Rarely Occurring Defects on Tinplates

2020 ◽  
Vol 405 ◽  
pp. 234-239
Author(s):  
Peter Vranec ◽  
Slavka Hockicková ◽  
Alicia Mašlejová ◽  
Mária Demčáková ◽  
Lucia Hrabčáková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Defects ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Continuous Annealing ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Random Occurrence ◽  
Short Period

This paper deals with rarely occurring defect on the surface of the tinplates produced in the conditions of U. S. Steel Košice, s.r.o. at the cleaning section of the continuous annealing line (CAL), which was caused by burnt. Random occurrence of such surface imperfections was observed within the short period of time (two months) for various continuous annealed tinplate grades, i.e. TH415, TH435 or TH550 with the thickness of the materials in the interval of 0.172 – 0.240 mm. Surface defects caused by burnt (thermal attack) manifested in different ways. Their appearance on the sheet surface was spot with regular or irregular circle shape, as well as line with the length of up to 2 mm oriented not directly in the rolling direction. By observing of the imperfections in scanning electron microscope (SEM) it was found that the surface of the steel substrate was always compact in the defective areas with clearly visible rolling lines. Foreign material, EDS analysis of which revealed that its chemical composition was on the basis of Fe and Cr, was deposited on the surface of the base material. The appearance of the foreign material shape indicated that it was in the liquid state at the time of incidence on the steel substrate surface. Metallographic analysis from the longitudinal metallographic sections through the defective areas revealed that the substrate under the spot defect with regular circle shape had thermally influenced microstructure. Similar manifestations of the microstructure influence were observed for the line defects. In the case of the spot defect with irregular shape, the microstructure of the material was not influenced, what indicated that the particle of liquid metal was solidified at the time of incidence on the plate surface. After revising technical conditions of the cleaning section of CAL, this type of imperfection was suppressed.

Direct Observations of the Growth of Sputtered Silver on Substrates of Graphite and Muscovite MICA

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 648-649
Author(s):  
J. S. Maa ◽  
J. I. Lee ◽  
Thomas E. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Defects ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Graphite Substrate ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Silver Islands

The nucleation and growth of sputtered thin films are controlled by several important factors such as nucleus mobility, substrate surface defects, substrate/ overgrowth chemical interaction, and residual gasses, which depend upon the properties of substrate-overgrowth materials and/or the deposition conditions. The effects of nucleus mobility and substrate surface defects on the nucleation and growth of in situ ion beam sputtered thin silver films have been investigated in detail using in situ electron microscopy. Silver has been sputter deposited on the basal plane of single crystal graphite substrate at temperatures ranging from 350°C to 500°C. The results obtained show that the deposition process in the case of silver on graphite is controlled by the nucleus mobility on the substrate surface. The silver islands with sizes of 20Å to 100Å at the early stage of growth are highly mobile on the graphite substrate. The migration of silver islands from one position to another occurs in a very short period of time and the distance of the island migration varies from less than 100Å to several hundred angstroms, as shown in Figure la and lb.

Characterization of homoepitaxial diamond films by Electron microscopy

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 880-881
Author(s):  
D.P. Malta ◽  
S.A. Willard ◽  
R.A. Rudder ◽  
G.C. Hudson ◽  
J.B. Posthill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Defects ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Diamond Films ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Rf Plasma ◽  
Semiconducting Diamond

Semiconducting diamond films have the potential for use as a material in which to build active electronic devices capable of operating at high temperatures or in high radiation environments. A major goal of current device-related diamond research is to achieve a high quality epitaxial film on an inexpensive, readily available, non-native substrate. One step in the process of achieving this goal is understanding the nucleation and growth processes of diamond films on diamond substrates. Electron microscopy has already proven invaluable for assessing polycrystalline diamond films grown on nonnative surfaces.The quality of the grown diamond film depends on several factors, one of which is the quality of the diamond substrate. Substrates commercially available today have often been found to have scratched surfaces resulting from the polishing process (Fig. 1a). Electron beam-induced current (EBIC) imaging shows that electrically active sub-surface defects can be present to a large degree (Fig. 1c). Growth of homoepitaxial diamond films by rf plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has been found to planarize the scratched substrate surface (Fig. 1b).

scholarly journals Semi-Hybrid CO2 Laser Metal Deposition Method with Inter Substrate Buffer Zone

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
Bogdan Antoszewski ◽  
Hubert Danielewski ◽  
Jan Dutkiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Rogal ◽  
Marek St. Węglowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Steel ◽  
Co2 Laser ◽  
Hybrid Method ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Inconel 625 ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Deposition Method ◽  
High Alloy ◽  
Powder Deposition

This article presents the results of the metal deposition process using additive materials in the form of filler wire and metal powder. An important problem in wire deposition using a CO2 laser was overcome by using a combination of the abovementioned methods. The deposition of a multicomponent alloy—Inconel 625—on a basic substrate such as structural steel is presented. The authors propose a new approach for stopping carbon and iron diffusion from the substrate, by using the Semi-Hybrid Deposition Method (S-HDM) developed by team members. The proposed semi-hybrid method was compared with alternative wire and powder deposition using laser beam. Differences of S-HDM and classic wire deposition and powder deposition methods are presented using metallographic analysis, within optic and electron microscopy. Significant differences in the obtained results reveal advantages of the developed method compared to traditional deposition methods. A comparison of the aforementioned methods performed using nickel based super alloy Inconel 625 deposited on low carbon steel substrate is presented. An alternative prototyping approach for an advanced high alloy materials deposition using CO2 laser, without the requirement of using the same substrate was presented in this article. This study confirmed the established assumption of reducing selected components diffusion from a substrate via buffer layer. Results of metallographic analysis confirm the advantages and application potential of using the new semi-hybrid method for prototyping high alloy materials on low alloy structural steel substrate.

GTAW-Pulsed Refusion Patterns of NiCrBSi Thermal Sprayed Coatings

2019 ◽  
Vol 813 ◽  
pp. 304-309
Author(s):  
Alejandro Oscar Miranda ◽  
Hernán Gabriel Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Flame Spray ◽  
Surface Appearance ◽  
Spray Coatings ◽  
Electrode Distance ◽  
Gas Tungsten Arc ◽  
Coating Characteristics ◽  
Welding Procedure

NiCrBSi coatings were produce by Flame Spray on a carbon steel substrate. The “as spray” coatings were refused by means of Pulsed Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW-P) process, following different patterns and welding procedure, with objective of optimize the coating characteristics and productivity. The patterns evaluated were oscillated triangular (OT) and oscillated sinusoidal (OS). Travel speed and workpiece-electrode distance were also analyzed. On each obtained sample the surface appearance, macro and microstructure on transverse cuts were evaluated, determining penetration, dilution and level of defects, among others features. Microhardness profiles and adherence were also evaluated. The OS pattern show a more uniform profile of the refused thickness, with less dilution with the base material. Travel speed and workpiece-electrode distance have both significant effect on the volume of refused material, affecting dilution and consequently the resultant coating hardness.

scholarly journals Effect of FSW Traverse Speed on Mechanical Properties of Copper Plate Joints

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Machniewicz ◽  
Przemysław Nosal ◽  
Adam Korbel ◽  
Marek Hebda
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Friction Stir Welding ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Traverse Speed ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Copper Plate ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Microstructural Evaluation

The paper describes the influence of the friction stir welding travel speed on the mechanical properties of the butt joints of copper plates. The results of static and fatigue tests of the base material (Cu-ETP R220) and welded specimens produced at various travel speeds were compared, considering a loading applied both parallel and perpendicularly to the rolling direction of the plates. The mechanical properties of the FSW joints were evaluated with respect to parameters of plates’ material in the delivery state and after recrystallisation annealing. The strength parameters of friction stir welding joints were compared with the data on tungsten inert gas welded joints of copper plates available in the literature. The results of microhardness tests and fractographic analysis of tested joints are also presented. Based on the above test results, it was shown that although in the whole range of considered traverse speeds (from 40 to 80 mm/min), comparable properties were obtained for FSW copper joints in terms of their visual and microstructural evaluation, their static and especially fatigue parameters were different, most apparent in the nine-fold greater observed average fatigue life. The fatigue tests turned out to be more sensitive criteria for evaluation of the FSW joints’ qualities.

scholarly journals Resource-saving preparation of the 38KHGNM steel surface for heading of automobile components

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Aleksey Filippov ◽  
German Pachurin ◽  
Diana Goncharova ◽  
Gor Gevorgyan ◽  
Mariia Mukhina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Defects ◽  
Metal Flow ◽  
Steel Grade ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Rolled Stock ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Cold Upsetting ◽  
Automobile Components ◽  
Hot Rolled ◽  
Decarburized Layer

To produce high-quality fasteners for motor group components of automobiles it is necessary to follow the increased requirements to calibrated rolled stock in terms of surface defects. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to study the reasons, types and depth of the surface defects on the calibrated rolled stock from steel 38KHGNM Ø 12.0 mm on the basis of the metallographic analysis. Before cold upsetting, the hot-rolled products are subjected to metal flow and removal of unacceptable surface defects by means of expensive turning operation during which the screw cuts and cracks might appear. It has been defined, that the hot-rolled stock from steel, grade 38KHGNM, diameter 12.0 мм has nonuniform mechanical properties, grooves, laps and partial decarburization on the surface. The heat treatment of the rolled stock with a decarburized layer on the surface contributes to its further decarburization. Poor alignment of calibrated stock during its turning at the turning machine does not enable to completely remove the decarburized layer with minimum skinning of rolled stock. It has been shown that the use of rolled stock from steel 38KHGNM with surface defects and unreasonably high decarburized layer on the surface increases its rejection by 8% and raises the consumption of rolled stock for manufacturing of important fasteners for the motor group of automobiles.

Wear Resistance of Laser Cladded NiCrFeSiB Self-Fluxing Composite Coatings

2016 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
pp. 290-295
Author(s):  
Iosif Hulka ◽  
Ion Dragoş Uţu ◽  
Viorel Aurel Şerban ◽  
Alexandru Pascu ◽  
Ionut Claudiu Roată
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Laser Cladding ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Laser Cladding Process ◽  
Metallurgical Bond ◽  
Feedstock Material

Laser cladding process is used to obtain protective coatings using as heat source a laser. This melts the substrate and the feedstock material to create a protective coating and provides a strong metallurgical bond with minimal dilution of the base material and reduced heat affected zone. In the present study a commercial NiCrSiFeB composition was deposited by laser cladding process using different parameters onto the surface of a steel substrate. The obtained coatings were investigated in terms of microstructure, hardness and wear behavior. The experimental results revealed that the laser power had a considerable influence on the wear resistance of NiCrSiFeB coatings.

Metallographic Analysis of Filiform Corrosion

2017 ◽  
Vol 270 ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Lucia Hrabčáková ◽  
Alicia Mašlejová
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Sheet Rolling ◽  
Cut Edge ◽  
Filiform Corrosion ◽  
Defective Area ◽  
Line Type

The surface line type defects on the can twist-off lids from lacquered tinplate material have been analyzed. The analyzed defects manifested themselves like the lines bulged above the surrounding surface. They were aligned roughly perpendicular to the lid circumference; they were mostly arranged on the lower part of lid circumference edge. The defects surface was fully covered by lacquer layer. After lacquer layer removal it was visible in the defective area that tin layer was damaged on some defect areas. The defect presented itself like filiform corrosion which occurred in conditions slightly above room temperature and high humidity under the originally continuous covering layer. According to the findings, corrosion occurred on the hidden sheet cut edges and then propagated first perpendicular to the circumference into the sheet. Then sometimes its direction changed into the sheet rolling direction along the lines with less but still suitable tin layer thickness. This defect can be controlled by special protecting of lid cut edge against corrosion or decreasing of the temperature and the humidity conditions in the stores.

Cermet ESD coatings modified by laser treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Radek ◽  
N. Konstanty
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Vickers Microhardness ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Wear Resistant Coatings ◽  
Powder Metallurgy Route

The main objective of the present work was to determine the influence of laser treatment on microstructure, microhardness, roughness, bonding strength, corrosion resistance and tribological properties of wear resistant coatings produced on C45 carbon steel by the electro-spark deposition (ESD) process. Consumable WC-Co-Al2O3 electrodes were prepared by the powder metallurgy route and transferred to the substrate surface using the EIL-8A apparatus. The cermet layers were subsequently melted by means of the BLS 720 Nd:YAG laser. The coating characterisation studies showed marked improvements in the bonding between the steel substrate and the cermet coating, and in corrosion resistance at the expense of higher surface roughness and minor drop in the Vickers microhardness.

Plasma Printing of Micronozzles With Complex Shaped Outlets Into Stainless Steel Sheets

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuhiko Aizawa ◽  
Kenji Wasa
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steel Substrate ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Maskless Lithography ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Nitrogen Diffusion ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Inner Diameter

Abstract The plasma printing was developed as a means to fabricate the micronozzle chip with the inner diameter less than 50 μm. The initial two-dimensional micropattern was printed onto the stainless steel substrate surface by the maskless lithography. These printed micropatterns were utilized as a mask to make selective nitriding into the unprinted surface. After removal of printed pattern, the un-nitrided surfaces were chemically etched to leave the nitrided microtexture as a micronozzle chip. High nitrogen supersaturation as well as selective nitrogen diffusion had influence on the spatial resolution in this plasma printing in addition to the digitizing error in the maskless lithography.

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