Comparative Study on Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility in Heat-Affected Zone of TP321 Stainless Steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 993 ◽  
pp. 568-574
Author(s):  
Xiu Qing Xu ◽  
Jing Niu ◽  
Cheng Zheng Li ◽  
Hang Juan Huang ◽  
Cheng Xian Yin
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Tensile Specimen ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Creep Stress ◽  
Δ Ferrite ◽  
Electrolytic Hydrogen ◽  
Reduction Of Area

TP321 stainless steel is widely used in hydrogenation refining pipes owing to its excellent performance of creep stress resistance and high-temperature resistance. In this study, thermal simulation tests were carried out on the welding heat-affected zone (HAZ) of TP321 stainless steel at temperatures of 1300 °C, 1100 °C, and 850°C using a Gleeble 3800 testing machine. Slow strain tensile tests were conducted under the condition of electrolytic hydrogen charging (EHC) and the metallographic microstructure of cracks as well as the morphology of fractures were analyzed in detail. The result shows that hydrogen can change the fracture mode of tensile specimen and the cracks initiated from and near the specimen surface after EHC. Hydrogen significantly decreases the plastic deformation capability of HAZ in TP321 stainless steel. The reduction of area after the fracture decreases by 58%, 41%, and 45% for HAZ at 1300 °C, 1100 °C, and 850 °C, respectively. The existence of δ ferrite was considered to be the main reason for the aggravation of hydrogen-induced plasticity loss.

High Temperature Plasticity of TP347H Stainless Steel Welded Joint Heat Affected Zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 881 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Zhong Bing Chen ◽  
Qiu Hua Zhu ◽  
Jian Xing Song ◽  
Yan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Peak Temperature ◽  
Thermal Cycles ◽  
Reduction Of Area

Simulated Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) samples of TP347H stainless steel welded joint with 800-1380°C peak temperature thermal cycles were produced using Gleeble 3180 thermal mechanical simulator. 600°C constant speed tensile tests for simulated HAZ samples were carried out, and the precipitates of the simulated samples were analyzed by EDAX. The results show that the lowest Reduction of Area (RoA) was around 53% - 56% in 900-1150°C, which was about 15% lower than the maximum RoA in 800-1380°C. The reasons for decrease of HAZ high temperature plasticity were related to the precipitation of NbC. The fine NbC precipitated in the crystal and grain boundary enhanced strength of grain at high temperature, which resulted plastic deformation or slip at high temperature were mainly concentrated in the grain boundary, and high temperature plasticity of HAZ were decreased.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heat-Affected Zone of Repeated Welding AISI 304N Austenitic Stainless Steel by Gleeble Simulator

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Y.H. Guo ◽  
Li Lin ◽  
Donghui Zhang ◽  
Lili Liu ◽  
M.K. Lei
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Ferrite Content ◽  
Equipment Safety ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Δ Ferrite ◽  
The Impact

Heat-affected zone (HAZ) of welding joints critical to the equipment safety service are commonly repeatedly welded in industries. Thus, the effects of repeated welding up to six times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of HAZ for AISI 304N austenitic stainless steel specimens were investigated by a Gleeble simulator. The temperature field of HAZ was measured by in situ thermocouples. The as-welded and one to five times repeated welding were assigned as-welded (AW) and repeated welding 1–5 times (RW1–RW5), respectively. The austenitic matrices with the δ-ferrite were observed in all specimens by the metallography. The δ-ferrite content was also determined using magnetic and metallography methods. The δ-ferrite had a lathy structure with a content of 0.69–3.13 vol.%. The austenitic grains were equiaxial with an average size of 41.4–47.3 μm. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) mainly depended on the δ-ferrite content; otherwise, the impact energy mainly depended on both the austenitic grain size and the δ-ferrite content. The UTS of the RW1–RW3 specimens was above 550 MPa following the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard. The impact energy of all specimens was higher than that in ASME standard at about 56 J. The repeated welding up to three times could still meet the requirements for strength and toughness of welding specifications.

scholarly journals Identification of Plasticity Model Parameters of the Heat-Affected Zone in Resistance Spot Welded Martensitic Boron Steel

2015 ◽  
Vol 639 ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Eller ◽  
Lars Greve ◽  
Michael Andres ◽  
Miloslav Medricky ◽  
Timo Meinders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Tensile Specimen ◽  
Boron Steel ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Plasticity Model ◽  
Resistance Spot ◽  
Plastic Behaviour

A material model is developed that predicts the plastic behaviour of fully hardened 22MnB5 base material and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) material found around its corresponding resistance spot welds (RSWs). Main focus will be on an accurate representation of strain fields up to high strains, which is required for subsequent calibration of the fracture behaviour of both base material and HAZ. The plastic behaviour of the base material is calibrated using standard tensile tests and notched tensile tests and an inverse FEM optimization algorithm. The plastic behaviour of the HAZ material is characterized using a specially designed tensile specimen with a HAZ in the gage section. The exact location of the HAZ relative to the centre of the RSW is determined using microhardness measurements, which are also used for mapping of the material properties into an FE-model of the specimen. With the parameters of the base material known, and by assuming a linear relation between the hardness and the plasticity model parameters of base material and HAZ, the unknown HAZ parameters are determined using inverse FEM optimization. A coupon specimen with HAZ is used to validate the model at hand.

Identification of the Gradient of Mechanical Properties in Electron Beam Welded Joints of Thick Al6061-T6 Plate

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Rekik ◽  
O. Ancelet ◽  
C. Gardin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Weld Joint ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Tensile Specimen ◽  
Experimental Methodology

In this paper, the mechanical behavior of the different metallurgical zones of the Electron Beam welded joint of thick Aluminum alloy 6061-T6 plates was identified by means of a single tensile test on round specimen oriented transversely to the fusion line. Commonly, the analysis of tensile tests allows a global characterization of the weld joint behavior. However, in this work, specific post processing of results was developed in order to determine in addition to standard findings, the local behavior on each position of the weld joint. The identified behavior laws are then simplified using the Hollomon analytical model. Hence, an evolution of the Hollomon parameters (n, K) along the weld joint is proposed. To validate the experimental methodology and the analytical approach, the experimental tensile test on crossed tensile specimen was numerically modeled. Experimental results and numerical simulations were in a good agreement which denotes of the reliability of the identified gradient model. In a second step, for more accurate characterization of the electron beam welded joint, an optimized geometry of tensile specimen was numerically dimensioned and tested. From these analyses, a relatively large heat affected zone with significant gradients of mechanical properties was highlighted. The fusion zone was qualified as the softest metallurgical zone but with a high strain hardening effect in contrary with the heat affected zone where the fracture occurs.

DYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE (HAZ) IN RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (31n32) ◽  
pp. 5800-5806 ◽  
Author(s):  
JI-WOONG HA ◽  
JUNG-HAN SONG ◽  
HOON HUH ◽  
JI-HO LIM ◽  
SUNG-HO PARK
Keyword(s):  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Resistance Spot ◽  
Dynamic Material Properties ◽  
Spot Welded

This paper is concerned with a methodology to identify the dynamic material properties of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) near the base metal in a resistance spot weld process at various strain rates. In order to obtain the dynamic material properties of the HAZ in the spot-welded steel sheet, specimens are prepared to have similar material properties, hardness and microstructure to the actual HAZ. Such thermally simulated specimens are fabricated with the material thermal cycle simulator (MTCS) and compared with the real one for the hardness and microstructure. Dynamic tensile tests are then conducted with a high speed material testing machine. Stress–strain curves of the thermally simulated HAZ are obtained at various strain rates ranged from 0.001/sec to 100/sec. Obtained material properties are applied to the finite element analysis of the spot-welded tensile-shear specimen in order to verify validity of the proposed testing methodology and obtained results. Analysis results demonstrate that the material properties obtained are appropriate for the FE analysis of spot-welded specimens.

LDX 2101

Alloy Digest ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Excellent Performance

Abstract LDX 2101 is a low-alloyed duplex stainless designed as a general-purpose duplex stainless steel. Designed for excellent performance at lower cost. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-1220. Producer or source: Outokumpu Stainless AB, Avesta Research Centre.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Frictional forces between different Archwire-bracket Combinations

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinit Singh ◽  
Swati Acharya ◽  
Satyabrata Patnaik ◽  
Smruti Bhusan Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Frictional Resistance ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Orthodontic Bracket ◽  
Fixed Appliance ◽  
Beta Titanium ◽  
Frictional Forces

Introduction: During sliding mechanics, frictional resistance is an important counterforce to orthodontic tooth movement; whichmust be controlled to allow application of light continuous forces.Objective: To investigate static and kinetic frictional resistance between three orthodontic brackets: ceramic, self-ligating, andstainless steel, and three 0.019×0.025” archwires: stainless steel, nickel-titanium, titanium-molybdenum.Materials & Method: The in vitro study compared the effects of stainless steel, nickel-titanium, and beta-titanium archwires onfrictional forces of three orthodontic bracket systems: ceramic, self-ligating, and stainless steel brackets. All brackets had 0.022”slots, and the wires were 0.019×0.025”. Friction was evaluated in a simulated half-arch fixed appliance on a testing machine. Thestatic and kinetic friction data were analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Duncan multiple rangetest.Result: Self-ligating (Damon) brackets generated significantly lower static and kinetic frictional forces than stainless steel (Gemini)and ceramic brackets (Clarity). Among the archwire materials, Beta-titanium showed the maximum amount of frictional forceand stainless steel archwires had the lowest frictional force.Conclusion: The static and kinetic frictional force for stainless steel bracket was lowest in every combination of wire.

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