The Effect of Impregnation Ratio on the Surface Characteristics of Gigantochloa Verticillata Bamboo-Activated Carbon

The activation process is the final stage in the manufacturing of activated carbon that can be carried out physically or chemically. This paper focuses on characterizing the surface properties of activated carbons from Gigantochloa verticillata bamboo that are chemically activated at 750°C under different impregnation ratios (IRs) of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. The activated carbons produced were denoted as IR1-AC, IR2-AC, and IR3-AC for impregnation ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, respectively. Characterizations include TGA, SEM, and adsorption isotherm tests. The results of the research show that variation of the impregnation ratio yielded fluctuated content of proximate elements and surface properties of activated carbons. The highest fixed carbon of 75.69% and the lowest ash of 13.10% were obtained by IR2-AC. The highest surface area of 511.10 m2/g and pore volume of 0.561 cc/g was obtained by IR3-AC and IR2-AC, respectively. The activated carbon pores are distributed in micropores and mesopores areas with average pore diameters of 1.245, 2.494, and 1.984 nm for IR1-AC, IR2-AC, and IR3-AC, respectively. The existence of the pores can be found on the surface morphology of activated carbons.

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Development of Activated Carbon Using One Step Carbonization and Activation Reaction by Polymer Blend Method

International Letters of Chemistry Physics and Astronomy ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.57.156 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 57 ◽

pp. 156-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Manocha ◽

Parth Joshi ◽

Amit Brahmbhatt ◽

Amiya Banerjee ◽

Snehasis Sahoo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽

Activation Process ◽

Average Pore ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Optimum Synthesis ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

One Step

In the present work, a one step carbon activation process was developed by stabilized poly-blend. It is carbonized in nitrogen atmosphere and activated in steam in one step for known interval of times to enhance the surface area and develop interconnected porosity. The weight-loss behavior during steam activation of stabilized poly-blend at different temperatures, surface area and pore size distribution were studied to identify the optimum synthesis parameters. The results of surface characteristics were compared with those of activated carbon prepared by carbonization and activation in two steps. It was found that activation temperature has profound effect on surface characteristics. As activation temperature was raised from 800 °C to 1150 °C, surface area of activated carbon increased about three times. In addition to surface area, average pore diameter also increases with increasing activation temperature. Thus, activated carbon with high percentage of porosity and surface area can be developed by controlling the activation temperature during activation process.

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Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14112951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2951

Author(s):

Mirosław Kwiatkowski ◽

Jarosław Serafin ◽

Andy M. Booth ◽

Beata Michalkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Porous Structure ◽

Computer Analysis ◽

Density Functional ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

Activation Process ◽

Microporous Structure ◽

Activation Temperature

This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

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Optimisation of durian peel based activated carbon preparation conditions for dye removal

Science and Technology Development Journal ◽

10.32508/stdj.v16i1.1384 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 22-31

Author(s):

Phung Thi Kim Le ◽

Kien Anh Le

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Dye Removal ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Low Cost ◽

Waste Water Treatment ◽

Impregnation Ratio ◽

Carbon Production ◽

Removal Capacity

Agricultural wastes are considered to be a very important feedstock for activated carbon production as they are renewable sources and low cost materials. This study present the optimize conditions for preparation of durian peel activated carbon (DPAC) for removal of methylene blue (MB) from synthetic effluents. The effects of carbonization temperature (from 673K to 923K) and impregnation ratio (from 0.2 to 1.0) with potassium hydroxide KOH on the yield, surface area and the dye adsorbed capacity of the activated carbons were investigated. The dye removal capacity was evaluated with methylene blue. In comparison with the commercial grade carbons, the activated carbons from durian peel showed considerably higher surface area especially in the suitable temperate and impregnation ratio of activated carbon production. Methylene blue removal capacity appeared to be comparable to commercial products; it shows the potential of durian peel as a biomass source to produce adsorbents for waste water treatment and other application. Optimize condition for preparation of DPAC determined by using response surface methodology was at temperature 760 K and IR 1.0 which resulted the yield (51%), surface area (786 m2/g), and MB removal (172 mg/g).

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Removal of Cu, Fe, and Zn from Peat Water by Using Activated Carbon Derived from Oil Palm Leaves

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1162.65 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1162 ◽

pp. 65-73

Author(s):

Rakhmawati Farma ◽

Ona Lestari ◽

Erman Taer ◽

Apriwandi ◽

Minarni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Nitrogen Adsorption ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Batch Adsorption ◽

X Ray ◽

Turbidity Level ◽

Adsorption Desorption

Heavy metal such as Cu, Fe, and Zn are the most serious contributers to environmental problems. The removal of heavy metal from the environment is the research interest nowdays. The adsorption of Cu, Fe and Zn from wastewater was investigated with various activated carbons as adsorbents. The activated carbons were produced from oil palm leaves by using multi-activation methods. The H3PO4, NaOH, ZnCl2 and KOH were chosen as chemical activating agents. Batch adsorption experiment was used to test the ability of activated carbon to remove Cu, Fe, and Zn from wastewater. The surface characteristics of activated carbon were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The Activated carbons were able to purify wastewater with a maximum turbidity level of 2.83 NTU. The AC-H3PO4 activated carbon showed the highest absorbability of Cu metal as 91.540%, while the highest absorbabilities of Zn and Fe metals were indicated by AC-KOH activated carbon of 22.853% and 82.244% absorption respectively. Therefore, these results enable the oil palm leaves to become a high potential for activated carbon as removal the heavy metals.

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Optimization of Activated Carbons Prepared byH3PO4and Steam Activation of Oil Palm Shells

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2013/654343 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Daouda Kouotou ◽

Horace Ngomo Manga ◽

Abdelaziz Baçaoui ◽

Abdelrani Yaacoubi ◽

Joseph Ketcha Mbadcam

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Steam Activation ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Impregnation Ratio ◽

Preparation Conditions ◽

Two Factors

In this study, activated carbons were prepared from oil palm shells by physicochemical activation. The methodology of experimental design was used to optimize the preparation conditions. The influences of the impregnation ratio (0.6–3.4) and the activation temperature between 601°C and 799°C on the following three responses: activated carbon yield (R/AC-H3PO4), the iodine adsorption (I2/AC-H3PO4), and the methylene blue adsorption (MB/AC-H3PO4) results were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the significant parameters. Under the experimental conditions investigated, the activation temperature of 770°C and impregnation ratio of 2/1 leading to the R/AC-H3PO4of 52.10%, theI2/AC-H3PO4of 697.86 mg/g, and the MB/AC-H3PO4of 346.25 mg/g were found to be optimum conditions for producing activated carbon with well compromise of desirability. The two factors had both synergetic and antagonistic effects on the three responses studied. The micrographs of activated carbons examined with scanning electron microscopy revealed that the activated carbons were found to be mainly microporous and mesoporous.

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Preparation and Characterization of Single and Mixed Activated Carbons Derived from Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell through Chemical Activation Using Microwave Irradiation System

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.889.215 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 889 ◽

pp. 215-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Siti Anis Mohd Amran ◽

Khudzir Ismail ◽

Azil Bahari Alias ◽

Syed Shatir Asghrar Syed-Hassan ◽

Ali H. Jawad

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Pore Size ◽

Iodine Number ◽

Average Pore Size ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Activation Process ◽

Average Pore ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Percentage Removal

Single and mixed coconut shell (CS) and palm kernel shell (PKS) were successfully converted to activated carbon by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as activating agent. Mixed activated carbon was produced from coconut shell: palm kernel shell at different KOH concentrations of 30%, 40% and 50%. Activation process was performed in a conventional microwave oven at fixed power and time of 600W and 20 minutes respectively. The results showed that activated carbon produced from single and mixed biomass at 40% concentration of KOH exhibited higher adsorption capacity for iodine number and percentage removal of MB with comparison to 30% and 50% of KOH concentrations. The highest BET surface area of 441.19 m2/g was obtained by CSAc-40. Further both CSAc-40 and PKSAc-40 produced an average pore size diameter of less than 2.0 nm which is in the range of micropore region. On contrary, the mixed CSPKSAc-40 produced an average pore size diameter of 6.0 nm which is in the region of mesopore. All the CSAc-40, PKSAc-40 and mixed CSPKSAc-40 showed similar adsorption trend for iodine number and percentage removal of MB. Interestingly, this finding showed that in the mixed activated carbon some chemical reactions might have occurred during the activation process producing mesoporous instead of microporous as obtained by the single biomass activated carbon.

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Comparison of Surface and Structural Properties of Carbonaceous Materials Prepared by Chemical Activation of Tomato Paste Waste: The Effects of Activator Type and Impregnation Ratio

Journal of Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2016/8236238 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nurgul Ozbay ◽

Adife Seyda Yargic

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Nitrogen Adsorption ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Point Of Zero Charge ◽

Activation Process ◽

X Ray ◽

Tomato Paste

Activated carbons were prepared by carbonization of tomato paste processing industry waste at 500°C followed by chemical activation with KOH, K2CO3, and HCl in N2 atmosphere at low temperature (500°C). The effects of different activating agents and impregnation ratios (25, 50, and 100 wt.%) on the materials’ characteristics were examined. Precursor, carbonized tomato waste (CTW), and activated carbons were characterized by using ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, point of zero charge measurements (pHPZC), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Activation process improved pore formation and changed activated carbons’ surface characteristics. Activated carbon with the highest surface area (283 m3/g) was prepared by using 50 wt.% KOH as an activator. According to the experimental results, tomato paste waste could be used as an alternative precursor to produce low-cost activated carbon.

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Study of activated carbon characteristic from ketaping fruit shell (Terminalia Catappa) as supercapasitors electrode

Journal of Aceh Physics Society ◽

10.24815/jacps.v10i1.17755 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Rahma Joni ◽

Syukri Syukri ◽

Hermansyah Aziz

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Total Pore Volume ◽

Amorphous Structure ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

Average Pore ◽

Average Pore Radius ◽

Terminalia Catappa

Studi karakteristik karbon aktif dari cangkang buah ketaping (Terminalia Catappa) sebagai elektroda superkapasitor telah diteliti. Karbon aktif dari cangkang buah ketaping (CBK) disiapkan dengan proses karbonisasi pada suhu 400oC dan Proses aktivasi KOH pada suhu 800oC di bawah aliran gas N2. Karbon aktif CBK memiliki kandungan karbon dengan massa atomik sebesar 97,52%. Karbon aktif CBK memiliki struktur amorf dengan dua buah puncak yang lebar pada sudut 2θ yaitu 24,93o dan 42,93o yang bersesuaian dengan bidang (002) dan (100). Karbon aktif CBK yang dihasilkan memiliki pola serapan dengan jenis ikatan OH, C-H, C=O, dan C=C. Adanya ikatan OH dan C=O menunjukkan bahwa arang aktif yang dihasilkan cenderung bersifat lebih polar. Morfologi permukaan karbon aktif CBK menunjukan distribusi ukuran pori yang merata dan luas permukaan yang besar. Luas permukaan spesifik karbon aktif dari CBK adalah 799,892 m2×g-1 dengan volume total pori 0,080 cm3×g-1 dan jari-jari pori rata-rata 1,9072 nm. Kapasitansi spesifik dari karbon aktif dari CBK adalah sebesar 125,446 F×g-1. Studies on the characteristics of activated carbon from ketaping fruit shells (Terminalia Catappa) as supercapacitor electrodes have been studied. Activated carbon from ketaping fruit shells (KFS) prepared by carbonization process at 400oC and the KOH activation process is carried out at 800oC under N2 gas flow. Activated carbon KFS has a carbon content with 97.52% of atomic mass. Activated carbon KFS has an amorphous structure with two wide peaks at an angle of 2θ 24.93ᵒ and 42.93ᵒ corresponding to the plane (002) and (100). Activated carbon KFS produced has an absorption pattern with OH, C-H, C = O, and C = C bond types. The presence of OH and C = O bonds indicates that the activated charcoal produced tends to be more polar. The surface morphology of activated carbon KFS shows an even distribution of pore size and large surface area. The specific surface area of activated carbon KFS is 799.892 m2×g-1 with a total pore volume 0.080 cm3×g-1 and an average pore radius of 1.9072 nm. The specific capacitance value of activated carbon KFS is 125.444 F×g-1.Keywords: Ketaping, Activated Carbon, Supercapacitor, Activator, Capacitance.

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THE ROLE OF N-DOPING TO THE PORE CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM VETIVER ROOT DISTILLATION WASTE

Metalurgi ◽

10.14203/metalurgi.v36i2.595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Yohana Fransiska Ferawati ◽

Ratna Frida Susanti

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Functional Group ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽

Pore Characteristics ◽

Average Pore ◽

N Doping ◽

Nitrogen Functional Group

This work studied the effect of nitrogen functional group modification on activated carbon synthesized from vetiver root waste on pores development. Synthesis of activated carbon was carried out by hydrothermal carbonization of vetiver root waste at a temperature of 225 ⁰C for 18 hours followed by chemical activation using K2FeO4as activated agent in a furnace at temperature of 800 ⁰C for 2 hours with nitrogen atmosphere flowed at a rate of 100 mL/minute. Urea was used as a nitrogen source. The variation of urea concentration was 1:0 (AC0–800), 1:3 (AC3–800) and 1:5 (AC5–800). The results showed that these activated carbons have mesoporous characteristics with the largest Brunauer Emmett Teller (SBET) surface area of 552.90 m2g-1 and average pore width 3,43 nm. The presence of nitrogen functional group was observed in the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer analysis. Synthesis of activated carbon from vetiver root waste with an addition of urea is the newest method to produce mesoporous activated carbon for electrode and support catalyst purposes.

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Activated Carbon Produced by Pyrolysis of Waste Wood and Straw for Potential Wastewater Adsorption

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13092047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 2047 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Katarzyna Januszewicz ◽

Paweł Kazimierski ◽

Maciej Klein ◽

Dariusz Kardaś ◽

Justyna Łuczak

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Physical Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

Waste Wood ◽

Carbon Production

Pyrolysis of straw pellets and wood strips was performed in a fixed bed reactor. The chars, solid products of thermal degradation, were used as potential materials for activated carbon production. Chemical and physical activation processes were used to compare properties of the products. The chemical activation agent KOH was chosen and the physical activation was conducted with steam and carbon dioxide as oxidising gases. The effect of the activation process on the surface area, pore volume, structure and composition of the biochar was examined. The samples with the highest surface area (1349.6 and 1194.4 m2/g for straw and wood activated carbons, respectively) were obtained when the chemical activation with KOH solution was applied. The sample with the highest surface area was used as an adsorbent for model wastewater contamination removal.

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