Exploring Soft Magnetism in Amorphous Carbon Synthesized from Biomass

2020 ◽  
Vol 855 ◽  
pp. 154-159
Author(s):  
Fahmi Astuti ◽  
Vera Laviara Maghfirohtuzzoimah ◽  
Novita Sari ◽  
Deril Ristiani ◽  
Retno Asih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Diffraction Peak ◽  
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reduced Graphene ◽  
Heating Treatment

Some studies of the usage of biomass to produce carbon-based compounds have been reported in the past. Here we report that palmyra sugar can be one of the sources to produce amorphous carbon (a-C) from biomass after the heating treatment at 250°C. In this paper, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) measurements are reported in order to check the detailed properties of a-C from palmyra sugar. The XRD data at a diffraction peak position (2θ) of ~23o support the formation of a-C. The functional groups detected by FTIR spectra consist of C=C, C-C, C-O, C=O, C-H and O-H. The remnant magnetization (Mr), coercive field (Hc) and saturation magnetization are estimated as ~0.1 10-3 emu/g, ~50 Oe and ~9 10-3 emu/g, respectively. Soft ferromagnetism in a-C from palmyra sugar is confirmed, comparable with the magnetization result in the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sample from coconut shell and rGO commercial material which have the same mixture hybridization. Some studies of the usage of biomass to produce carbon-based compounds have been reported in the past. Here we report that palmyra sugar can be one of the sources to produce amorphous carbon (a-C) from biomass after the heating treatment at 250°C. In this paper, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) measurements are reported in order to check the detailed properties of a-C from palmyra sugar. The XRD data at a diffraction peak position (2θ) of ~23o support the formation of a-C. The functional groups detected by FTIR spectra consist of C=C, C-C, C-O, C=O, C-H and O-H. The remnant magnetization (Mr), coercive field (Hc) and saturation magnetization are estimated as ~0.1 10-3 emu/g, ~50 Oe and ~9 10-3 emu/g, respectively. Soft ferromagnetism in a-C from palmyra sugar is confirmed, comparable with the magnetization result in the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sample from coconut shell and rGO commercial material which have the same mixture hybridization.

Structural and ferromagnetic properties of Cu-doped GaN

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1396-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Seipel ◽  
R. Erni ◽  
Amita Gupta ◽  
C. Li ◽  
F.J. Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Calcination Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lattice Constants ◽  
Gan Crystal ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Atomic And Electronic Structure

The wurtzite polymorph of GaN was calcined with CuO in flowing nitrogen. As a result of this processing, both superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance studies showed ferromagnetism in these samples at room temperature. These magnetic results are qualitatively consistent with very recent first-principle calculations [Wu et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.89, 062505 (2006)] that predict ferromagnetism in Cu-doped GaN. We focus in this paper on analyzing changes in the GaN atomic and electronic structure due to calcination with CuO using multiple analytical methods. Quantitative powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) showed changes in the lattice constants of the GaN due to the incorporation of copper (and possibly oxygen). Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy proved the incorporation of copper into the GaN crystal structure. Electron-gun monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy showed CuO calcinations-induced GaN band gap changes and indicated changes in the atomic arrangements due to the calcination process. The fine structure of the N K-edge showed differences in the peak ratios with respect to higher nominal CuO contents, corresponding to an increase in the c-lattice constant as confirmed by XRD.

Microbeam X-ray diffraction from twisted lamellar crystals: theory and computer simulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriy A. Luchnikov ◽  
Dimitri A. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Basal Plane ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Diffraction Peak ◽  
Reciprocal Space ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Peak Broadening ◽  
Asymmetric Shape ◽  
Diffraction Peaks ◽  
Lamellar Crystals

The diffraction peak position, width and intensity distribution are calculated for the case of a helicoidally twisted crystalline lamella, both analytically and numerically. It is shown that the diffraction peak broadening depends on the orientation of the corresponding reciprocal-space vector with respect to the helicoid axis and the normal to the lamellar basal plane. The equatorial peaks, which are close to the normal direction to the lamellar basal plane, are characterized by the highest azimuthal width. By contrast, the reflections positioned close to the lamellar surface have the smallest azimuthal width. For non-equatorial peaks in the proximity of the twisting axis the intensity has an unusual asymmetric shape. The shape of the microbeam, as well as its position and direction with respect to the lamella, influences the shape of the diffraction peaks in reciprocal space and their appearance in two-dimensional diffractograms. The proposed approach can be useful, for example, for the interpretation of microbeam diffractograms of banded polymer spherulites.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Room Temperature Ferromagnetism of Ni-Doped Rod-Like ZnO Particles

2014 ◽  
Vol 934 ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
Lian Mao Hang ◽  
Zhao Ji Zhang ◽  
Zhi Yong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature Ferromagnetism ◽  
Hexagonal Wurtzite Structure ◽  
Ferromagnetic Behavior ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Zno Particles

Ni-doped rod-like ZnO particles with doping concentration of 1 at.% were synthesized at 200°C by hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The results show that the as-synthesized samples are pure hexagonal wurtzite structure without metallic Ni or other secondary phases and display rod-like shape with smooth surface. The magnetization measurements reveal that the Ni-doped rod-like ZnO particles show ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature. The saturation magnetization and coercive field are 0.0046 emu/g and 15 Oe, respectively.

scholarly journals Precision X-Ray Stress Analysis of Uranium and Zirconium

1959 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 331-336
Author(s):  
B. J. Wooden ◽  
Lt. E. C. House ◽  
R. E. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Diffraction Peak ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Least Squares Fit ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Desk Calculator

AbstractThe feasibility of using X-ray diffraction methods to measure residual stresses in uranium and zirconium (Zircaloy-2) was investigated. A precision method was developed for the determination of diffraction peak positions and the precision associated therewith. The statistical tables of Fisher and Yates were used to determine what order polynomial provided the best least squares fit within the known precision of the observed data. It was found that a second-order polynomial provided an adequate regression. With the aid of a desk calculator less than 5 min calculation time is required to determine the peak position to a precision of ±0.01°.The stress constant for uranium was determined to be 1308 ± 110 psi/0.01° shift in Δ2θ for copper radiation on the (116) planes at 2θ = 158.3°. The stress constant for Zircaloy-2 was determined to be 430 ± 1 psi/0.01° shift in Δ2θ for chromium radiation on the (10,4) planes at 2θ = 156.4°.

scholarly journals Structural and magnetic properties of mechanochemically synthesized nanosized yttrium titanate

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Barudzija ◽  
Alexey Gusev ◽  
Dragana Jugovic ◽  
Milena Marinovic-Cincovic ◽  
Miroslav Dramicanin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Argon Atmosphere ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time

Nanosized perovskite YTiO3 with the mean crystallite size of 18 nm was synthesized for the first time by mechanochemical treatment. The mechanochemical solid state reaction between commercial Y2O3 powder and mechanochemically synthesized TiO powder in molar ratio 0.5:1 was completed for 3 h in a high-energy planetary ball mill in argon atmosphere. The heating in vacuum at 1150 ?C for 12 h transforms nanosized YTiO3 to a well-crystallized single-phase perovskite YTiO3. Both samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TGA/DTA) analyses, as well as superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer (SQUID) measurements.

scholarly journals Magnetic and dielectric properties of Ca-substituted BiFeO3 nanoferrites by the sol-gel method

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinpei Lin ◽  
Zeping Guo ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Qing Lin ◽  
Kangling Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Diffraction Peak ◽  
Multiferroic Material ◽  
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Calcination Temperatures ◽  
Main Diffraction Peak ◽  
Microwave Network Analysis

Background: A multiferroic material can simultaneously show two or more basic magnetic properties, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferroelectricity. BiFeO3 is a multiferroic material with a rhombohedral distorted perovskite structure. Doping can reduce the volatility of Bi and greatly improve the magnetoelectric properties of BiFeO3. Methods: To investigate the influence of the doping content we used the following analytical methods: X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microwave network analysis (PNA-N5244A), and the Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (Quantum Design MPMS) test. Results: With the increase of Ca2+ concentration in the solution, the grain size of Bi1- xCa xFeO3 becomes smaller, showing the role of Ca2+ ions as the dopant for fine grains. The calcination temperatures are the major causes for the saturated magnetization. The residual magnetization ( Mr) and the coercive force ( Hc) decrease linearly with the increase of x value, and due to the effect of Ca2+ substitution at Bi3+ sites, which causes the valence change of Fe and/or the oxygen vacancies. Conclusions: The XRD result indicates that the diffraction peak emerges with the increase of Ca2+ and the main diffraction peak achieves a high angle. The best calcining temperature is 600 °C, and the morphology is very dependent on the calcining temperature.

Size Controllable Synthesis of Magnetite Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

2010 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 1379-1382
Author(s):  
Hong Wang ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Rui Song Yang
Keyword(s):  
Fe3o4 Nanoparticles ◽  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Solvothermal Process ◽  
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Controllable Synthesis ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magnetite Fe3o4

The Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized through a solvothermal route by using FeCl36H2O and NH4HCO3 as the starting materials. The as-prepared products are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer (SQUID) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The uniform size of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be well controlled from 10 to 90 nm by changing the surfactants or the inorganic salts in the solvothermal process. The experiment results reveal that the magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles can be tuned by changing the particles size. In addition, the solvents in this reaction system have an important influence on the composition and morphology of the final products.

Effect of Sputtering Input Power of Co on Structure and Magnetic Properties of Fe-Co-N Thin Films

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 635-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Hui Jia ◽  
Wei Tao Zheng ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Bei Hong Long
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Composition Structure

Fe-Co-N thin films with various Co content were synthesized on Si (111) substrate using facing-target magnetron sputtering by changing sputtering input power on Co target. During deposition, the input power on Fe target was kept at 160 W. The composition, structure, and magnetic properties were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and superconducting quantum interference device. XRD and TEM investigations showed that at lower input power of 11.2 W on Co target, the phases in the film were -(Fe,Co)4N and Co3N. Increasing sputtering input power, the content of Co in the film increased. At input power of 14 W, film contained -(Fe,Co)8N phase was produced which exhibited higher saturation magnetization (252.85 Am2/kg) and lower value of coercivity (3.66 kAm-1), corresponded to the 12% content of Co in the film.

Synthesis and Magnetic Characterization of La2-xSrxCuO4 Nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 855 ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Malik Anjelh Baqiya ◽  
Putu Eka Dharma Putra ◽  
Resky Irfanita ◽  
Fitriana ◽  
Darminto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Magnetic Behavior ◽  
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Post Annealing ◽  
Crystallite Sizes ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Non-doped and strontium-doped lanthanum cuprates (La2CuO4 (LCO) and La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 (LSCO15)) in nano-sized particles were synthesized by the chemically dissolved technique employing HNO3 as the dissolving agent. The structural and magnetic properties were investigated by using an x-ray diffraction (XRD) apparatus and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, respectively. The XRD patterns of LCO and LSCO15 show the formation of the single phase without impurities after the calcinations in air at 1100°C for 15 h and the post-annealing in oxygen at 800 °C for 24 h. The average crystallite sizes of LCO and LSCO15 samples were in a range of around 100 nm confirming nano-sized particles. The LCO and LSCO15 nanoparticles exhibit superconductivity at the superconducting (SC) transition temperature, Tc, of 23 K and 38 K, respectively. The magnetization curve measurements have revealed that both samples show the appearance of ferro- and dia-magnetic behavior at room temperature and the appearance of superconductivity at low temperatures. This result may indicate the coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity below Tc in the nano-sized cuprates.

Preparation of Coral-Like α-Fe2O3 Nanostructures and Magnetic Properties

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 625-628
Author(s):  
Hong Wang ◽  
Min Gong ◽  
Jing Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Magnetic Hysteresis ◽  
Ferromagnetic Behavior ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Solvothermal Process ◽  
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Coral-like α-Fe2O3nanostructures modified by surfactant CTAB have been successfully obtained via a solvothermal process by using FeCl36H2O and oxalic acid as the starting materials. The coral-like α-Fe2O3nanostructures with good-crystalline consist of well-aligned α-Fe2O3nanoflakes with an average thickness of about 40 nm growing radially from the center of the nanostructures. The obtained products are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer (SQUID). Magnetic hysteresis measurements indicate that coral-like α-Fe2O3superstructures show a normal ferromagnetic behavior with the remanence and coercivity of 0.2346emu/g and 1862Oe at room temperature. CTAB, the reaction temperature and solvent played an important role in controlling the final morphology of the products.

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