Carbon Fibre-Organoclay Hybrid Epoxy Composites: Fracture Behaviours and Mechanical Properties

2006 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
Jang Kyo Kim ◽  
Naveed A. Siddiqui ◽  
Ricky S.C. Woo ◽  
Christopher K.Y. Leung ◽  
Arshad Munir
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Epoxy Matrix ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Interlaminar Fracture ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Interlaminar Crack

The fracture resistance and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRPs) containing organoclay-filled epoxy resin are studied. The XRD analysis and TEM examination revealed well-dispersed organoclay in the epoxy matrix displaying a mixture of exfoliation and intercalation. There was a significant improvement in flexural modulus and a marginal reduction in flexural strength of epoxy matrix due to the incorporation of organoclay. The quasi-static fracture toughness of epoxy increased nearly 60% with the addition of 3wt% clay, but there was a 45% drop in impact fracture toughness with 1wt% clay. When CFRPs were fabricated with the clay-modified epoxy resin, both the flexural modulus and strength of the hybrid composites showed negligible changes due to a few wt% of organoclay in the matrix. The interlaminar crack growth stability and the corresponding mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of the hybrid composites with organoclay improved substantially compared to those with carbon fibres only. The hybrid composites typically presented rough matrix surface associated with pinning and crack tip bifurcation, whereas the composite made from neat epoxy showed a smooth river line structure which is characteristic of brittle epoxy. The correlation between the composite interlaminar fracture properties and the toughness of modified matrix is discussed.

Submicron inorganic particles as an additional filler in hybrid epoxy matrix composites reinforced with glass fibres

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 484-491
Author(s):  
Marcin Włoch ◽  
Filip Bagiński ◽  
Piotr Koziński ◽  
Janusz Datta
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Epoxy Matrix ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Submicron Particles ◽  
Inorganic Particles ◽  
Glass Composites ◽  
Glass Fibres

In this study, the effect of selected submicron metal oxide (zinc oxide, titanium oxide) or non-metal oxide (silicon dioxide) particles on mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of epoxy/glass composites was investigated. The applied epoxy resin was a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A cured with triethylenetetramine. As a reinforcement twill weave E-glass fabric was used. Hybrid composites (contained particulate and fibrous filler) were fabricated by using the hand lay-up method and the average content of glass fibres was 39–41 wt%. Flexural properties, thermo-mechanical properties, abrasion resistance and hardness were determined for each group of the prepared hybrid epoxy/glass composites. The obtained results were compared with control samples (without submicron particles). Investigations showed that the addition of 2 wt% SiO2, 4 wt% TiO2 or 4 wt% ZnO to epoxy resin improved the flexural strength and the flexural modulus of composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the addition of the mentioned particles enhanced storage and loss modulus. It can be attributed to the good dispersion and good interaction between submicron-mentioned particles and the epoxy matrix.

scholarly journals Assessing the Flexural Properties of Epoxy Composites with Extremely Low Addition of Cellulose Nanofiber Content

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingmei Xie ◽  
Hiroki Kurita ◽  
Ryugo Ishigami ◽  
Fumio Narita
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Strengthening Mechanism ◽  
Short Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Nanofiber ◽  
Resin Matrix ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Epoxy Resin Matrix ◽  
The Matrix

Epoxy resins are a widely used common polymer due to their excellent mechanical properties. On the other hand, cellulose nanofiber (CNF) is one of the new generation of fibers, and recent test results show that CNF reinforced polymers have high mechanical properties. It has also been reported that an extremely low CNF addition increases the mechanical properties of the matrix resin. In this study, we prepared extremely-low CNF (~1 wt.%) reinforced epoxy resin matrix (epoxy-CNF) composites, and tried to understand the strengthening mechanism of the epoxy-CNF composite through the three-point flexural test, finite element analysis (FEA), and discussion based on organic chemistry. The flexural modulus and strength were significantly increased by the extremely low CNF addition (less than 0.2 wt.%), although the theories for short-fiber-reinforced composites cannot explain the strengthening mechanism of the epoxy-CNF composite. Hence, we propose the possibility that CNF behaves as an auxiliary agent to enhance the structure of the epoxy molecule, and not as a reinforcing fiber in the epoxy resin matrix.

Aligned MWCNT-Reinforced Bulk Epoxy-Matrix Composites by Dielectrophoretic Force

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 2224-2231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Wen Wang ◽  
Niann I Yu ◽  
Wen Hao Liao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Epoxy Matrix ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Continuous Application

Studies have proved that enhancing epoxy matrices by adding carbon nanotubes to form structural reinforcements has significantly improved mechanical properties at very low carbon nanotube loading. That mechanical properties of aligned composites are better than those of random ones has been demonstrated in past studies; however, alignment is not easy to achieve in carbon nanotube epoxy-matrix bulk composite by conventional techniques. In this study, epoxy-matrix bulk composites reinforced by aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are prepared using an RF electric field to elicit dipolar interactions among the nanotubes in a viscous matrix following immobilization by curing under continuous application of an anisotropic electric field and the fracture toughness is experimentally characterized later. The processes of actively aligned MWCNTs epoxy-matrix bulk composite were controlled as a function of CNT weight fraction, the frequency of dielectrophoretic field and processing time. Carbon nanotubes are not only aligned along the field but also migrate laterally to enhance thickness. Eventually, addition of nanotubes improved the mechanical properties of the MWCNT/epoxy bulk composites, and the increase in the flexural modulus and fracture toughness with the aligned nanotube composite is two times greater than the improvement for the randomly oriented composite.

The Mechanical Properties of Organic Modified Epoxy Resin

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Georgel MIHU ◽  
Claudia Veronica UNGUREANU ◽  
Vasile BRIA ◽  
Marina BUNEA ◽  
Rodica CHIHAI PEȚU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Epoxy Matrix ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Organic Modification ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Modified Epoxy

Epoxy resins have been presenting a lot of scientific and technical interests and organic modified epoxy resins have recently receiving a great deal of attention. For obtaining the composite materials with good mechanical proprieties, a large variety of organic modification agents were used. For this study gluten and gelatin had been used as modifying agents thinking that their dispersion inside the polymer could increase the polymer biocompatibility. Equal amounts of the proteins were milled together and the obtained compound was used to form 1 to 5% weight ratios organic agents modified epoxy materials. To highlight the effect of these proteins in epoxy matrix mechanical tests as three-point bending and compression were performed.

scholarly journals Effect of Secondary Carbon Nanofillers on the Electrical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Conductive Hybrid Composites Based on Epoxy Resin and Graphite

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4169
Author(s):  
Marcel Zambrzycki ◽  
Krystian Sokolowski ◽  
Maciej Gubernat ◽  
Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Carbon Nanofillers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Secondary Carbon

In this work, we present a comparative study of the impact of secondary carbon nanofillers on the electrical and thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of hybrid conductive polymer composites (CPC) based on high loadings of synthetic graphite and epoxy resin. Two different carbon nanofillers were chosen for the investigation—low-cost multi-layered graphene nanoplatelets (GN) and carbon black (CB), which were aimed at improving the overall performance of composites. The samples were obtained by a simple, inexpensive, and effective compression molding technique, and were investigated by the means of, i.a., scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electrical conductivity measurements, laser flash analysis, and thermogravimetry. The tests performed revealed that, due to the exceptional electronic transport properties of GN, its relatively low specific surface area, good aspect ratio, and nanometric sizes of particles, a notable improvement in the overall characteristics of the composites (best results for 4 wt % of GN; σ = 266.7 S cm−1; λ = 40.6 W mK−1; fl. strength = 40.1 MPa). In turn, the addition of CB resulted in a limited improvement in mechanical properties, and a deterioration in electrical and thermal properties, mainly due to the too high specific surface area of this nanofiller. The results obtained were compared with US Department of Energy recommendations regarding properties of materials for bipolar plates in fuel cells. As shown, the materials developed significantly exceed the recommended values of the majority of the most important parameters, indicating high potential application of the composites obtained.

Assessing of Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 766-767 ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumar Jayachandran Nirmal ◽  
D. Premkumar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Natural Fibres ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Resin Matrix ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Individual Type

An experimental analysis has been carried out to investigate the mechanical properties of composites reinforced by sisal, coir, and banana fibres into epoxy resin matrix. The natural fibres were extracted by retting and manual processes. The composites fabricated by epoxy resin and reinforcement in the hybrid combination of Sisal-Banana and Sisal-Coir with the volume fraction of fibres varying from 5% to 30%. It has been identified that the mechanical properties increase with the increase of volume fraction of fibres to a certain extent and then decreases. The hybridization of the reinforcement in the composite shows greater mechanical properties when compared to individual type of natural fibres reinforced. For all the composites tested, the tensile strength of the composite increased up to 25% of volume fraction of the fibres and further for the increase in the volume fraction of fibre the mechanical properties were decreased. As same as tensile properties, the flexural and impact strength also increased linearly up to 25% of volume fraction of fibres and further for the increase in the volume fraction of fibre the mechanical properties were slightly decreased. Key Words: Sisal, Banana, Coir, Epoxy, Hybrid composite.

scholarly journals Mechanical properties and microstructural investigation of polypropylene/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets/ nano-magnesium oxide composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
A I. Alateyah ◽  
F H. Latief
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Exfoliated Graphite ◽  
Graphite Nanoplatelets ◽  
Microstructural Investigation ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets ◽  
Polypropylene Matrix ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Oxide Composites

Polypropylene/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets composites reinforced with a low concentration of nano-magnesia have been successfully fabricated, using injection molding machine. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the composites were investigated, in the present study. The XRD patterns of the composites showed the peaks of xGnP and n-MgO, where the intensity of the xGnP peaks became stronger with increasing the concentration of xGnP added into polypropylene matrix. In addition, the SEM micrographs revealed a good dispersion of fillers within the matrix. The results showed that increasing the amount of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets up to 10 wt. % resulted in increasing the composite flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness up to 35% and 91%, 6.7%, respectively, compared to the monolithic polypropylene.  

Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin Reinforced with Jeffamines-Grafted Carbon Nanotubes

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 553-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Fei Shi ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
Gang Sui ◽  
Xiao Ping Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Epoxy Matrix ◽  
Resin Matrix ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
The Impact

The increasing proliferation and application of advanced polymer composites requires higher and broader performance resin matrices. Poly(oxypropylene) with –NH2 end-groups has been widely used to toughen epoxy resins, but the strength of resin matrix may be reduced due to the addition of flexible segments in the crosslinking network. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been paid more and more attention in recent years because of their superior thermal and mechanical properties. In this paper, CNTs grafted with Jeffamines T403 were used to simultaneously improve the reinforcement and toughening of an epoxy resin. The untreated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (u-MWNTs) were functionalized with amine groups according to three steps: carboxylation, acylation, and amidation. The f-MWNTs were characterized by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results indicated that the T403 was grafted to the surface of MWCNTs. The mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy with f-MWNTs were investigated. The tensile and flexural strength increased by 7.77 % and 7.03 % after adding 0.5wt% f-MWCNTs without sacrificing the impact toughness. At the same time, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of epoxy with f-MWNTs were increased. The fracture surface of epoxy with f-MWNTs was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the dispersion of f-MWNTs in epoxy matrix and interfacial adhesion between f-MWNTs and epoxy matrix, which can be attributed to the strong interfacial bonding between f-MWNTs and epoxy resin.

Innovative technologies in corrosion-resistant coatings development aimed at ship navigation equipment protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Oleh Bezbakh
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Epoxy Matrix ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Epoxy Oligomer ◽  
Acid Anhydride ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Composite Formation ◽  
The Matrix

The efficient use of some innovative technologies in adhesives with advanced operational characteristics development aimed at anti-corrosion properties increase of transport means has been substantiated in the paper under discussion. The above-mentioned technologies involving the use of some interaction-active ingredients forming the cross-linkable coatings composition, including some polymers, have provided their cohesion properties essential improvement. Epoxy diane oligomer ED-16 has been chosen as the main component for the matrix in the composite formation. The aliphatic resin DЕG-1 (GOST 10136-77) as a plasticizer has been added to the epoxy oligomer. The compound has been formed of the following concentration: epoxy resin ED-16: plasticizer DЕG -1 – 100: 40. The hardener of cold hardening polyethelenepolyamine PEPA (ТУ 6-05-241-202-78) has been used at the epoxy resin-based developed materials polymerization. Phthalic acid anhydride has been used as a modifier to improve the properties of epoxy composite materials. The modifier was added to the matrix in the following ratio: from 0,10 to 2,00 pts.wt. per 100 pts.wt. of epoxy oligomer ЕD-20. The molecular formula of the modifier is as follows: C8H4O3. Molar mass is 148,1 g/mol. Density is ρ = 1,52 г/см³. To form a composite material or a protective coating with some improved adhesive properties and inconsiderable residual stresses the phthalic acid anhydride as a modifier was found to be added to the epoxy matrix with the content q = 1,25 pts.wt. per 100 pts.wt. of the epoxy matrix (oligomer ЕD-20 + plasticizer DЕG -1). In this case, the adhesive strength of the coating is being increased from sа = 28,3 MPа to sа = 46,4 MPа, and residual stresses – from sз = 1,9 MPа to sз = 2,1 MPа. First of all, the improved properties of the modified materials were caused by the interaction of active carbonyl (С=О) groups of the modifier with nitrogen-containing (NH-) groups of the hardener. It has provided the increase of the composite cross-linking degree resulted in their both adhesive and cohesion properties improvement. Moreover, it was found that the modifier use in the compound with the content q = 1,0…1,5 00 pts.wt. per 100 00 pts.wt. of the matrix has provided the increase of the river water influenced coatings resistance from ρ = 12,1 Оm·cm2 до ρ = 21,2…22,4 Оm·cm2. Though, some further increase of the additive content in the coating has caused the deterioration of anti-corrosion characteristics of the materials. Thus, the conducted study has contributed to the determination of the most efficient content ratio of phthalic acid anhydride as a modifier to for the coatings of functional use.

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