Characterization and Identification of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters from Refined Used Cooking Oil as Biodiesel by Using Spectroscopic Techniques Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 877 ◽  
pp. 172-179
Author(s):  
Ni Made Suaniti ◽  
I Wayan Bandem Adnyana ◽  
Oka Ratnayani
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Ethyl Oleate ◽  
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil

Fatty acids composition in used cooking oil vary that need to analyze before making biodiesel to meet the requirement of a diesel engine. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize fatty acid ethyl ethers in used cooking oil refined using various acids after a one-stage transesterification process using a heterogeneous CaO catalyst to produce biodiesel. The analytical method applied was spectroscopic technique by using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) instruments. The results showed that the characteristics of fatty acid ethyl esters from used cooking oil that refined using phosphoric acid were superior to than sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. Six peaks with m/z 88 fragments as markers of fatty acid ethyl esters and two peaks identified as ethyl linoleate and ethyl oleate as unsaturated fatty acids characterize by GC-MS. FTIR showed an increase of intensity at wavenumber of 2500-1500 cm-1 which was a weak bond. A similar functional group identified by FTIR in biodiesel from refining used cooking oil obtained lower intensity than commercial diesel fuel.

scholarly journals Επίδραση της προσθήκης βιοκαυσίμων στις ιδιότητες των καυσίμων μεταφορών

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Δέσποινα Χείλαρη
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Light Cycle Oil ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Cycle Oil

Το αντικείμενο της διδακτορικής διατριβής περιλαμβάνει τρείς ενότητες. Καταρχήν, την διερεύνηση της επίδρασης των βιοκαυσίμων στις ιδιότητες των βενζινών. Τα βιοσυστατικά που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ήταν η αιθανόλη (EtOH) και ο αιθυλο-τριτοταγής-βουτυλαιθέρας (ETBE) σε εμπορικές βενζίνες. Τα καύσιμα βάσης που παρασκευάστηκαν είχαν αριθμούς οκτανίου μικρότερους από το κατώτερο όριο της προδιαγραφής του Ευρωπαϊκού Προτύπου EN 228:2012. Στόχος ήταν η βελτίωση των αριθμών οκτανίου των καυσίμων με τα οξυγονούχα πρόσθετα.Η EtOH και ο ETBE συμβάλλουν στην αύξηση των δυο αριθμών οκτανίου (RON, MON) των βενζινών. Η EtOH περισσότερο στον αριθμό RON και ο ETBE στον MON. Τα βιοσυστατικά έχουν υψηλή ευαισθησία και αυξάνουν την ευαισθησία των βενζινών. Η προσθήκη της αιθανόλης αυξάνει την πτητικότητα των βενζινών. Η τάση ατμών αυξάνει μέχρι την 4% V/V προσθήκη αιθανόλης στις βενζίνες και μετά σταθεροποιείται. Από την άλλη μεριά η προσθήκη ETBE μειώνει την τάση ατμών και βοηθάει στο να ανασταλεί η δυσμενής επίπτωση της προσθήκης αιθανόλης. Η προσθήκη της αιθανόλης επηρεάζει αρνητικά τη μετωπική πτητικότητα των βενζινών, το κλάσμα E70 και κατακρατά νερό. Η προσθήκη ETBE επηρεάζει ελαφρά τη μέση πτητικότητα των βενζινών και το κλάσμα E100. Η προσθήκη ETBE βοηθάει στη διατήρηση των μιγμάτων βενζίνης – EtOH – ETBE εντός των ορίων που θέτει το πρότυπο EN 228:2012.Στην επόμενη ενότητα εξετάστηκε η υδρογονοεπεξεργασία τηγανέλαιων (UCOs) δίνοντας υγρό οργανικό προϊόν (Hydroprocessed Used Cooking Oil - HUCO). Η διεργασία προσαρμόστηκε ώστε να μετατρέπει αποτελεσματικά το απόβλητο τηγανέλαιο σε πολύ χρήσιμο υποκατάστατο του ντήζελ. Η καινοτομία βρίσκεται στη 100% χρήση καθαρού τηγανελαίου. Το υδρογόνο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ήταν 100% ανανεώσιμο. Το HUCO είχε εύρος απόσταξης στην περιοχή απόσταξης του ντήζελ (180-360°C), με άσχημες τιμές ψυχρών ιδιοτήτων. Παρασκευάστηκαν μίγματα HUCO με ντήζελ (ULSD) και μίγματα HUCO με ‘κατώτερης ποιότητας’ μεσαία αποστάγματα π.χ Light Cycle Oil (LCO) και Low Cetane Number Gasoil (LCN), ώστε να βελτιωθούν οι ιδιότητες ψυχρής ροής του HUCO kai να συγχρόνως να χρησιμοποιηθούν τα ‘κατώτερα’ πετρελαϊκά κλάσματα. Η προσθήκη 20%V/V HUCO σε ντήζελ και 30% V/V HUCO στο LCN οδήγησε σε αποδεκτό καύσιμο θερινών προδιαγραφών, όχι όμως τα μίγματα HUCO - LCO. Τριαδικά μίγματα HUCO - LCO – LCN προτάθηκαν ώστε να χρησιμοποιηθεί λιγότερο HUCO μιας και η διαθεσιμότητά του είναι περιορισμένη στον Ελλαδικό Χώρο. Επίσης χρησιμοποιήθηκε μέχρι 15%V/V LCO. Τα καύσιμα που προέκυψαν ήταν θερινών προδιαγραφών. Ακολούθως, δοκιμάστηκε η συν-επεξεργασία βαρέος gasoil (HGO) με UCOs ώστε να ενσωματωθούν τα UCOs στο διυλιστήριο δίνοντας αποδεκτό καύσιμο θερινών προδιαγραφών.Επιπλέον εξετάστηκε η παραγωγή βιοκαυσίμων με μετεστεροποίηση φυτικών ελαίων με χρήση αιθανόλης. Πραγματοποιήθηκε παραγωγή αιθυλεστέρων λιπαρών οξέων (Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters - FAEE) με μονό και διπλό στάδιο μετεστεροποίησης. Με τις δυο τεχνολογίες οι FAEE από εξευγενισμένο ηλιέλαιο έδωσαν στη βέλτιστη αναλογία αιθανόλης τη μεγαλύτερη περιεκτικότητα σε εστέρες συγκριτικά με τους FAEE από σογιέλαιο με μεγαλύτερη όμως ανάκτηση σε προϊόν. Ο χρόνος αντίδρασης για το διπλό στάδιο μετεστεροποίησης ήταν μικρότερος από το μόνο, με μικρότερες συγκεντρώσεις αιθανόλης. Ο υγρός εξευγενισμός με εκπλύσεις με νερό έδωσε μεγαλύτερη περιεκτικότητα σε εστέρες και περισσότερο προϊόν. Η παραγωγή των FAEE είναι υπό διερεύνηση αφού δεν ακολουθεί πλήρως το EN 14214:2012, έχοντας μειωμένη ανάκτηση σε προϊόν.

Rapid in vivo hydrolysis of fatty acid ethyl esters, toxic nonoxidative ethanol metabolites

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. G184-G190 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Saghir ◽  
J. Werner ◽  
M. Laposata
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethanol Ingestion ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), esterification products of fatty acids and ethanol, are in use as fatty acid supplements, but they also have been implicated as toxic mediators of ethanol ingestion. We hypothesized that hydrolysis of orally ingested FAEE occurs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and in the blood to explain their apparent lack of toxicity. To study the in vivo inactivation of FAEE by hydrolysis to free fatty acids and ethanol, we assessed the hydrolysis of FAEE administered as an oil directly into the rat stomach and when injected within the core of low-density lipoprotein particles into the circulation of rats. Our studies demonstrate that FAEE are rapidly degraded to free fatty acids and ethanol in the GI tract at the level of the duodenum with limited hydrolysis in the stomach. In addition, FAEE are rapidly degraded in the circulation, with a half-life of only 58 s. Thus the degradation of FAEE in the GI tract and in the blood provides an explanation for the apparent lack of toxicity of orally ingested FAEE.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Oil Used in Frying Peanuts, Cassava And Mackarel Tuna

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
Aprialis Aprialis ◽  
Anwar Kasim ◽  
Rini Rini
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Used Frying Oil ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil

The characteristics of used frying oil that are carried out repeatedly using high temperatures and with various types of frying materials will produce new types of oil characteristics, either the appearance and disappearance of certain types of chemical components or changes in the physical properties of frying oil. This study aims to determine the characteristics of cooking oil used in frying peanuts which have high fat content, high carbohydrate content of cassava and mackarel tuna which have high protein content. Samples of used oil were obtained from the use of pure oil from palm oil and then the 3 different types of material were fried with 10 frying repetitions. The used frying oil was then visually observed and analyzed for the number of peroxides, free fatty acids, and moisture content, color test, amount of oil lost and its fatty acid profile. In addition, the amount of oil lost due to frying was observed. The results of the observation of physical properties showed that the smell of oil became rancid, the taste of the oil became bitter and the color turned black. The results of chemical analysis showed that the highest peroxide number was 50 meq / kg, the highest ALB was 4.35%, and the highest moisture content was 3.21% , the oil color changed to brown to black, the highest amount of oil lost due to frying was cassava frying oil. namely 58.4% , . The fatty acid profile of used frying oil has been obtained and there is a decrease in the percentage, the appearance of stearic acid and the loss of heptadecanoic fatty acids in the used cooking oil for peanuts, cassava and mackarel tuna.

Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica towards food waste bioremediation: Production of fatty acid ethyl esters from vegetable cooking oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tee-Kheang Ng ◽  
Ai-Qun Yu ◽  
Hua Ling ◽  
Nina Kurniasih Pratomo Juwono ◽  
Won Jae Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Cooking Oil

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF Citrus hystryx AS FAT PROTECTOR ON UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, CHOLESTEROL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LAMB MEAT

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.C. Tiven ◽  
I. P. Siwa ◽  
L. Joris
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Lamb Meat ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Range Test

This study was conducted to determine the effect of Citrus hystrix as fat protector on unsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol and chemical composition of lamb meat. The research design applied was completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 5 replications. Fifteen local male lambs aged 9-12 months weighing 14-17 kg, were divided into 3 groups of different diet treatments (P0 : sheeps were only given a basal diet; P1 : sheeps are given basal diet and 3% cooking oil; P2 : sheeps are given basal diet, 3% cooking oil and protected by 3% Citrus hystrix powder). The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, the differences among treatments were tested by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test. The results showed meat from sheeps that consume P2 diet has a total fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids content were higher (P

scholarly journals DECREASE IN FREE FATTY ACID CONTENT AND COLOR AT USED COOKING OIL WITH ACTIVATED CARBON OF REEDS (Imperata cylindrica L. Raeusch)

1970 ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Samsuar Samsuar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil

Cooking oil is one of the foods that are needed by the community in daily life. The use of cooking oil continuously at high temperatures, produces cooking oil that is no longer feasible to use. Therefore, it’s necessary to purify used cooking oil so that it can be reused for non-foood purposes such as making soap or biodiesel fuel. This purification process is utilie the activated carbon of reeds (Imperata cylindrica L. Raeusch) as an adsorbent to reduce the levels of free fatty acids and colors in used cooking oil. Free fatty acid content test using acid base titration method and color change using Uv-Vis spectrofotometry method. This study aims to determine the optimum concentration of reeds activated carbon as an adsorbent in reducing the levels of free fatty acids and colors in used cooking oil, which consists of the concentration of reeds activated carbon which is a consentration of 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10; dan 12,5%. The results of variance analysis showed the optimum concentration of reeds activated carbon to reduce the levels of free fatty acids and colors absorbance in used cooking oil at a concentration of 7,5%. The percentage of decreasing levels of free fatty acids gorengan and pecel lele are 78.57% and 78.85%. Decrease in absorbance of gorengan color from 1,792% to 0,384% and the pecel lele color absorbance from 2,521 to 0,515. Keywords : Activated Carbon,Color, Free Fatty Acid, Reeds, and Used Cooking Oil.

scholarly journals Preanalytical Variables Affecting the Quantification of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Plasma and Serum Samples

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 2183-2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt L Soderberg ◽  
Ewa T Sicinska ◽  
Emily Blodget ◽  
Joanne E Cluette-Brown ◽  
Paolo M Suter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Ethanol Consumption ◽  
Ethanol Intake ◽  
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are cytotoxic nonoxidative ethanol metabolites produced by esterification of fatty acids and ethanol. FAEEs are detectable in blood up to 24 h after ethanol consumption. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of gender, serum or plasma triglyceride concentration, time and temperature of specimen storage, type of alcoholic beverage ingested, and the rate of ethanol consumption on FAEE concentrations in plasma or serum. Methods: For some studies, subject were recruited volunteers; in others, residual blood samples after ethanol quantification were used. FAEEs were isolated by solid-phase extraction and quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: For weight-adjusted amounts of ethanol intake, FAEE concentrations were twofold greater for men than women (P ≤0.05). Accounting for triglycerides improved the correlation between blood ethanol concentrations and FAEE concentrations for both men (from r = 0.640 to r = 0.874) and women (from r = 0.619 to r = 0.673). FAEE concentrations did not change when samples were stored at or below 4 °C, but doubled when stored at room temperature for ≥24 h. The type of alcoholic beverage and rate of consumption did not affect FAEE concentrations. Conclusion: These studies advance plasma and serum FAEE measurements closer to implementation as a clinical test for ethanol intake.

scholarly journals Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa M. Abdel-Aziz ◽  
Tamer Emam ◽  
Marwa M. Raafat
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Exopolysaccharides Production

Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L–1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. Inhibition of biofilm correlated significantly and positively with the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (R = 1, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L–1 exhibited acidogenesis-mitigation activity. They did not show bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and cytotoxic activity against human oral fibroblast cells at the concentration used. On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms.

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