet, Inception V3, Residual Network (ResNet) 18, and ResNet 50. An evaluation of the comparison was finally performed. The dataset used for the experiments is contained by nine different classes of tomato diseases and a healthy class from PlantVillage. The models were evaluated through a multiclass statistical analysis based on accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F-Score, area under the curve (AUC), and receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The results present significant values obtained by the GoogleNet technique, with 99.72% of AUC and 99.12% of sensitivity. It is possible to conclude that this significantly success rate makes the GoogleNet model a useful tool for farmers in helping to identify and protect tomatoes from the diseases mentioned.

Dynamics of the processes in metal machining

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Donatas Švitra ◽  
Jolanta Janutėnienė
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Metal Cutting Machine ◽  
Cutting Machine ◽  
Metal Machining

In the practice of processing of metals by cutting it is necessary to overcome the vibration of the cutting tool, the processed detail and units of the machine tool. These vibrations in many cases are an obstacle to increase the productivity and quality of treatment of details on metal-cutting machine tools. Vibration at cutting of metals is a very diverse phenomenon due to both it’s nature and the form of oscillatory motion. The most general classification of vibrations at cutting is a division them into forced vibration and autovibrations. The most difficult to remove and poorly investigated are the autovibrations, i.e. vibrations arising at the absence of external periodic forces. The autovibrations, stipulated by the process of cutting on metalcutting machine are of two types: the low-frequency autovibrations and high-frequency autovibrations. When the low-frequency autovibration there appear, the cutting process ought to be terminated and the cause of the vibrations eliminated. Otherwise, there is a danger of a break of both machine and tool. In the case of high-frequency vibration the machine operates apparently quiently, but the processed surface feature small-sized roughness. The frequency of autovibrations can reach 5000 Hz and more.

Paepalanthus fabianeae (Eriocaulaceae): A New Microendemic Species from a Morphologically Coherent Clade

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 794-801
Author(s):  
Caroline Oliveira Andrino ◽  
Marcelo Fragomeni Simon ◽  
Jair Eustáquio Quintino Faria ◽  
André Luiz da Costa Moreira ◽  
Paulo Takeo Sano
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Espinhaço Range ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Two Populations

Abstract—We describe and illustrate Paepalanthus fabianeae, a new species of Eriocaulaceae from the central portion of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Previous phylogenetic evidence based on analyses of nuclear (ITS and ETS) and plastid (trnL-trnF and psba-trnH) sequences revealed P. fabianeae as belonging to a strongly supported and morphologically coherent clade containing five other species, all of them microendemic, restricted to the Espinhaço range. Due to the infrageneric classification of Paepalanthus being highly artificial, we preferred not assigning P. fabianeae to any infrageneric group. Paepalanthus fabianeae is known from two populations growing in campos rupestres (highland rocky fields) in the meridional Espinhaço Range. The species is characterized by pseudodichotomously branched stems, small, linear, recurved, and reflexed leaves, urceolate capitula, and bifid stigmas. Illustrations, photos, the phylogenetic position, and a detailed description, as well as comments on habitat, morphology, and affinities with similar species are provided. The restricted area of occurrence allied with threats to the quality of the habitat, mainly due to quartzite mining, justifies the preliminary classification of the new species in the Critically Endangered (CR) category using the guidelines and criteria of the IUCN Red List.

MEDIATEXT IS A TOOL THAT DETERMINES THE QUALITY OF INFORMATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Navruza Yakhyayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Text Linguistics ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Scientific Classification

The quality and content of information in the article media text is based on scientific classification of linguistic features. The study of functional styles of speech, the identification of their linguistic signs, the discovery of the functional properties of linguistic units and their separation on the basis of linguistic facts is one of thetasks that modern linguistics is waiting for a solution. Text Linguistics, which deals with the creation, modeling of its structure and the study of the process of such activity, is of interest to journalists today as a science.

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