Effect of Drinking Water on Formation of Renal Calculi

2009 ◽  
Vol 415 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Ion Iosub ◽  
Viorel Malinovschi ◽  
Victor Grigorie ◽  
Alina Murariu ◽  
Aurelia Meghea
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Kidney Calculi ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Ft Ir

The environmental impact on human health is of increasing concern mainly due to the complex interaction between various hazardous factors both on environment and within human organism. The aim of this paper is to investigate possible correlations between the quality parameters of drinking water and the formation of uroliths. The constituents of some kidney calculi sampled after surgery from 90 patients coming from the Horezu – Valcea area have been analysed, this region being identified as having the most cases of kidney lithiasis and that might be related with hard drinking waters. The study has been made during the period of 2004 – 2008. Physical – chemical methods specific for characterization of the quality of drinking waters have been used in parallel with determination of composition and structural characterization by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis TG, ATD, FT-IR spectroscopy, optical microscopy. Four groups of uroliths have been identified: multiphase oxalate and urate, phosphate (hydroxiapatite) and carbonate, monohydrated oxalate (whewellite), and urate stones. Such research might be useful, from both chemical and biochemical point of view, for identifying the conditions that cause the inhibition of the processes related to kidney calculi formation.

scholarly journals SOLID STATE CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL PHYSICAL INTERACTION (PARACETAMOL-CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Iyan Sopyan ◽  
Intan Mutiara Sari ◽  
Insan Sunan K.
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Pure Substance ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Chlorpheniramine Maleate ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Ft Ir

Objective: Interactions of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) as well as pharmaceutical excipients don’t occur in a pharmaceutical dosage form. Base on structures of paracetamol (PCT) and chlorphenamine maleate (CTM), its combination is possible to give a physical interaction in the solid state. This study was conducted to investigate the physical interaction of PCT and CTM in the solid state.Methods: Characterization used the polarization microscope, solubility test, powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) to observe peak shifting in 2Ɵ angle, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to examine wavenumber shifting.Results: Results of solubility exhibited an increased solubility percentage with increasing concentration. Polarization microscope analysis presented a combination of crystal morphology after the two substances were mixed in an equimolar ratio. The result of melting point determination of each pure substance was 172 °C for PCT, 132 °C for CTM, and 170 °C for the mixture of the two substances in various ratios. Diffractogram showed the shifting at angle 2Ɵ: 20.715, 19.355-23.500 and 21.840, 26.455-20.330 for concentration ratio of PCT: CTM in (132:0.5) and (330:1) respectively and any change in the functional group was observed from infrared spectrum.Conclusion: All evaluation of PCT and CTM in the solid state has exhibited the interaction in solid condition.

scholarly journals Trace Elements Analysis in Drinking Water of Meghalaya by Using Graphite Furnace-Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and in relation to Environmental and Health Issues

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elarina N. Dkhar ◽  
Paul S. Dkhar ◽  
Jasha Momo H. Anal
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Trace Elements Analysis

Determination of the certain major and trace elements was carried out in drinking water supply scheme in three districts of Meghalaya. This work aims to identify trends resulting in the deterioration of drinking water which is also a potential source of environmental contaminants. About 50 samples, each from one district, were collected both from the source and various tanks and tap. The elements determined are Li, Na, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Ag, Au, Pb, Cd, Se, Ca, K, and Mg. The pH is slightly lower than neutral pH of 7 while the turbidity is very high even after treatment. The concentrations of Ca and Mg are found to be deficient. The elements Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Mo, and Pb decrease after treatment while Mn, Cu, and Cd increase slightly after treatment. Se concentration is found to be much higher than expected. The results were compared with the standard recommendation values for the quality of drinking water. This study provides a general indication of where water-quality constituent concentrations met or exceeded water-quality standards and the data presented in this report will be useful from public health point of view.

Determination of Molecular Weight and Structure Characterization of Canna Amylose Purified Using the Method of n-Butanol Recrystallization

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 1216-1222
Author(s):  
Hai Xin Shi ◽  
Yan Zhen Yin ◽  
Xiao Xi Hu ◽  
Shu Fei Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Granule Surface ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Ubbelohde Viscometer

The canna amylose (CAM) was separated from canna starch grown in China and purified both using the method of n-butanol recrystallization. The purity, morphology, spectral properties and molecular weight of CAM were characterized by ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer (UV/Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FT-IR) and Ubbelohde viscometer. Maximum absorption wavelength of the purified CAM (635－638 nm) and it’s blue values (BV) (1.167 ± 0.209) prove that the purification of the CAM by n-butanol recrystallization was successfully carried out. The SEM results show that CAM granule surface become rougher and the CAM granule size become smaller than that of canna starch. The XRD results suggest that most of CAM granule is amorphous. And the FT-IR results show that the basic chemical groups of canna starch are also presented in CAM. However, the amorphous area of CAM is increased. The intrinsic viscosity and viscosity-average molecular weight of CAM is 78.5 mL/g and 1.65×105, respectively.

Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detection for Determination of Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-Containing Pesticides in Finished Drinking Waters: Collaborative Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-309
Author(s):  
Kenneth W Edgell ◽  
Elizabeth L Jenkins ◽  
Viorica Lopez-Avila ◽  
James E Longbottom
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Abstract A joint U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/AOAC interlaboratory method validation study was conducted on EPA Method 507, Determination of Nitrogen- and Phosphorus- Containing Pesticides In Finished Drinking Water by Gas Chromatography with a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector, to determine the mean recovery and precision for analyses of 45 nitrogen- or phosphorus-containing pesticides in reagent water and finished drinking waters. The study design was based on Youden's nonreplicate plan for collaborative tests of analytical methods. The waters were spiked with 45 nitrogen- or phosphorus-containing pesticides at 6 concentration levels, prepared as 3 Youden pairs. Ten volunteer laboratories extracted the spiked test waters with methylene chloride, performed a solvent exchange with methyl ferf-butyl ether, and analyzed an aliquot of each extract by gas chromatography using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. Results were analyzed using an EPA computer program, which measured recovery and precision for each of the 45 pesticides and compared the performance of the method between water types. Method 507 was judged acceptable for all analytes tested except merphos, which thermally decomposed in the Injection port of the gas chromatograph. Five compounds (carboxin, disulfoton, metolachlor, pronamlde, and slmazlne) exhibited statistically significant matrix effects for the finished drinking water. The method has been adopted official first action by AOAC.

Segmentation of Renal Calculi in Ultrasound Kidney Images Using Modified Watershed Method

2015 ◽  
pp. 104-121
Author(s):  
P. R. Tamilselvi
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Segmentation Methods ◽  
The Us ◽  
Ultrasound Kidney Images ◽  
Watershed Method ◽  
Inner Region

US images are a commonly used tool for renal calculi diagnosis, although they are time consuming and tedious for radiologists to manually detect and calculate the size of the renal calculi. It is very difficult to properly segment the US image to detect interested area of objects with the correct position and shape due to speckle formation and other artifacts. In addition, boundary edges may be missing or weak and usually incomplete at some places. With that point of view, the proposed method is developed for renal calculi segmentation. A new segmentation method is proposed in this chapter. Here, new region indicators and new modified watershed transformation are utilized. The proposed method is comprised of four major processes, namely preprocessing, determination of outer and inner region indictors, and modified watershed segmentation with ANFIS performance. The results show the effectiveness of proposed segmentation methods in segmenting the kidney stones and the achieved improvement in sensitivity and specificity measures.

Colorimetric Detection of Hg(II) Sensor Based on Mos2 Nanosheets Acting as Peroxidase Mimics

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-682
Author(s):  
S. Kavitha ◽  
S. Mary Jelastin Kala ◽  
A. Anand Babu Christus
Keyword(s):  
Colorimetric Detection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Colorimetric Determination ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mos2 Nanosheets ◽  
Peroxidase Mimic ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Peroxidase Mimics ◽  
Ft Ir

This paper presents colorimetric determination of Hg(II) based on MoS2 nanosheets with peroxidase mimics activity. The structure of the this sensor by the peroxidase mimic activity material of MoS2 nanosheets with TMB (Tetramethylbenzidine) solution, the colorimetric detection target of Hg(II) is determined by on-off mechanism using biomolecule of cysteine. The MoS2 nanosheets evaluated by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and SEM image, confirms formation of a flower like structure. Our results shows that a simple colorimetric detection using peroxidase mimic mechanism can be used to MoS2 nanosheets and determine the Hg(II) in aqueous solution with high sensitivity (10 nM) comparable to those of other nanomaterials. The result suggests that MoS2 nanosheets is a promising new and simple colorimetric sensor for applications in environmental and biological applications.

Gas Chromatographic/Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detection Method for Determination of Ethylene Thiourea in Finished Drinking Waters: Collaborative Study

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1113-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E Longbottom ◽  
Kenneth W Edgell ◽  
Elizabeth J Erb ◽  
Viorica Lopez-Avila ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ethylene Thiourea ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Abstract A joint U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-AOAC interlaboratory method validation study was conducted on USEPA National Pesticide Survey (NPS) Method 6, "Determination of Ethylene Thiourea (ETU) in Finished Drinking Water by Gas Chromatography with a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector." The purpose of the study was to determine and compare the mean recoveries and precision for determination of ETU in reagent water and finished drinking waters. The study design was based on Youden's nonreplicate plan for collaborative tests of analytical methods. The waters were spiked with ETU at 6 concentrations levels, prepared as 3 Youden pairs. In the method, the test water is extracted by passing the sample through an absorbent matrix type tube. ETU is recovered from the tube with methylene chloride, the extract is solvent-exchanged to ethyl acetate, and an aliquot of each extract is analyzed by gas chromatography using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. Twelve laboratories participated in the study. Data were analyzed using a USEPA computer program, which measured recovery and precision for ETU and compared the performance of the method between the 2 water types. Over the concentration range tested, the mean percent recoveries of ETU were 82-92% in reagent water and 85-98% in finished drinking water. The range of the betweenlaboratory relative standard deviations (RSDR) for the 6 concentrations was 5-24% in reagent water, but was only 4-9% in finished drinking water. The range of the within-laboratory relative standard deviations (RSDr) was 6-14% for reagent water and 6- 10% for finished drinking water. Results for the 2 water matrixes showed no statistically significant differences. The method has been adopted first action by AOAC International for determination of ETU in finished drinking waters.

Comparison of FT-IR, Thermal Analysis and XRD for Determination of Products of Cement Hydration

2010 ◽  
Vol 168-170 ◽  
pp. 518-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Hua Ou ◽  
Bao Guo Ma ◽  
Shou Wei Jian
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Cement Hydration ◽  
Hydration Products ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cement Pastes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Degree Of Hydration ◽  
Ft Ir

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal analysis and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) are commonly performed to study the hydration products in cement pastes. The three methods were compared in this frame to detect products of cement hydration at different ages, especially at early ages (before 24h ages). The results indicate from the present experiment that CH (Calcium hydroxide) can be detected by three methods at all ages; C-S-H can be distinguished by FT-IR at all ages; ettringite may be detected by FT-IR before 24h ages and by XRD at all ages; and monosulphate can be detected by FT-IR before 24h ages. The process of cement hydration, characterized by formation and development of some hydration products, can be clearly observed by three methods. FT-IR is suggested for detecting the major hydration products before 24h ages, FT-IR and XRD are suggested for detecting the major hydration products after 24h ages, and thermal analysis is suggested for analyzing the degree of hydration quantitatively.

Cl–OH ion-exchanging process in chlorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3Cl x (OH)1 − x ) – a deep insight

2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther García-Tuñón ◽  
Bruno Dacuña ◽  
Guillermo Zaragoza ◽  
Jaime Franco ◽  
Francisco Guitián
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystals ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Molten Salt Method ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Ionic Exchange ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Fourier Transform Ir ◽  
Energetic Point

We have synthesized large chlorapatite [ClAp, Ca5(PO4)3Cl x (OH)1 − x , where x = 1] single crystals using the molten salt method. We have corroborated that the hexagonal symmetry P63/m describes the crystal structure best, even though the crystals are synthetic and stoichiometric. Moreover, we have performed several thermal treatments on these ClAp crystals, generating new single crystals in the apatite system [Ca5(PO4)3Cl x (OH)1 − x , where x ≤ 1], where the chloride anions (Cl−) were systematically substituted by hydroxyl anions (OH−). These new single crystals were methodically characterized by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform–IR spectroscopy (FT–IR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). We have discovered a previously unreported OH− inclusion site substituting the Cl− anion during the ion-exchanging process. Finally, we evaluated the atomic rearrangements of the other species involved in the structure. These movements are associated with ionic exchange, which can be justified from an energetic point of view. We also found a novel phase transformation at high temperature. When the crystals are heated over 1753 K the apatite system evolves to a less ordered monoclinic structure, in which the complete loss of the species in the anionic channel (Cl−, OH−) has been confirmed.

A.C. Oscillopolarographic Determination of Aluminum in Natural and Drinking Waters Using the Adsorption of the Al(III)-1,2-Dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonic Acid Complex

1996 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 1745-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuping Bi ◽  
Zhengjiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Acid Complex ◽  
Fast Determination ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

This paper presents a very simple and rapid method for determination of aluminum in natural and drinking waters by using a.c. oscillopolarographic adsorptive wave of the Al(III)-1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid complex in a triethanolamine buffer solution of pH 7.6 at HMDE. A linear dependence between the incision height on dE/dt-E oscillogram and the aluminum concentration was obtained in the range from 5 . 10-6 to 5 . 10-5 mol l-1. The detection limit is 1 . 10-6 mol l-1 and the relative standard deviation is 6.0% for 4 . 10-5 mol l-1 aluminum. This method has the distinct advantages of cheap instrumentation, simple and rapid manipulation and deaeration is unnecessary. It is especially suitable for the fast determination of aluminum in natural and drinking water samples.

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