Oral Microbiome in Children with Caries: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 981 ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zaki Ramli ◽  
Nina Suhaity Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood Caries

Oral caries remains a significant public health problem and affects children with early childhood caries (ECC) and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). However, the mechanisms of these complex multi-species communities are not well understood. This article systematically reviews the studies involving children with caries to learn the demographics of the subjects, their subjects and types of sample, the methodological approaches undertaken, the main findings, and eventually to make recommendations for future research. A search using a designated search string in the Web of Science resulted in 148 articles. A careful examination of each article based on the inclusion criteria resulted in a final 40 articles. Most of the studies were conducted in the United States and China. The studies involved mostly, but not exclusively, children with primary dentition and were having caries. Different types of subjects were sampled from different racial backgrounds and diseases. Different samples were collected, such as supragingival plaque, saliva and biofilm. Clonal analyses and anaerobic approaches were used to characterise the oral microbiome, including shotgun sequencing, pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and Pacbio sequencing. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were among the phyla commonly reported by the studies. Streptococcus mutans was a key aetiologic agent in the development of caries, besides Veillonella, Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp. Some studies developed models and discussed the applications of oral microbiome in relation to diseases. We recommend further reviews on studies strictly on children with caries and studies involving children only for a better generalisation of the findings. More studies relating oral microbiome with dietary intake and other diseases can also be conducted.

Analysis of Oral Microbial Dysbiosis Associated With Early Childhood Caries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zheng ◽  
Teng-Fei Xie ◽  
Shao-Kai Li ◽  
Xiao-Tong Qiao ◽  
Yan Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Deciduous Teeth ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Childhood Caries

Abstract Background: "Core microbes" play a key role in the development of caries and lead to microflora disorders. Our goal was to detect the core microbes associated with the microbial flora imbalance in early childhood caries (ECC). Methods: Fifteen caries-free children and fifteen high-caries (DMFT≥10) children aged 4-6 years old were recruited according to the diagnostic criteria of caries suggested by the WHO. The 16S rRNA genes from plaque samples loaded in saliva were amplified by PCR, and the PCR products were sequenced by the Illumina Miseq platform. The sequencing results were analyzed by professional software to determine the composition and structure of the saliva microorganisms.Results: There were statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the relative abundance of S. mutans (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P<0.05). No significant difference was found between the groups regarding other species or functional genes. Conclusion: Neither unique microbes leading to early caries in deciduous teeth nor characteristics of a microbial community with a disordered structure were found. Some microorganisms related to dental caries in young children were found, but whether these microbes were truly related or were false positives requires further verification.

scholarly journals Characterization of Supragingival Plaque and Oral Swab Microbiomes in Children With Severe Early Childhood Caries

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivianne Cruz de Jesus ◽  
Mohd Wasif Khan ◽  
Betty-Anne Mittermuller ◽  
Kangmin Duan ◽  
Pingzhao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Oral Swab ◽  
Supragingival Plaque ◽  
Severe Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Childhood Caries

The human oral cavity harbors one of the most diverse microbial communities with different oral microenvironments allowing the colonization of unique microbial species. This study aimed to determine which of two commonly used sampling sites (dental plaque vs. oral swab) would provide a better prediction model for caries-free vs. severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) using next generation sequencing and machine learning (ML). In this cross-sectional study, a total of 80 children (40 S-ECC and 40 caries-free) &lt; 72 months of age were recruited. Supragingival plaque and oral swab samples were used for the amplicon sequencing of the V4-16S rRNA and ITS1 rRNA genes. The results showed significant differences in alpha and beta diversity between dental plaque and oral swab bacterial and fungal microbiomes. Differential abundance analyses showed that, among others, the cariogenic species Streptococcus mutans was enriched in the dental plaque, compared to oral swabs, of children with S-ECC. The fungal species Candida dubliniensis and C. tropicalis were more abundant in the oral swab samples of children with S-ECC compared to caries-free controls. They were also among the top 20 most important features for the classification of S-ECC vs. caries-free in oral swabs and for the classification of dental plaque vs. oral swab in the S-ECC group. ML approaches revealed the possibility of classifying samples according to both caries status and sampling sites. The tested site of sample collection did not change the predictability of the disease. However, the species considered to be important for the classification of disease in each sampling site were slightly different. Being able to determine the origin of the samples could be very useful during the design of oral microbiome studies. This study provides important insights into the differences between the dental plaque and oral swab bacteriome and mycobiome of children with S-ECC and those caries-free.

scholarly journals Applications of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Dentistry

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
Sayali Deshpande ◽  
Amit Reche ◽  
Priyanka Paul Madhu ◽  
Kumar Gaurav Chhabra ◽  
Sunaina Mutyalwar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Silver Diamine Fluoride ◽  
Patient Cooperation ◽  
Childhood Caries

Various studies published in the literature around the world indicate a significant prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC). Treatment of early childhood caries (ECC) using silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has become a viable alternative, particularly for young and anxious children, because traditional restorative treatments is unlikely to combat this prevalent condition. Arrested caries is identified by the hardening of teeth and it changes its color from dark brown to black. More restorative treatments can be performed if necessary. Traditional ECC restorative treatments are not always inexpensive or feasible, as they involve patient cooperation to achieve a satisfactory result. Japan was the first country to promote silver diamine fluoride in 1960. SDF has been used to prevent the spread of caries in various Asian nations, including Japan and China. It was enacted as a fluoride to treat sensitive teeth in the United States by Food and Drug Administration ( FDA). For young children or individuals with specific needs, it is painless and simple to use .The fluoride in SDF stimulates remineralization while the silver ions act as an antimicrobial agent when applied to carious lesions and stop cariogenic biofilms from growing. SDF also prevents future degradation of the dentin's collagen. With a 38 percent use rate, SDF has been utilized in a number of nations. According to a review, SDF is a harmless, economical caries control agent with a wide utilisation in dentistry, and it may meet the WHO Millennium Development Goal (MDG) as well as the United States Institute of Medicine's criteria. The applications of SDF in dental treatment are discussed in this article.

scholarly journals Bacterial diversity and functional analysis of severe early childhood caries and recurrence in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Balakrishnan Kalpana ◽  
Puniethaa Prabhu ◽  
Ashaq Hussain Bhat ◽  
Arunsaikiran Senthilkumar ◽  
Raj Pranap Arun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Severe Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Childhood Caries

AbstractDental caries is the most prevalent oral disease affecting nearly 70% of children in India and elsewhere. Micro-ecological niche based acidification due to dysbiosis in oral microbiome are crucial for caries onset and progression. Here we report the tooth bacteriome diversity compared in Indian children with caries free (CF), severe early childhood caries (SC) and recurrent caries (RC). High quality V3–V4 amplicon sequencing revealed that SC exhibited high bacterial diversity with unique combination and interrelationship. Gracillibacteria_GN02 and TM7 were unique in CF and SC respectively, while Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria were significantly high in RC. Interestingly, we found Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus clade 071 in all groups with significant abundance in SC and RC. Positive correlation between low and high abundant bacteria as well as with TCS, PTS and ABC transporters were seen from co-occurrence network analysis. This could lead to persistence of SC niche resulting in RC. Comparative in vitro assessment of biofilm formation showed that the standard culture of S. oralis and its phylogenetically similar clinical isolates showed profound biofilm formation and augmented the growth and enhanced biofilm formation in S. mutans in both dual and multispecies cultures.

scholarly journals Disease Management of Early Childhood Caries: ECC Collaborative Project

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Wai Ng ◽  
Francisco Ramos-Gomez ◽  
Martin Lieberman ◽  
Jessica Y. Lee ◽  
Richard Scoville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Restorative Treatment ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Childhood Caries

Until recently, the standard of care for early childhood caries (ECC) has been primarily surgical and restorative treatment with little emphasis on preventing and managing the disease itself. It is now recognized that surgical treatment alone does not address the underlying etiology of the disease. Despite costly surgeries and reparative treatment, the onset and progression of caries are likely to continue. A successful rebalance of risk and protective factors may prevent, slow down, or even arrest dental caries and its progression. An 18-month risk-based chronic disease management (DM) approach to address ECC in preschool children was implemented as a quality improvement (QI) collaborative by seven teams of oral health care providers across the United States. In the aggregate, fewer DM children experienced new cavitation, pain, and referrals to the operating room (OR) for restorative treatment compared to baseline historical controls. The teams found that QI methods facilitated adoption of the DM approach and resulted in improved care to patients and better outcomes overall. Despite these successes, the wide scale adoption and spread of the DM approach may be limited unless health policy and payment reforms are enacted to compensate providers for implementing DM protocols in their practice.

scholarly journals Dietary intake and early childhood caries

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-9
Author(s):  
Lina María Villegas ◽  
Judy Elena Villavicencio ◽  
Adolfo Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Single Origin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Childhood Caries

Early childhood caries (ECC) affect children less than 71 months of age (1) and it represents a public health problem in countries worldwide (2–4). The mean ECC prevalence in United Nations Countries was 23.8% in children younger than 36 months and 57.3% in children aged 36 to 71 months. East Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean were the worst affected by ECC among children aged 36 to 71 months (5). Dental caries pertains to a group of diseases that are estimated “complex” or “multifactorial,” with no single origin pathway (6) and it is resulted by the interaction of bacteria, mainly Streptococci mutans (SM) and  actobacilli (LB), and sugary foods on tooth enamel (6,7). Additionally, there must be a lack of oral hygiene and lack of use of fluoride (8).

scholarly journals Feeding Practices and Early Childhood Caries: A Cross-Sectional Study of Preschool Children in Kanpur District, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santhebachalli Prakasha Shrutha ◽  
Grandim Balarama Gupta Vinit ◽  
Kolli Yada Giri ◽  
Sarwar Alam
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Oral Health Promotion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Childhood Caries

Background. Early childhood caries (ECC) is a public health problem due to its impact on children’s health, development, and wellbeing. The objective of this study was to assess the caries experience in 3–5-year-old children and to evaluate the relationship with their mothers’ practices regarding feeding and oral hygiene habits in Kanpur. Method. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken on 2000 (974 boys and 1026 girls) children aged 3–5 years from a random sample of preschools in Kanpur district, India. Dental caries experience was recorded using WHO criteria. A pretested questionnaire with 9 questions was used for collecting information regarding mothers’ practices regarding feeding and oral hygiene practices. Chi-square test (χ2) and Student’s t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results. The prevalence of ECC was 48% with mean dmft of 2.03 ± 2.99. Boys (57%) were affected more than girls (43%) which was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). Caries prevalence was high and statistically significant (P<0.05) among those who were breast fed for longer duration, during nighttime, those falling asleep with bottle, and those fed with additional sugar in milk. Conclusion. Determining the role of feeding practices on early childhood caries can help in the development of appropriate oral health promotion strategies.

scholarly journals Replication of GWAS significant loci in a sub-Saharan African Cohort with early childhood caries: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olubukola O. Olatosi ◽  
Mary Li ◽  
Azeez A. Alade ◽  
Afolabi Oyapero ◽  
Tamara Busch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Dental Services ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Childhood Caries

Abstract Background Early childhood caries (ECC) is a rapidly progressing form of dental infection and a significant public health problem, especially among socially and economically disadvantaged populations. This study aimed to assess the risk factors for ECC among a cohort of Sub-Saharan African children and to determine the role of genetics in the etiology of ECC. Methods A sample of 691 children (338 with ECC, 353 without ECC, age < 6 years) was recruited from schools in Lagos, Nigeria. Socio-demographic, dental services utilization and infant dietary data were obtained with interviewer-administered questionnaire. Oral examination was conducted using the WHO oral health diagnostic criteria. Saliva samples were collected from the children for genetic analysis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected from previous study for genotyping. Genetic association analyses to investigate the role of genetics in the etiology of ECC was done. Bivariate comparisons and Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between ECC and predictor variables, p < 0.05. Results Of the 338 children with ECC, 64 (18.9%) had Severe-Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC). Children aged 48–59 months comprised the highest proportion of subjects with ECC (165; 48.8%) and S-ECC (24; 37.5%) while female subjects had higher dt (3.13 ± 2.56) and dmft values 3.27 ± 2.64. ECC was significantly more prevalent among children who were breastfed at night ≥ 12 months (OR 3.30; CI 0.39, 4.75), those with no previous dental visit (OR 1.71; CI 0.24, 2.77), those who used sweetened pacifiers (OR 1.85; CI 0.91, 3.79) and those who daily consumed sugar-sweetened drinks/snacks (OR 1.35; CI 0.09, 18.51). A suggestive increased risk for ECC (OR 1.26, p = 0. 0.0397) was observed for the genetic variant rs11239282 on chromosome 10. We also observed a suggestive reduced risk for ECC (OR 0.80, p = 0.03) for the rs131777 on chromosome 22. None of the genetic variants were significant after correction for multiple testing (Bonferroni p value p = 0.004). Conclusions Prolonged night-time breastfeeding, poor utilization of dental services and daily consumption of sugar were risk factors for ECC. Larger sample size is needed to confirm the results of the genetic analysis and to conduct genome wide studies in order to discover new risk loci for ECC.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Deepa Gurunathan ◽  
A. Swathi ◽  
M. Senthil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dental Eruption ◽  
Childhood Caries

Dental caries is an international public health challenge, especially amongst young children. Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious public health problem in both developing and industrialised countries. ECC can begin early in life, progresses rapidly in those who are at high risk, and often goes untreated. Its consequences can affect the immediate and long-term quality of life of the child's family and can have significant social and economic consequences beyond the immediate family as well. ECC can be a particularly virulent form of caries, beginning soon after dental eruption, developing on smooth surfaces, progressing rapidly, and having a lasting detrimental impact on the dentition. Children experiencing caries as infants or toddlers have a much greater probability of subsequent caries in both the primary and permanent dentitions. Iron deficiency being the most common nutritional deficiency in childhood is often seen associated with severe caries destruction. Lack of iron is one of the most common dietary deficiency observed worldwide particularly in developing countries. In some instances this deficiency is alleviated by supplementary foods with added iron salts. In many countries where the iron deficiency is apparent, the prevalence of dental caries is high.

scholarly journals Assesment of the Impact of Severe Early Childhood Caries on the Quality of Life of Preschool Children and their Parents

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Maria MTALSI
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Preventive Program ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Childhood Caries

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of the early childhood caries (S-ECC) and its impact on preschool children’s life (aged 4-6), as well as on their parents, in one of the most popular prefectures in Casablanca, Morocco. Materials and Methods: Parents of 546 children attending 11 randomly selected preschools (7 private and 4 public institutions) were invited to complete 13 items of an oral health questionnaire and had their children undergo a dental examination. The quality of life was evaluated using the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Statistical analysis: The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). To find the comparison between groups, Chi-square test was used. Results: The prevalence of the ECC and the S-ECC were 74.2% and 47.3% respectively. The negative effect of S-ECC on children’s quality of life has many aspects: 59.3% of them have experienced tooth pain, 41.5% have reported eating difficulties, and 41.3% have had drinking difficulties. Moreover, 40% of parents expressed feelings of guilt and 10.6% had to take time off work due to their children’s oral health status. On another note, the financial impact of the S-ECC was also significant. Conclusion: The S-ECC negatively impacts the life quality of children aged between 4 and 6 years old in addition to their parents’. This suggests a need for further strategic planning and preventive program adapted to such a public health problem.

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