Bioinspiration From Flexible Propulsors: Organismal Design, Mechanical Properties, Kinematics and Neurobiology of Pectoral Fins in Labrid Fishes

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Westneat ◽  
Brett R. Aiello ◽  
Aaron M. Olsen ◽  
Melina E. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Flexural Stiffness ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Flexible Fin

AbstractLabrid fishes use their pectoral fins for efficient high-speed cruising behavior, as well as for precision maneuvering in complex environments, making them good models for biomimicry applications in propulsor technology for aquatic vehicles. Lift-based labriform locomotion is a form of aquatic flight used by many species and is the sole mode of transport across most speeds by some of the largest wrasses and parrotfishes on coral reefs. Although basic and applied research has explored fin design in several species utilizing labriform propulsion, a detailed analysis of fin anatomy, fin mechanical properties, and well-resolved three-dimensional (3D) kinematics in high-performance aquatic flyers has not yet been attained. Here, we present recent research on fin structure, fin flexural stiffness, sensory abilities of fins, and a novel 3D approach to flexible fin kinematics. Our aims are to outline important future directions for this field and to assist engineers attempting biomimicry of maneuverable fin-based locomotion for applications in robotics. First, we illustrate the anatomical structure and branching patterns of the pectoral fin skeleton and the muscles that drive fin motion. Second, we present data on the flexural stiffness of pectoral fins in the parrotfish (Scarus quoyi), setting up a stiffness field that gives the fin propulsor its passive mechanical properties and enables hydrodynamically advantageous fin deformations during swimming. Third, we present 3D reconstructions of the kinematics of high-performance Scarus fins that greatly enhance our ability to reproduce fin motions for engineering applications and also yield insight into the functional role of the fin stiffness field. Lastly, recent work on mechanosensation is illustrated as key to understanding sensorimotor control of labriform locomotion. Research on pectoral fin structure, function, and neural control in large marine species with high-performance wing-like fins is important to the comparative biology of locomotion in fishes, and we suggest it is a productive area of research on fin function for applications in the design of quiet, efficient propulsors.

scholarly journals 3D Printing of High Viscosity Reinforced Silicone Elastomers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2239
Author(s):  
Nicholas Rodriguez ◽  
Samantha Ruelas ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Forien ◽  
Nikola Dudukovic ◽  
Josh DeOtte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Silicone Elastomers ◽  
Uv Curable ◽  
Octet Truss ◽  
Tunable Mechanical Properties

Recent advances in additive manufacturing, specifically direct ink writing (DIW) and ink-jetting, have enabled the production of elastomeric silicone parts with deterministic control over the structure, shape, and mechanical properties. These new technologies offer rapid prototyping advantages and find applications in various fields, including biomedical devices, prosthetics, metamaterials, and soft robotics. Stereolithography (SLA) is a complementary approach with the ability to print with finer features and potentially higher throughput. However, all high-performance silicone elastomers are composites of polysiloxane networks reinforced with particulate filler, and consequently, silicone resins tend to have high viscosities (gel- or paste-like), which complicates or completely inhibits the layer-by-layer recoating process central to most SLA technologies. Herein, the design and build of a digital light projection SLA printer suitable for handling high-viscosity resins is demonstrated. Further, a series of UV-curable silicone resins with thiol-ene crosslinking and reinforced by a combination of fumed silica and MQ resins are also described. The resulting silicone elastomers are shown to have tunable mechanical properties, with 100–350% elongation and ultimate tensile strength from 1 to 2.5 MPa. Three-dimensional printed features of 0.4 mm were achieved, and complexity is demonstrated by octet-truss lattices that display negative stiffness.

3D Profile Variety Measurement of Pectoral Fin in Fish Fast Start

2011 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 280-284
Author(s):  
Ming Jiang ◽  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Xiao Yuan He
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Kinetic Characteristic ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Fourier Transform Profilometry ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Fringe Patterns ◽  
3D Information ◽  
3D Profile

Fast-starts are brief, sudden accelerations used by fish during predator-prey encounters. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) test and analysis method is critical to understand the function of the pectoral fin during maneuvers. An experiment method based on Fourier Transform Profilometry for 3D pectoral fin profile variety during fish maneuvers is proposed. This method was used in a carp fast-start during prey. Projecting the moiré fringes onto a carp pectoral fin it will produce the deformed fringe patterns contain 3D information. A high speed camera captures these time-sequence images. By Fourier transform, filter, inverse Fourier transform and unwrap these phase maps in 3D phase space, the complex pectoral fin profile variety were really reconstructed. The present study provides a new method to quantify the analysis of kinetic characteristic of the pectoral fin during maneuvers.

Age-Related Differences in Throwing Techniques Used by the Catcher in Baseball

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Sakurai ◽  
Bruce Elliott ◽  
J. Robert Grove
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Ball Speed ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Release Speed

Three-dimensional (3-D) high speed photography was used to record the overarm throwing actions of five open-age, four 18-year-old, six 16-year- old, and six 14-year-old high-performance baseball catchers. The direct linear transformation method was used for 3-D space reconstruction from 2-D images of the catchers throwing from home plate to second base recorded using two phase-locked cameras operating at a nominal rate of 200 Hz. Selected physical capacity measures were also recorded and correlated with ball release speed. In general, anthropometric and strength measures significantly increased through the 14-year-old to open-age classifications, while a range of correlation coefficients from .50 to .84 was recorded between these physical capacities and ball speed at release. While many aspects of the kinematic data at release were similar, the key factors of release angle and release speed varied for the different age groups.

scholarly journals A Review on the Fabrication and Reliability of Three-Dimensional Integration Technologies for Microelectronic Packaging: Through-Si-Via and Solder Bumping Process

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1664
Author(s):  
Do Hoon Cho ◽  
Seong Min Seo ◽  
Jang Baeg Kim ◽  
Sri Harini Rajendran ◽  
Jae Pil Jung
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Density ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Deep Reactive Ion Etching ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
Fabrication Defects

With the continuous miniaturization of electronic devices and the upcoming new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), fifth-generation cellular networks (5G), etc., the electronics industry is achieving high-speed, high-performance, and high-density electronic packaging. Three-dimensional (3D) Si-chip stacking using through-Si-via (TSV) and solder bumping processes are the key interconnection technologies that satisfy the former requirements and receive the most attention from the electronic industries. This review mainly includes two directions to get a precise understanding, such as the TSV filling and solder bumping, and explores their reliability aspects. TSV filling addresses the DRIE (deep reactive ion etching) process, including the coating of functional layers on the TSV wall such as an insulating layer, adhesion layer, and seed layer, and TSV filling with molten solder. Solder bumping processes such as electroplating, solder ball bumping, paste printing, and solder injection on a Cu pillar are discussed. In the reliability part for TSV and solder bumping, the fabrication defects, internal stresses, intermetallic compounds, and shear strength are reviewed. These studies aimed to achieve a robust 3D integration technology effectively for future high-density electronics packaging.

Mechanical and Optimization Analyses for Novel Wound Composite Axial Impeller

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jifeng Wang ◽  
Qubo Li ◽  
Norbert Mu¨ller
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Wound Composite

A mechanical and optimal analyses procedure is developed to assess the stresses and deformations of Novel Wound Composite Axial-Impeller under loading conditions particular to centrifuge. This procedure is based on an analytical method and Finite Element Analysis (FEA, commercial software ANSYS) results. A low-cost, light-weight, high-performance, composite turbomachinery impeller from differently designed patterns will be evaluated. Such impellers can economically enable refrigeration plants using water as a refrigerant (R718). To create different complex patterns of impellers, MATLAB is used for creating the geometry of impellers, and CAD software UG is used to build three-dimensional impeller models. Available loading conditions are: radial body force due to high speed rotation about the cylindrical axis and fluid forces on each blade. Two-dimensional plane stress and three-dimensional stress finite element analysis are carried out using ANSYS to validate these analytical mechanical equations. The von Mises stress is investigated, and maximum stress and Tsai-Wu failure criteria are applied for composite material failure, and they generally show good agreement.

Fluid dynamics of flapping aquatic flight in the bird wrasse:three-dimensional unsteady computations with fin deformation

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (19) ◽  
pp. 2997-3008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Ramamurti ◽  
William C. Sandberg ◽  
Rainald Löhner ◽  
Jeffrey A. Walker ◽  
Mark W. Westneat
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Time History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Pectoral Fins

SUMMARY Many fishes that swim with the paired pectoral fins use fin-stroke parameters that produce thrust force from lift in a mechanism of underwater flight. These locomotor mechanisms are of interest to behavioral biologists,biomechanics researchers and engineers. In the present study, we performed the first three-dimensional unsteady computations of fish swimming with oscillating and deforming fins. The objective of these computations was to investigate the fluid dynamics of force production associated with the flapping aquatic flight of the bird wrasse Gomphosus varius. For this computational work, we used the geometry of the wrasse and its pectoral fin,and previously measured fin kinematics, as the starting points for computational investigation of three-dimensional (3-D) unsteady fluid dynamics. We performed a 3-D steady computation and a complete set of 3-D quasisteady computations for a range of pectoral fin positions and surface velocities. An unstructured, grid-based, unsteady Navier—Stokes solver with automatic adaptive remeshing was then used to compute the unsteady flow about the wrasse through several complete cycles of pectoral fin oscillation. The shape deformation of the pectoral fin throughout the oscillation was taken from the experimental kinematics. The pressure distribution on the body of the bird wrasse and its pectoral fins was computed and integrated to give body and fin forces which were decomposed into lift and thrust. The velocity field variation on the surface of the wrasse body, on the pectoral fins and in the near-wake was computed throughout the swimming cycle. We compared our computational results for the steady, quasi-steady and unsteady cases with the experimental data on axial and vertical acceleration obtained from the pectoral fin kinematics experiments. These comparisons show that steady state computations are incapable of describing the fluid dynamics of flapping fins. Quasi-steady state computations, with correct incorporation of the experimental kinematics, are useful when determining trends in force production, but do not provide accurate estimates of the magnitudes of the forces produced. By contrast, unsteady computations about the deforming pectoral fins using experimentally measured fin kinematics were found to give excellent agreement, both in the time history of force production throughout the flapping strokes and in the magnitudes of the generated forces.

scholarly journals Structure, Mechanical Performance, and Dimensional Stability of Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) Scrimbers

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jinguang Wei ◽  
Fei Rao ◽  
Yuxiang Huang ◽  
Yahui Zhang ◽  
Yue Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Shearing Strength

Natural wood has certain advantages such as good processability and high specific strength and thus has been used for millennium as a structural material. But the mechanical performance and water resistance, particularly for fast-growing species, are unsatisfactory for high-end applications. In this study, the “new-type” scrimber technology was introduced to radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) scrimbers. The structure, mechanical properties, and dimensional stability of the scrimber panels were investigated. Results showed that OWFMs as basic units of scrimber had been very even in size and superior permeability. The scrimbers exhibited a three-dimensional porous structure, and the porosity had a decrease with increasing density. Both OWFMs and densification contributed to the high performance in terms of mechanical properties and water resistance. The flexural, compressive, and short-beam shearing strength were significantly enhanced with increasing density. As the density was 0.80 g cm−3, the flexural strength (MOR) was approximately 120 MPa, much larger than many selected wood-based panels. Moreover, the water resistance and dimensional stability also were closely related to the density. At the density of 1.39 g cm−3, the water absorption rate and thinness swelling rate of the panels in boiled water were only 19% and 5.7%, respectively.

Three-Dimensional Graphite Filled Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Composites with Enhanced Strength and Thermal Conductivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Jian Zheng ◽  
Yong Qiang Du ◽  
Chun Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Energetic Materials ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Vinylidene Fluoride ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Network ◽  
Poly Vinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Polymer Bonded Explosives

Three-dimensional (3D) network structure has been recognized as an efficient approach to enhance the mechanical and thermal conductive properties of polymeric composites. However, it has not been applied in energetic materials. In this work, a fluoropolymer based composite with vertically oriented and interconnected 3D graphite network was fabricated for polymer bonded explosives (PBXs). Here, the graphite and graphene oxide platelets were mixed, and self-assembled via rapid freezing and using crystallized ice as the template. The 3D structure was finally obtained by freezing-dry, and infiltrating with polymer. With the increasing of filler fraction and cooling rate, the thermal conductivity of the polymer composite was significantly improved to 2.15 W m-1 K-1 by 919% than that of pure polymer. Moreover, the mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elastic modulus, were enhanced by 117% and 563%, respectively, when the highly ordered structure was embedded in the polymer. We attribute the increased thermal and mechanical properties to this 3D network, which is beneficial to the effective heat conduction and force transfer. This study supports a desirable way to fabricate the strong and thermal conductive fluoropolymer composites used for the high-performance polymer bonded explosives (PBXs).

scholarly journals Enhancing the Capillary Force of Binder-Jetting Printing Ti6Al4V and Mechanical Properties under High Temperature Sintering by Mixing Fine Powder

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1354
Author(s):  
Yang Tang ◽  
Zheguan Huang ◽  
Jianming Yang ◽  
Yonglin Xie
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Capillary Force ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Green Body ◽  
Mixed Powder ◽  
Powder Bed ◽  
Polymer Binders

Binder jet 3D printing (BJ3DP) is an additive manufacturing technology that selectively deposits binder on powder to form a three-dimensional green body followed by sintering process. The low strength of green body and metallurgical issues limit the manufacture of Ti6Al4V parts with high-performance and that are lightweight. In this study, thermal-bubble inkjet technology was used to print Ti6Al4V parts via jetting low-concentration in-situ polymer binders. In addition, a method for mixing fine powder was used to enhance the capillary force of the powder bed and mechanical properties of the parts. The results show that the capillary force was enhanced from 8.35 kPa for pure powder to 16.27 kPa for mixed powder by mixing fine powder. The compression strength of green body was enhanced from 1.5 MPa to 3.21 MPa. After sintering, the sample with mixed powder sintered at 1420 °C for 2 h had achieved a maximum density of 95.2%, microhardness of 316 HV, and yield stress of 589 MPa. The relative density of 95.2% of Ti6Al4V parts fabricated by BJ3DP technology in our study is significantly higher than the value reported in the existing literature. Finally, the porous structure with a size of 550 μm was fabricated. Results presented demonstrate that BJ3DP can produce Ti6Al4V parts with excellent properties.

Research on Key Technology of Ultra-High 3D Strengthening Heat Transfer in Plow Machining

2011 ◽  
Vol 337 ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Li Hua Song ◽  
Jun Yuan Kang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Design ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Front Angle ◽  
Development Direction ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Main Factors

In accordance with the latest development direction in the filed of strengthening the heat transfer technology of strengthening the heat transfer on division of strengthening heat transfer by international authoritative Professor A.E. Bergle）, including 3D(three-dimensional) heat transfer of ultra-high performance improved in the fins of the design and analysis; 3D heat transfer strengthening of the plowing process mechanism the flexibility ,high speed and high precision of gathered tools and the realization of a 3D digital design and manufacturing . It also researches on the influential law of process parameters on the formation of the fin. It is shown that the whole fin-forming process can be classified into three stages：plowing，heaving and fins forming, and that the front angle，plowing depth and the plowing speed are the main factors influencing the fin forming. Moreover，within a certain range，the height of fin increases with the front angle and the plowing depth.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document