Chitosan Derivatives as Gene Carriers

Chitosan has been considered to be a good candidate for gene delivery system, since it is already known as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and low toxic material with high cationic potential. However, low specificity and low transfection efficiency of chitosan need to be overcome prior to clinical trial. In this review paper, chemical modification of chitosan for enhancement of cell specificity and transfection efficiency was explained. Also, chemical modification of chitosan for the stability of chitosan/DNA complexes was reviewed.

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Receptor-Mediated Gene Delivery Using Chitosan Derivatives In Vitro and In Vivo

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.342-343.449 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 342-343 ◽

pp. 449-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tae Hee Kim ◽

Hua Jin ◽

Hyun Woo Kim ◽

Myung Haing Cho ◽

Jae Woon Nah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Delivery ◽

Delivery System ◽

Transfection Efficiency ◽

Viral Gene ◽

Gene Delivery System ◽

Targeted Gene Delivery ◽

Cell Specificity ◽

Selective Delivery

The key strategy for the advancement of gene therapy is the development of an efficient targeted gene delivery system into cells. The targeted gene delivery system is especially important in non-viral gene transfer which shows the relatively low transfection efficiency. It also opens the possibility of selective delivery of therapeutic plasmids to specific tissues. Chitosan has been considered to be a good candidate for gene delivery system, since it is already known as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and low toxic material with high cationic potential. However, low specificity and low transfection efficiency of chitosan need to be overcome prior to clinical trial. In this study, we focused on the chemical modification of chitosan for enhancement of cell specificity and transfection efficiency. Also, the potential of clinical application was investigated.

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Receptor-Mediated Gene Delivery Using Chitosan Derivatives In Vitro and In Vivo

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.641 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 539-543 ◽

pp. 641-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tae Hee Kim ◽

Jin Hua ◽

Hyun Woo Kim ◽

Myung Haing Cho ◽

Jae Woon Nah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Delivery ◽

Delivery System ◽

Transfection Efficiency ◽

Viral Gene ◽

Gene Delivery System ◽

Targeted Gene Delivery ◽

Cell Specificity ◽

Selective Delivery

The development of an efficient targeted gene delivery system into cells is an important strategy for the advancement of gene therapy. The targeted gene delivery system is especially important in non-viral gene transfer which shows the relative low transfection efficiency. And it also opens the possibility of selective delivery of therapeutic plasmids to specific tissues. Chitosan has been considered to be a good candidate for gene delivery system, since it is already known as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and low toxic material with high cationic potential. However, low specificity and low transfection efficiency of chitosan need to be overcome prior to clinical trial. In this study, we focused on the chemical modification of chitosan for enhancement of cell specificity and transfection efficiency.

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CATIONIC POLYMER BASED GENE DELIVERY: UPTAKE AND INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING

COSMOS ◽

10.1142/s0219607714400047 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

pp. 17-24

Author(s):

YOONKHEI HO ◽

HENG-PHON TOO

Keyword(s):

Gene Delivery ◽

Transfection Efficiency ◽

Cell Types ◽

Endosomal Escape ◽

Current Status ◽

Uptake Mechanism ◽

Nuclear Entry ◽

Dna Complexes ◽

Major Drawback ◽

Gene Carriers

To date, low transfection efficiency remains the major drawback of polymer based gene delivery. Many cell types including stem cells, fibroblast and neurons are known to be poorly transfected with polymer based gene carriers and the high toxicity severely restrict their utility in gene delivery. Continual efforts are made to identify cellular barriers to efficient transfection as these carriers have low immunogenicity, ease of manufacturing and scalability. Here, we summarize the current status of understanding on uptake mechanism of polymer-DNA complexes (polyplexes), their endosomal escape, cytosolic transport and nuclear entry of pDNA.

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Molecular Shape of the Cationic Lipid Controls the Structure of Cationic Lipid/Dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine-DNA Complexes and the Efficiency of Gene Delivery

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1074/jbc.m106199200 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 276 (50) ◽

pp. 47615-47622 ◽

Cited By ~ 122

Author(s):

Jarmila S̆misterová ◽

Anno Wagenaar ◽

Marc C. A. Stuart ◽

Evgeny Polushkin ◽

Gerrit ten Brinke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transfection Efficiency ◽

Cationic Lipid ◽

Molecular Shape ◽

Hexagonal Structure ◽

Structure Stability ◽

Dna Complexes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Lipid Control ◽

The Stability

Pyridinium amphiphiles, abbreviated as SAINT, are highly efficient vectors for delivery of DNA into cells. Within a group of structurally related compounds that differ in transfection capacity, we have investigated the role of the shape and structure of the pyridinium molecule on the stability of bilayers formed from a given SAINT and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and on the polymorphism of SAINT/DOPE-DNA complexes. Using electron microscopy and small angle x-ray scattering, a relationship was established between the structure, stability, and morphology of the lipoplexes and their transfection efficiency. The structure with the lowest ratio of the cross-sectional area occupied by polar over hydrophobic domains (SAINT-2) formed the most unstable bilayers when mixed with DOPE and tended to convert into the hexagonal structure. In SAINT-2-containing lipoplexes, a hexagonal topology was apparent, provided that DOPE was present and complex assembly occurred in 150 mmNaCl. If not, a lamellar phase was obtained, as for lipoplexes prepared from geometrically more balanced SAINT structures. The hexagonal topology strongly promotes transfection efficiency, whereas a strongly reduced activity is seen for complexes displaying the lamellar topology. We conclude that in the DOPE-containing complexes the molecular shape and the nonbilayer preferences of the cationic lipid control the topology of the lipoplex and thereby the transfection efficiency.

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Evaluation of chemical modification effects on DNA plasmid transfection efficiency of single-walled carbon nanotube–succinate– polyethylenimine conjugates as non-viral gene carriers

MedChemComm ◽

10.1039/c6md00481d ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 364-375 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Azadeh Hashem Nia ◽

Behzad Behnam ◽

Sahar Taghavi ◽

Fatemeh Oroojalian ◽

Hossein Eshghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotube ◽

Chemical Modification ◽

Transfection Efficiency ◽

Viral Gene ◽

Single Walled Carbon Nanotube ◽

Single Walled Carbon ◽

Gene Carriers ◽

Efficient Delivery ◽

Dna Plasmid ◽

Plasmid Transfection

Efficient delivery of pDNA using SWNT–succinate–PEI conjugates.

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Nanocarriers, Progenitor Cells, Combinational Approaches, and New Insights on the Retinal Therapy

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22041776 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 1776

Author(s):

Elham Pishavar ◽

Hongrong Luo ◽

Johanna Bolander ◽

Antony Atala ◽

Seeram Ramakrishna

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Progenitor Cells ◽

Transfection Efficiency ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Age Related ◽

Nanofibrous Scaffolds ◽

The Stability

Progenitor cells derived from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPECs) have shown promise as therapeutic approaches to degenerative retinal disorders including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease. However, the degeneration of Bruch’s membrane (BM), the natural substrate for the RPE, has been identified as one of the major limitations for utilizing RPECs. This degeneration leads to decreased support, survival and integration of the transplanted RPECs. It has been proposed that the generation of organized structures of nanofibers, in an attempt to mimic the natural retinal extracellular matrix (ECM) and its unique characteristics, could be utilized to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, nanoparticles could be incorporated to provide a platform for improved drug delivery and sustained release of molecules over several months to years. In addition, the incorporation of tissue-specific genes and stem cells into the nanostructures increased the stability and enhanced transfection efficiency of gene/drug to the posterior segment of the eye. This review discusses available drug delivery systems and combination therapies together with challenges associated with each approach. As the last step, we discuss the application of nanofibrous scaffolds for the implantation of RPE progenitor cells with the aim to enhance cell adhesion and support a functionally polarized RPE monolayer.

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Effects of photofunctionalization on early osseointegration of titanium dental implants in the maxillary posterior region: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial

International Journal of Implant Dentistry ◽

10.1186/s40729-021-00318-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bada Choi ◽

Ye Chan Lee ◽

Kyung Chul Oh ◽

Jae Hoon Lee

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Resonance Frequency ◽

Bone Quality ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Treated Group ◽

Posterior Region ◽

Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽

Group Iii ◽

The Stability ◽

Double Blinded

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the effects of ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization on the stability of implants during the early phase in the posterior region of the maxilla. The study was a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Half of the participants received conventional commercial implants while the other half received UV-irradiated implants. The surgical sites were classified into three bone quality groups (II, III, IV) based on the grayscale value measured on cone-beam computed tomography. The values obtained from resonance frequency analysis were recorded immediately after implant placement and at 4 weeks and at 4 months postoperatively. The marginal bone level of the implants was evaluated using periapical radiographs at 4 weeks, 4 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Results Fifty-seven implants placed in 34 participants were analyzed in this study. In group III, significant differences were observed in terms of the differences of resonance frequency analysis values at 4 weeks (p = 0.004) and 4 months (p = 0.017) postoperatively. In group II, the UV-treated group showed significantly lesser bone loss at 4 weeks post-operatively (p = 0.037). Conclusions Within the limitation of the present study, we concluded that UV surface treatment on implants may increase the initial stability in the region of the maxilla with poor bone quality.

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Insight into Polycation Chain Length Affecting Transfection Efficiency by O-Methyl-Free N,N,N-Trimethyl Chitosans as Gene Carriers

Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.1007/s11095-013-1211-4 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 895-907 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tao Xu ◽

Suhang Wang ◽

Zhengzhong Shao

Keyword(s):

Chain Length ◽

Transfection Efficiency ◽

Gene Carriers ◽

Insight Into

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Synthesis, and Characterization, and Evaluation of Cellular Effects of the FOL-PEG-g-PEI-GAL Nanoparticles as a Potential Non-Viral Vector for Gene Delivery

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2010/863136 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. Ghiamkazemi ◽

A. Amanzadeh ◽

R. Dinarvand ◽

M. Rafiee-Tehrani ◽

M. Amini

Keyword(s):

Gene Delivery ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Surface Charge ◽

Cell Line ◽

Graft Copolymer ◽

Viral Vector ◽

Transfection Efficiency ◽

High Surface ◽

Liver Cells ◽

Dna Complexes

In this manuscript, we synthesized the potential non viral vector for gene delivery with proper transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a well-known cationic polymer which has high positive surface charge for condensing plasmid DNA. However; it is highly cytotoxic in many cell lines because of the high surface charge, non-biodegradability and non-biocompatibility. To enhance PEI biodegradability, the graft copolymer “PEG-g-PEI” was synthesized. To target cancer liver cells, two targeting ligands folic acid and galactose (lactobionic acid) which are over expressed on human hepatocyte carcinoma were attached to graft copolymer and “FOL-PEG-g-PEI-GAL” copolymer was synthesized. Composition of this grafted copolymer was characterized using1H-NMR and FTIR spectra. The molecular weight and zeta potential of this copolymer was compared to PEI. The particle size and zeta potential of FOL-PEG-g-PEI-GAL/DNA complexes at various N/P ratio were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Cytotoxicity of the copolymer was also studied in cultured HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cell line. The FOL-PEG-g-PEI-GAL/DNA complexes at various N/P ratios exhibited no cytotoxicity in HepG2 cell line compared to PEI 25K as a control. The novel copolymer showed enhanced biodegradability in physiological conditions in compared with PEI and targeted cultured HepG2 cells. More importantly, significant transfection efficiency was exhibited in cancer liver cells. Together, our results showed that “FOL-PEG-g-PEI-GAL” nanoparticals could be considered as a useful non-viral vector for targeted gene delivery.

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