Peculiar Properties of Spontaneous Methacrylate Derivatives Polymerization with Haloidallyl Compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 262-268
Author(s):  
Yusuf A. Malkanduev ◽  
Aneta A. Kokoeva ◽  
Аblulakhat T. Dzhalilov
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Orthophosphoric Acid ◽  
Alkyl Halide ◽  
Allyl Chloride ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Spontaneous Polymerization ◽  
Unsaturated Amine ◽  
Two Stages

The reaction of spontaneous polymerization in the system of N, N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate with allyl chloride and bromide, orthophosphoric acid in ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions is considered. Spontaneous polymerization proceeds, consisting of two stages: the quaternization reaction and the polymerization reaction. It was shown that the accompanying reaction of quaternization, spontaneous polymerization, takes place both in a mixture of reagents and in the presence of a solvent, in other words, and by mixing an unsaturated amine and an alkyl halide.

Self-Voluntary Polymerization with Formation of Quaternary Ammonium Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 253-261
Author(s):  
Yusuf A. Malkanduev ◽  
Madina B. Begieva ◽  
Aneta A. Kokoeva ◽  
Аblulakhat T. Dzhalilov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Alkyl Halide ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Spontaneous Polymerization ◽  
Kinetic Schemes ◽  
Menshutkin Reaction ◽  
Halide System ◽  
Unsaturated Amine

The reaction of spontaneous polymerization in the N, N-dialkylaminoethyl methacrylate - alkyl halide system in organic solvent solutions is considered. It is shown that polymerization in the system under study begins only after the formation of quaternary ammonium salt in the reaction medium (at a concentration of about 0.2 mol/L) by the Menshutkin reaction, as a result of quaternization of the unsaturated amine with an alkyl halide. For the explanation of the aggregate of the obtained experimental data, fundamental considerations were formulated, kinetic schemes were developed, and the corresponding mechanism of polymerization processes was proposed.

scholarly journals POLYMERIZATION BY INTERACTION a-HALOACRYLIC ACIDS WITH TERTIARY AMINES

2021 ◽  
pp. 890-899
Author(s):  
Юсуф Ахматович Малкандуев ◽  
Анета Ахмедовна Кокоева ◽  
Абдулахат Турапович Джалилов
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Nanocomposite Materials ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Tertiary Amines ◽  
Spontaneous Polymerization ◽  
Modified Montmorillonite ◽  
Limiting Stage ◽  
Two Stages

Приведены результаты самопроизвольной полимеризации а -хлоракриловой и а -бромакриловой кислот с третичными аминами при невысокой температуре. В результате самопроизвольной полимеризации при взаимодействии а -галоидакриловых кислот с третичными аминами образуются полимеры, содержащие четвертичные аммониевые группы. С целью подтверждения данного предположения были проведены ЯМР- и ИК-спектроскопические исследования продуктов самопроизвольной полимеризации. Показано, что сопутствующая реакция кватернизации, спонтанной полимеризации, имеет место как в смеси реагентов, так и в присутствии растворителя, т.е. и при смешении непредельного амина и галоидного алкила. Изучены кинетические закономерности реакции полимеризации и показано, что реакция кватернизации, являющаяся лимитирующей стадией процесса самопроизвольной полимеризации, протекает по S 2 - механизму. Описываются первые попытки получения новых нанокомпозиционных материалов на основе синтезированных сополимеров и модифицированного монтмориллонита. Анализ литературных данных показывает, что особенности получения нанокомпозитов на основе Na - монтмориллонита и водорастворимых сополимеров ранее не изучались. The results of spontaneous polymerization of а -chloroacrylic and а -bromoacrylic acids with tertiary amines at a low temperature are presented. As a result of spontaneous polymerization during the interaction of а -halodacrylic acids with tertiary amines, polymers containing quaternary ammonium groups are formed. In order to confirm this assumption, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic studies of the products of the spontaneous polymerization were carried out. Spontaneous polymerization proceeds, consisting of two stages: the quaternization reaction and the polymerization reaction. The kinetic regularities of the polymerization reaction were studied and it was shown that the quaternization reaction, which is the limiting stage of the spontaneous polymerization process, proceeds according to the S 2 - mechanism. It has described the first attempts to obtain new nanocomposite materials based on synthesized copolymers and modified montmorillonite. Analysis of the literature data shows that the features of the preparation of nanocomposites based on Na - montmorillonite and water-soluble copolymers have not been previously studied.

Kinetic studies of bold σ -adduct formation and nucleophilic substitution in the reactions of ethyl 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl ether, some phenyl 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl ethers, and phenyl 2,4-dinitronaphthyl ether with aniline in dimethyl sulfoxide

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-634
Author(s):  
Michael R Crampton ◽  
Ian A Robotham
Keyword(s):  
Proton Transfer ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Nucleophilic Substitution ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Adduct Formation ◽  
Base Catalysis ◽  
Substitution Product ◽  
Equilibrium Data ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Phenyl Ethers

The reaction of ethyl 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl ether with aniline in dimethyl sulfoxide containing Dabco occurs in two stages. The first gives 5, the σ -adduct intermediate on the substitution pathway, which has been identified spectroscopically. The second yields 2,4,6-trinitrodiphenylamine, the substitution product. Kinetic studies show that proton transfer is rate limiting both in the formation of the intermediate and in its subsequent acid-catalysed decomposition. Phenoxide is a considerably better leaving group than ethoxide and the substitution reactions of phenyl 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl ethers and phenyl 2,4-dinitronaphthyl ether with aniline in DMSO occur without the accumulation of intermediates. The kinetics indicate both uncatalysed and base-catalysed pathways. The kinetic and equilibrium data for reaction of the ethyl and phenyl ethers are compared with data for σ -adduct formation from 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and aniline.Key words: nucleophilic substitution, proton transfer, base catalysis, σ -adducts

scholarly journals Study of Nd Electrodeposition from the Aprotic Organic Solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Bourbos ◽  
Antonis Karantonis ◽  
Labrini Sygellou ◽  
Ioannis Paspaliaris ◽  
Dimitrios Panias
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Alternative Route ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Electrodeposition Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Scanning Electron

The use of organic solvents in an electrolytic system for neodymium electrorecovery by electrolysis at low temperatures is studied in the current work. More specifically, an alternative route, that of the system of DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) with dissolved NdCl3 has been researched and has given promising results. The study of this electrolytic system has been divided into two stages. Firstly, the characteristics of the electrolyte, the dissolution of NdCl3 in DMSO, the conductivity and the viscosity of NdCl3 solutions in DMSO at various temperatures, and the Nd complexation in the solution were studied and secondly, the electrolysis parameters and their impact on the Nd electrodeposition process were evaluated. Finally, the deposits were submitted to SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analysis and metallic Nd was confirmed to be electrodeposited by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectroscopy.

CHARACTERIZATION OF RUBBER-LIKE MATERIAL OBTAINED FROM WASTE BIODIESEL

2019 ◽  
pp. 598-605
Author(s):  
Krasimira Georgieva ◽  
Yordan Denev
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chain ◽  
Spectroscopic Characterization ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Instrumental Method ◽  
Oligomeric State ◽  
Spontaneous Polymerization ◽  
Solution Processes ◽  
New Material

A new polymeric material as result from long term polymerization of waste biodiesel was synthesized. The rubber-like material was produced for six years storage in open container at normal conditions and air presence. The block synthesis of rubber materials may be very useful comparing with the expensive emulsion and solution processes used in the rubber industry. The nature of the new material, called by authors Nanifam, can be described definitely as polyacrylate rubber in oligomeric state and density of 0.95 kg/m3. Polyacrylate rubbers have significant usage in the polymer industry. They have very strong resistance to oils and solvents as well as good behaviour at high temperatures (up to 150 - 200 oC). The most popular application of this rubber is as insulations and protective coatings. The identification of invented by spontaneous polymerization reaction rubber was carried out using standard chemical techniques, color analytical reactions and FT-IR spectroscopy as a primary structural instrumental method. The peaks in registered spectra of new polyacrylate rubber have typical shape and wave numbers described polymer with hydrocarbon chain (-CH2-CH-), carbonyl groups (-C=O) and typical functional acrylate groups. The results from reaction of Liebermann-Morawski definitely show behaviour similar as poly(chloroprene) rubber and poly(isoprene) rubber. The aim of present work is study on the full spectroscopic characterization of a new rubber material with polyacrylate nature and proving of the possibility for producing in block from waste biodiesel of this new polymer.

Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

Formation of Dislocation Channels in Neutron Irradiated Molybdenum

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
S. Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Channel Formation ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Polycrystalline Molybdenum

The evolution of dislocation channels in irradiated metals during deformation can be envisaged to occur in three stages: (i) formation of embryonic cluster free regions, (ii) growth of these regions into microscopically observable channels and (iii) termination of their growth due to the accumulation of dislocation damage. The first two stages are particularly intriguing, and we have attempted to follow the early stages of channel formation in polycrystalline molybdenum, irradiated to 5×1019 n. cm−2 (E > 1 Mev) at the reactor ambient temperature (∼ 60°C), using transmission electron microscopy. The irradiated samples were strained, at room temperature, up to the macroscopic yield point.Figure 1 illustrates the early stages of channel formation. The observations suggest that the cluster free regions, such as A, B and C, form in isolated packets, which could subsequently link-up to evolve a channel.

TEM study of order, structure and defects of β and martensite in Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloys

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
J.M. Guilemany ◽  
F. Peregrin
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
Orthophosphoric Acid ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Metastable Phase ◽  
Characteristic Temperature ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Polycrystalline Alloys ◽  
Diamond Saw

The shape memory effect (SME) shown by Cu-Al-Mn alloys stems from the thermoelastic martensitic transformation occuring between a β (L2,) metastable phase and a martensitic phase. The TEM study of both phases in single and polycrystalline Cu-Al-Mn alloys give us greater knowledge of the structure, order and defects.The alloys were obtained by vacuum melting of Cu, Al and Mn and single crystals were obtained from polycrystalline alloys using a modified Bridgman method. Four different alloys were used with (e/a) ranging from 1.41 to 1.46 . Two different heat treatments were used and the alloys also underwent thermal cycling throughout their characteristic temperature range -Ms, Mf, As, Af-. The specimens were cut using a low speed diamond saw and discs were mechanically thinned to 100 μm and then ion milled to perforation at 4 kV. Some thin foils were also prepared by twin-jet electropolishing, using a (1:10:50:50) urea: isopropyl alcohol: orthophosphoric acid: ethanol solution at 20°C. The foils were examinated on a TEM operated at 200 kV.

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