To the Issue of Low-Alloyed Copper Alloys for Contact Wires

2021 ◽  
Vol 410 ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Brusnitsyn ◽  
Irina A. Gruzdeva ◽  
Vadim V. Morgunov
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
European Union ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Contact Wire ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Relative Creep

This paper is about a comparative analysis of the requirements of the Russian standard, the standard of the European Union and the PRC for overhead contact wires for electrified high-speed railways. New generation contact wires must have a high level of mechanical, electrical and operational properties. The Russian standard does not regulate the chemical composition of alloys used for the contact wires manufacture. Unlike the standards of the European Union and China, the Russian standard regulates the maximum value of the relative creep. Compositions, mechanical properties, electrical resistivity and recrystallization temperature for the contact wires with a cross section of 120 mm2 are given. The requirements for the material for the contact wire are presented. The need to use more durable conductive materials instead of copper is noted since mechanical loads and operating temperatures are constantly increasing. The values of mechanical properties, recrystallization temperature and creep of contact wires made of copper alloys are given. Based on the analysis results of the literature data and the experiments, alloys of the Cu-Mg system are recommended as a material for the contact wire manufacture for an overhead network system for high-speed railways.

scholarly journals European social model vs directive Bolkestein

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Srdjan Redzepagic
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Social Model ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Social Model ◽  
Social Agenda ◽  
High Level

In this article is elaborated the actually question which is developed and discussed it the European Union is the European Social Model (ESM). It is a vision of society that combines sustainable economic growth with ever-improving living and working conditions. This implies full employment good quality jobs, equal opportunities, social protection for all, social inclusion, and involving citizens in the decisions that affect them. As the Euro-zone is struggling to move away from a dramatic slump in its economy and while the Lisbon Strategy and its potential for economic growth, strongly needs reactivation, the debates over the Europe have raised again the issue of a sustainable social agenda for the European Union. Recently, Europe's political leaders defined the ESM, specifying that it "is based on good economic performance, a high level of social protection and education and social dialogue". An important topic of the discussion nowadays is the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on services in the internal market so called "Bolkestein directive". The importance of this article is to give us the answer to the following question: would we have French goods available in French supermarkets all over Poland and no Polish services allowed in France? The EU would be unthinkable without the full implementation of the four freedoms. This is a good directive, going in the good direction.

scholarly journals Promoting EU values in international agreements

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
JANČÍKOVÁ Eva ◽  
PÁSZTOROVÁ Janka
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
New Model ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level

Within the framework of external relations policy as a subject of international law, the European Union has the right to negotiate, conclude, amend and terminate international agreements on its own behalf, i.e., it has competences granted on it in this area by the Treaties. International agreements concluded at European level are results of an agreement between parties and belong to the sources of European Union Law. Current practice in concluding international agreements at the level of the European Union proves that trade and investment agreements contain provisions concerning civil society, labor relations andenvironment. The scientific study opens a discussion on a new model of international agreements which, in addition to trade relations, contain provisions on the social status of employees of the parties and on sustainable development. This new model of international treaties is supported by all Member States. The systems analysis shows that the European Union no longer acts as an economic-integration grouping towards third countries, but as an international organization that takes into account high level of environmental protection and the protection of employees' industrial relations.

scholarly journals DERMAL ABSORPTION OF DIQUAT AND POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL RISK

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1459-1464
Author(s):  
Tatyana O. Yastrub ◽  
Sergii T. Omelchuk ◽  
Andrii M. Yastrub
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
European Union ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
High Level

The aim: The toxicological-hygienic assessment of dermal absorption of diquat in terms of potential risk of its bioavailability in professional use. Materials and methods: The object of the study was cutaneous exposure of diquat, determined in toxicological experiments of different duration (data of scientific literature) and at the stage of state testing of pesticide preparations based on diquat dibromide (data of a full-scale hygiene experiment, prognostic model of risk assessment), the technical concentrate of diquat dibromide (active substance content not less than 377 g / kg) contains relevant supplements, the content of which is regulated by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Results and conclusions: Due to the high risk of the diquat adverse effects affecting the personnel, general public and environment, the European Union has introduced administrative decisions to forbid plant protection products containing the diquat. Fulfillment of the conditions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union indicates the need to develop common regulations and risk assessment methods aimed at ensuring high level of protection of human health and the environment.

scholarly journals The Rule of Law Framework in the European Union: Its Rationale, Origins, Role and International Ramifications

2021 ◽  
pp. 305-331
Author(s):  
Artur Nowak-Far
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Eu

AbstractAt present, the European rule of law enforcement framework under Article 7 TEU (RLF) is vulnerable to unguaranteed, discretionary influences of the Member States. This vulnerability arises from its procedural format which requires high thresholds in decision-making with the effect that this procedure is prone to be terminated by the EU Member States likely to be scrutinized under it, if only they collude. Yet, the Framework may prove effective to correct serious breaches against human rights (in the context of ineffective rule of law standards). The European Commission is bound to pursue the RLF effectiveness for the sake of achieving relative uniformity of application of EU law (at large), and making the European Union a credible actor and co-creator of international legal order. The RLF is an important tool for the maintenance of relative stability of human rights and the rule of law in the EU despite natural divergence propensity resulting from the procedural autonomy of the EU Member States. By achieving this stability, the EU achieves significant political weight in international dialogue concerning human rights and the rule of law and preserves a high level of its global credibility in this context. Thus, RLF increases the EU’s effectiveness in promoting the European model of their identification and enforcement.

Youth Start

2020 ◽  
pp. 244-263
Author(s):  
Sérgio Leal ◽  
Teresa Paiva ◽  
Luísa Cagica Carvalho ◽  
Ilda Figueiredo ◽  
Dana T. Redford
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Experiential Learning ◽  
School Level ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Compulsory School ◽  
Erasmus Programme ◽  
High Level

The Youth Start – Entrepreneurial Challenges Project (USTART), is a project co-funded by Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union, that promotes practical experiential learning programmes at the compulsory school level by developing an innovative, transferable, and scalable programme through the collaboration of high-level public authorities of Austria, Luxembourg, Portugal, and Slovenia. The USTART programme is designed to be flexible in its application and has intensive and extensive versions making it possible for teachers in all types of schools and from various subjects to use USTART modules in their teaching. This chapter describes the process of implementation of the project in Portugal and the qualitative assessment (through semi-structured interviews) made that was one of the validations supports of the programme. Through USTART it was possible to understand the real difficulties and barriers that teachers and schools have when implementing different methods and programmes, and the good results of the project.

scholarly journals Agricultural co-operatives: perspectives for the 21st Century

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 166-170
Author(s):  
B. Boučková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Generation

Agricultural co-operatives play an important role in the European Union, as can be proved by their numbers in the individual EU countries. However, they have diversified during the last decades and developed from the “classical” co-operative of the Rochdale type into several forms, which do not always fully observe all the recognised co-operative principles. These are namely the share co-operatives, daughter co-operatives, “New Generation Co-operatives” and limited liability co-operatives. Among the individual EU countries, there are also considerable differences with regard to the co-operative legal frame. For the future, co-operatives can play important role both in the economic field and in the social field.

Not Quite What You Expected: The Curious Case of Brexit Scrutiny in the Czech Parliament

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Kaniok ◽  
Monika Brusenbauch Meislova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Party System ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Institutional Adjustment ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The aim of the article is to explore how the Czech bicameral parliament has reacted to the process of the United Kingdom's (UK's) withdrawal from the European Union (EU). Drawing upon insights from the theoretical expectations of parliamentary power, the inquiry researches the ways that Czech legislatures have developed in terms of engaging with and influencing the Brexit process. In this regard, the Czech case is exceptionally interesting and worth exploring, since the EU agenda has become a highly politicised issue within the Czech context. The significance of this inquiry has been further highlighted by the high level of party-based Euroscepticism typical of Czech politics as well as the frequent changes that the Czech party system has been undergoing in recent years. Throughout the in-depth analysis of parliamentary scrutiny activities—conceptualised as comprising four aspects: (i) the institutional adjustment; (ii) articulation of priorities; (iii) interactions with the government and (iv) parliamentary party politics—the article considers how these activities compare between both chambers of the Czech Parliament.

scholarly journals Contemporary economic relations between China and European Union

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Nikola Jokanovic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Eu

This paper will discuss the economic relations between the European Union and the People?s Republic of China. The introductory part will make an insight into the position of China in the contemporary global economy. The following part of the paper will analyze China-EU trade relations. The topics included will be a general overview of these relations since their establishing in 1975 as well as the European Union?s attitude towards the Chinese WTO membership. The Sino-EU partnership and competition will also be described and it will be followed by an overview of the Sino-EU High Level Economic and Trade Dialogue (HED). The concluding topics in this part of the paper will include Sino-EU trade flows, perceived obstacles to trade and investment as well as recent trade disputes between two trading partners. The third part of the paper will deal with Sino-EU investment flows (with an emphasis on Chinese investments in EU member states). After the introductory remarks concerning the EU investments originating from China, the paper will shed light on particular EU member states which are preferred for Chinese investment as well as the industries in which Chinese companies are willing to invest. The concluding part of this paper will offer possible development of relations between the EU and China in the near future.

scholarly journals The Role of European Integration in Ensuring Economic Security

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
A. Stavytskyy
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Security Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Security Index ◽  
High Level

The paper considers the issue of ensuring the level of economic security in Europe. Based on the panel gravity model, a regression was estimated for 49 European countries for 1991–2017. The investigation tested six different hypothesis about the channels of dissimilation of economic security level in Europe. The results provided an opportunity to determine the factors affecting the spread of a high level of economic security to neighbouring countries. It was stated that some factors play an important role in the process of exchanging best practices, technologies, human capital, etc. In particular, such factors can be mentioned: the economic security index of the neighbouring country, the difference in the indices of economic security between countries, the distance between countries, the existence of common borders, the country’s participation in the European Union, the introduction of the euro in the country. It was shown that European countries have not yet exhausted the potential of developing their own economic security. For example, the expansion of the European Union, of course, subject to the principles of its functioning, can increase the general security level by about 1,5 %. Also, it was stated that distances cease to play a decisive role for the spreading the technologies, goods, services. This means that taking into account the development of Europe’s transport infrastructure, it is possible to quickly disseminate the latest trends in economic security among countries. Economic growth and equalization in economic conditions offset the differences between countries. The growth of the economic security index in neighbouring countries is sufficiently significant. Thus, it is beneficial for all countries to have prosperous neighbours around them. At the same time, an increase in the economic security index is possible only with a significant increase in competition.

scholarly journals Economic implications of the software industry development in Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
Dragan Rastovac ◽  
Dragan Dukić ◽  
Milica Ničić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Computer Programming ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Software Product ◽  
High Level ◽  
Adequate Data

Based on current data and documents available from relevant statistical organizations, this paper presents and analyzes statistical and economic indicators of software product development in Serbia, with a parallel review of adequate data for the European Union. A descriptive method for comparative analysis was used for the analysis of data related to the number of enterprises, number of employees, average realized earnings per employee, and the realized turnover in Telecommunications, Computer programming, and Information sectors. Due to considerable differences in terms of areas that countries cover and the strength of their economies, trends in the mentioned areas and monitored and analyzed parameters (e.g. employment, average earnings and total exports, i.e. turnover of services) were observed. The obtained results indicate that Serbia has exceptional potential in the field of computer programming, while other activities in the field of information dissemination and communication, for now, do not record significant growth. On the other hand, in the European Union, the analyzed areas show stability of the analyzed parameters in the observed period. This indicates that a high level of development has been reached in the EU and that significant progress is now being made more slowly. With this development trend, the field of computer programming will probably be the first economic area in which Serbia can catch up with the European level.

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