Production of Bio-Crude Oil from Microalgae Chlorella sp. Using Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 849 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Aldeniro Arief Bawono ◽  
Hisyam Adhisatrio ◽  
Laras Prasakti ◽  
Yano Surya Pradana
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
Liquefaction Process ◽  
Water Ratio

Currently, microalgae have attracted as potential feedstock for biofuel production. Hydrothermal liquefaction was proposed as technology to convert microalgae into bio-crude oil. Microalgae used in this study was Indonesia-cultivated Chlorella sp., This work investigated the effect of temperature (200°C, 225°C, 250°C), biomass weight-water ratio (1:20, 2:20, 3:20), and residence time (10, 20, 30 minutes) on bio-crude oil yield of non-catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction. The highest bio-crude oil yield was 2.25%, obtained at temperature of 250°C biomass weight-water ratio of 1:20, and residence time of 10 minutes. The highest component of bio-crude oil was alcohols. The low bio-crude oil yield was caused by the longer residence time of cooling step (driving gas conversion), low amount of carbon-hydrogen content and high amount of oxygen-ash content in biomass. Furthermore, the highest component of bio-crude oil was alcohols, stimulated by low carbon content coupled with high oxygen content in Chlorella sp.

scholarly journals The Effect of Biomass-Water Ratio on Bio-crude Oil Production from Botryococcus braunii using Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laras Prasakti ◽  
Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽  
Arief Budiman
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Water Ratio

The increasing demand of energy in Indonesia has led to the urgency to conduct research and development in renewable energy. Biomass is one of the largest renewable energy sources in Indonesia. For biomass to energy conversion, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been considered as one of the potential methods where biomass is processed using subcritical water to produce bio-oil, aqueous phase, gas, and solid product. In this research, the effect of biomass-water ratio on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process of microalgae Botryococcus braunii has been investigated. The HTL was conducted using biomass/water ratio 1:10, 1:20 and 1:30 with various holding time for each ratio. The product was bio-crude oil with similar characteristics to crude oil. Experimental results showed that biomass-water ratio affected the distribution of bio-crude oil yields. For biomass-water ratio of 1:10 and 1:20, it was found that bio-crude oil yields reached a maximum at 20 minutes, while the highest bio-crude oil yield of 4% was obtained at biomass-water ratio of 1:10. On the other hand, with biomass-water ratio of 1:30, bio-crude oil yield was continuously increasing with holding time until it reached the maximum yield of 4% at 40 minutes of holding time. The aforementioned results indicated that the highest bio-crude oil yield was obtained using biomass-water ratio 1:10 and 20 minutes of HTL processing time. A B S T R A KPeruraian anaerobik merupakan salah satu bidang riset yang sangat menarik perhatian dalam era krisis energi. Biogas tidak hanya menyediakan energi alternatif, tetapi juga dapat mencegah pencemaran akibat limbah organik. Limbah lemak susu adalah substrat yang potensial untuk proses peruraian anaerobik karena memiliki potensi biogas teoritis yang tinggi akibat kandungan lemaknya yang tinggi. Namun, peruraian anaerobik dari limbah organik dengan kandungan lemak yang tinggi memiliki tantangan tersendiri. Hambatan utama dalam peruraian anaerobik dari limbah lemak susu adalah kecenderungan untuk membentuk lapisan padatan yang tidak larut dan mengapung di bagian atas fase cair. Fenomena ini menghambat akses bakteri hidrolisis terhadap substrat. Saponifikasi adalah salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kelarutan lapisan padatan tersebut, sehingga meningkatkan ketersediaan substrat untuk bakteri. Saponifikasi akan mengubah kandungan lemak menjadi sabun yang memiliki gugus fungsi polar maupun non-polar. Gugus fungsi yang bersifat polar akan meningkatkan kelarutan substrat dalam air. Studi ini mengevaluasi pengaruh dari berbagai dosis larutan basa yang ditambahkan sebagai reaktan selama perlakuan awal saponifikasi terhadap peruraian anaerobik limbah lemak susu. Kinetika proses peruraian anaerobik dianalisis dengan menggunakan model matematika. Variasi dosis yang diamati pengaruhnya untuk perlakuan awal saponifikasi adalah 0,04 mol basa/g sCOD; 0,02 mol basa/g sCOD; dan nol (tanpa perlakuan awal saponifikasi). Dari penelitian ini, terbukti bahwa saponifikasi berhasil meningkatkan kelarutan limbah lemak susu dan juga ditunjukkan oleh nilai konstanta hidrolisis (kH) 0,00782/hari lebih tinggi dua puluh kali lipat dibandingkan dengan nilai kH 0,00032/hari pada reaktor tanpa saponifikasi. Akan tetapi, penelitian ini juga mengindikasikan bahwa bakteri asidogenik bawaan substrat terhambat kinerjanya oleh paparan pH yang tinggi selama perlakuan awal saponifikasi berlangsung sehingga hasil gas metan yang diperoleh lebih rendah daripada reaktor kontrol.

scholarly journals Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Microalgae Biocrude from Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Heteroatom Removal and their Distribution in Distillation Cuts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salman Haider ◽  
Daniele Castello ◽  
Karol Michal Michalski ◽  
Thomas Helmer Pedersen ◽  
Lasse Rosendahl
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Distillation Unit ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Influential Parameters

To obtain drop-in fuel properties from non-feed biomass, we herein report the catalytic hydrotreatment of microalgae biocrude, produced from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Spirulina. Our contribution focuses on the effect of temperature, initial H2 pressure, and residence time on the removal of heteroatoms (O and N). In contrast to common hydrotreating experimental protocols at batch scale, we devised a set of two-level factorial experiments and studied the most influential parameters affecting the removal of heteroatoms. It was found that up to 350 °C, the degree of deoxygenation (de-O) is mainly driven by temperature, whereas the degree of denitrogenation (de-N) also relies on initial H2 pressure and temperature-pressure interaction.Based on this, complete deoxygenation was obtained at mild operating conditions (350 °C), reaching a concurrent 47 % denitrogenation. Moreover, three optimized experiments are reported with 100 % removal of oxygen. In addition, the analysis by GC-MS and Sim-Dis gives insight to the fuel quality. The distribution of heteroatom N in lower (<340 °C) and higher (>340 °C) fractional cuts is studied by a fractional distillation unit following ASTM D-1160. Final results show that 63-68 % of nitrogen is concentrated in higher fractional cuts.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae after different pre-treatments

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1546-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail S Vlaskin ◽  
Anatoly V Grigorenko ◽  
Nadezhda I Chernova ◽  
Sophia V. Kiseleva
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Oil Fraction ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Liquefaction Process

Hydrothermal liquefaction of different microalgae samples ( Arthrospira platensis cultivated by our research group) – fresh (directly after harvesting), dried and frozen – have been performed. In hydrothermal liquefaction process, the samples were heated up to 300°C for 30 min and kept at a constant temperature for 60 min. Then dichloromethane was added to the samples to extract the oil fraction. The products obtained after aqueous and dichloromethane solutions evaporation are referred to as water soluble organics and bio-oil correspondingly. The experiments on hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae pre-treated in different ways were conducted for three independent harvest samples. The average values of bio-oil yield in the experiments with fresh, dried and frozen microalgae were equal to 44.07%, 39.97% and 39.65%, respectively. The average yields of water soluble organics were equal to 19.34%, 29.00% and 21.43% respectively. In all the experiments, the highest yield of bio-oil was reached for fresh microalgae. From this point of view, direct hydrothermal liquefaction processing of fresh microalgae seems to be more preferable that further enhances the advantage of hydrothermal liquefaction in comparison with other biomass-to-biofuel conversion methods.

Investigation of aqueous phase recycling for improving bio-crude oil yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of algae

2017 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulin Hu ◽  
Shanghuan Feng ◽  
Zhongshun Yuan ◽  
Chunbao (Charles) Xu ◽  
Amarjeet Bassi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Oil Yield

scholarly journals A Kraft Mill-Integrated Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process for Liquid Fuel Co-Production

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1216
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Y. Ong ◽  
Timothy G. Walmsley ◽  
Martin J. Atkins ◽  
Michael R. W. Walmsley
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Liquefaction Process

There is a growing awareness of the need to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and the inevitable depletion of fossil fuel. With the market pull for the growth in sustainable and renewable alternative energy, the challenge is to develop cost-effective, large-scale renewable energy alternatives for all energy sectors, of which transport fuels are one significant area. This work presents a summary of novel methods for integrating kraft mills with a hydrothermal liquefaction process. The application of these methods has resulted in a proposed kraft mill-integrated design that produces a liquid fuel and could provide net mitigation of 64.6 kg CO2-e/GJ, compared to conventional petrol and diesel fuels, at a minimum fuel selling price of 1.12–1.38 NZD/LGE of fuel, based on the case study. This paper concludes that a hydrothermal liquefaction process with product upgrading has promising economic potential and environmental benefits that are significantly amplified by integrating with an existing kraft mill. At the current global kraft pulp production rate, if each kraft mill transforms into a biorefinery based on hydrothermal liquefaction, the biofuel production is an estimated 290 Mt (9.9 EJ).

scholarly journals Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Microalgae Biocrude from Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Heteroatom Removal and Their Distribution in Distillation Cuts

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Haider ◽  
Daniele Castello ◽  
Karol Michalski ◽  
Thomas Pedersen ◽  
Lasse Rosendahl
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Distillation Unit ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Influential Parameters

To obtain drop-in fuel properties from 3rd generation biomass, we herein report the catalytic hydrotreatment of microalgae biocrude, produced from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Spirulina. Our contribution focuses on the effect of temperature, initial H2 pressure, and residence time on the removal of heteroatoms (O and N) in a batch hydrotreating setup. In contrast to common experimental protocols for hydrotreating at batch scale, we devised a set of two-level factorial experiments and studied the most influential parameters affecting the removal of heteroatoms. It was found that up to 350 °C, the degree of deoxygenation (de-O) is mainly driven by temperature, whereas the degree of denitrogenation (de-N) also relies on initial H2 pressure and temperature-pressure interaction. Based on this, complete deoxygenation was obtained at mild operating conditions (350 °C), reaching a concurrent 47% denitrogenation. Moreover, three optimized experiments are reported with 100% removal of oxygen. In addition, the analysis by GC-MS and Sim-Dis gives insight to the fuel quality. The distribution of heteroatom N in lower (<340 °C) and higher (>340 °C) fractional cuts is studied by a fractional distillation unit following ASTM D-1160. Final results show that 63–68% of nitrogen is concentrated in higher fractional cuts.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature and surfactant on biomass growth and higher-alcohol production during syngas fermentation by Clostridium carboxidivorans P7

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohuang Shen ◽  
Guan Wang ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Yin Tang ◽  
Yang Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tween 80 ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Syngas Fermentation ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Alcohol Production ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Clostridium Carboxidivorans

Abstract Hexanol–butanol–ethanol fermentation from syngas by Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 is a promising route for biofuel production. However, bacterial agglomeration in the culture of 37 °C severely hampers the accumulation of biomass and products. To investigate the effect of culture temperature on biomass growth and higher-alcohol production, C. carboxidivorans P7 was cultivated at both constant and two-step temperatures in the range from 25 to 37 °C. Meanwhile, Tween-80 and saponin were screened out from eight surfactants to alleviate agglomeration at 37 °C. The results showed that enhanced higher-alcohol production was contributed mainly by the application of two-step temperature culture rather than the addition of anti-agglomeration surfactants. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome revealed that although 37 °C promoted high expression of genes involved in the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, genes encoding enzymes catalyzing acyl-condensation reactions associated with higher-alcohol production were highly expressed at 25 °C. This study gained greater insight into temperature-effect mechanism on syngas fermentation by C. carboxidivorans P7.

Potential of drop-in biofuel production from camel manure by hydrothermal liquefaction and biocrude upgrading: A Qatar case study

Energy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 121027
Author(s):  
Mohammad Alherbawi ◽  
Prakash Parthasarathy ◽  
Tareq Al-Ansari ◽  
Hamish R. Mackey ◽  
Gordon McKay
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Biofuel Production
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