Factors in the Attractiveness of Bodies for Mosquitoes

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
A. W. A. Brown ◽  
H. P. Roessler ◽  
E. Y. Lipsitz ◽  
A. G. Carmichael
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Large Cage ◽  
The Past

This exhibit represents part of the work of the Department of Zoology in the last 15 years, and others who have contributed to it in the past are L. Burgess, D. G. Peterson, R. P. Thompson, W. L. Sippell and M. R. Smart.The laboratory experiments have been made with Aedes aegypti in a large cage, in which a choice is offered between a pair of objects differing in one factor, or a pair of emission ports for airborne vapours. Thus six factors have been evaluated and their order of importance has been found to be as follows:

A Scientific Search for Altruism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Daniel Batson
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Altruistic Motivation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Past Half

This book provides an example of how the scientific method can be used to address a fundamental question about human nature. For centuries—indeed for millennia—the egoism–altruism debate has echoed through Western thought. Egoism says that the motivation for everything we do, including all of our seemingly selfless acts of care for others, is to gain one or another self-benefit. Altruism, while not denying the force of self-benefit, says that under certain circumstances we can care for others for their sakes, not our own. Over the past half-century, social psychologists have turned to laboratory experiments to provide a scientific resolution of this human nature debate. The experiments focused on the possibility that empathic concern—other-oriented emotion elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of someone in need—produces altruistic motivation to remove that need. With carefully constructed experimental designs, these psychologists have tested the nature of the motivation produced by empathic concern, determining whether it is egoistic or altruistic. This series of experiments has provided an answer to a fundamental question about what makes us tick. Framed as a detective story, the book traces this scientific search for altruism through the numerous twists and turns that led to the conclusion that empathy-induced altruism is indeed part of our nature. It then examines the implications of this conclusion—negative implications as well as positive—both for our understanding of who we are as humans and for how we might create a more humane society.

Detection of Flaviviral-Like DNA Sequences in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Collected From Argentina

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa B Bonica ◽  
Dario E Balcazar ◽  
Ailen Chuchuy ◽  
Jorge A Barneche ◽  
Carolina Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
The World ◽  
Aegypti Genome ◽  
Dengue Epidemics

Abstract Diseases caused by flaviviruses are a major public health burden across the world. In the past decades, South America has suffered dengue epidemics, the re-emergence of yellow fever and St. Louis encephalitis viruses, and the introduction of West Nile and Zika viruses. Many insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) that cannot replicate in vertebrate cells have recently been described. In this study, we analyzed field-collected mosquito samples from six different ecoregions of Argentina to detect flaviviruses. We did not find any RNA belonging to pathogenic flaviviruses or ISFs in adults or immature stages. However, flaviviral-like DNA similar to flavivirus NS5 region was detected in 83–100% of Aedes aegypti (L.). Despite being previously described as an ancient element in the Ae. aegypti genome, the flaviviral-like DNA sequence was not detected in all Ae. aegypti samples and sequences obtained did not form a monophyletic group, possibly reflecting the genetic diversity of mosquito populations in Argentina.

Studies on the Responses of the Female Aëdes Mosquito. Part II.—The Action of Liquid Repellent Compounds

1951 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Sarkaria ◽  
A. W. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Aedes Mosquito ◽  
Large Cage ◽  
Mosquito Repellents ◽  
Protection Period

A number of liquid mosquito repellents were assessed for vapour repellency power in an olfactometer mounted in a very large cage filled with females of Aëdes aegypti. They were also tested for their knockdown power in fumigation bottles. Their vapour pressures were determined by the Ramsay-Young method.All the liquids showed vapour repellency, and in 39 out of the 42 tested this effect was highly significant. The highest vapour repellency ratings were shown by compounds already known to be the most effective repellents.Although the more volatile compounds such as citronellal tend to show the highest repellency ratings, nevertheless compounds of low vapour pressure such as indalone, DMP and isobornyl morpholinoacetate may also show high vapour repellency. It is concluded that vapour repellency, although in the first instance dependent upon volatility, can vary independently of vapour pressure, so that compounds may be found which afford not only a long protection period due to their nonvolatility, but also a high vapour repellency due to the potency of the comparatively few molecules that are volatilised.The vapours of most of the repellents were found to induce knockdown of mosquitos, but there was no correlation between the speed of this process and the vapour repellency of the compounds.

Acaricide resistance in the red tick, Rhipicephalus evertsi Neumann.

1961 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Whitehead ◽  
J. A. F. Baker
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Degree

Early in 1959, observations on the farm Tayside, in the East London district of South Africa, suggested that populations of the ‘two-host’ red tick, Rhipicephalns evertsi Neum., were more difficult to control with toxaphene preparations than they had been in the past. Resistance to toxaphene was suspected, and both field and laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate this possibility. Field trials indicated an increase in tolerance by Tayside populations of the tick to toxaphene, γ BHC and dieldrin, but showed no increased tolerance to sodium arsenite or DDT. Similar results were obtained in laboratory experiments where Tayside adults were compared with those of other populations of the tick known to be sensitive to insecticides. Laboratory experiments with larvae indicated a high degree of resistance to toxaphene and γ BHC in the Tayside population, but no increased tolerance to sodium arsenite, Delnav, Sevin or DDT could be detected. This pattern of cross-resistance is similar to that occurring in resistant populations of Boophilus dccoloratus(Koch).

Do we Worry about the Past and Grieve for the Future? Situated Anxiety or Depression, Mood Valence and Affective Time Travel, Separated by Experiment in a Questionnaire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Psychometric Scales ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Some psychologists have viewed sadness and depression as reactions to past loss, while regarding fear and anxiety as responses to future threat. Such assumptions conflict with common experience of gloom about the future and worry about the past. Recent research on these issues by experiment and/or by questionnaire remains inconclusive. The psychometric questionnaires purport to be situation-free and the laboratory experiments use artificial tasks; hence, neither approach addresses realities in the present, past or future. In recent psychometrics, the distinction between anxiety and depression has been dissolved into one category of negative affect. One widely used inventory for separating the two emotions conflates depression with the absence of a good mood. These deficiencies were addressed in a diverse convenience sample (N = 379) by running an experiment entirely within a questionnaire. Each of the 40 question items was a miniature vignette, describing a past or future emotive situation while in bad or good mood. Five categories of situation varied in proportion of threat to loss. Strength and valence of affective response were measured by degree of autobiographical assent to or dissent from an item. This inventory provides fully affect-balanced situation-oriented depression / anxiety scaling.Effect sizes from analysis of variance showed that anxiety arises from past as well as future threats, while depression is at least as strongly oriented to losses in the future as in the past. Variation in category of situation or in valence of mood also had substantial effects. It is concluded that worry and gloom travel freely across time and situations, whether present mood is bad or good. Both laboratory experiments and psychometric scales come closer to actual processes of emotion and motivation when they revivify familiar situations using valence-balanced verbal stimuli.

scholarly journals From Blowing Wind to Running Water: Unifying Sediment Transport

Eos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P�htz ◽  
Abram Clark ◽  
Manousos Valyrakis ◽  
Orencio Dur�n
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Running Water ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oil Water

Laboratory experiments and grain-scale computer simulations during the past decade have led to a more universal understanding of flow-driven sediment transport across flows in oil, water, and air.

Hairy cell leukemia: lessons learned in twenty-five years.

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 652-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
H M Golomb
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Hairy Cell Leukemia ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Hairy Cell ◽  
Cell Leukemia ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clinical Observations

This review was written to highlight the lessons learned in HCL in the past 25 years. It should serve as a guideline to practicing hematologists and oncologists regarding the diagnosis and management of HCL patients. It should stimulate investigators in training to realize that a disease can be understood with time; however, additional clinical observations and laboratory experiments may help to improve the survival rate even more.

scholarly journals Increasing Role of Roof Gutters asAedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae) Breeding Sites in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) and Consequences on Dengue Transmission and Vector Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joël Gustave ◽  
Florence Fouque ◽  
Sylvie Cassadou ◽  
Lucie Leon ◽  
Gabriel Anicet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
West Indies ◽  
French West Indies ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
Intensive Control ◽  
Dengue Epidemics

During the past ten years, the islands of Guadeloupe (French West Indies) are facing dengue epidemics with increasing numbers of cases and fatal occurrences. The vectorAedes aegyptiis submitted to intensive control, with little effect on mosquito populations. The hypothesis that importantAe. aegyptibreeding sites are not controlled is investigated herein. For that purpose, the roof gutters of 123 houses were systematically investigated, and the percentage of gutters positive forAe. aegyptivaried from 17.2% to 37.5%, from humid to dry locations. In the dryer location, most of houses had no other breeding sites. The results show that roof gutters are becoming the most importantAe. aegyptibreeding sites in some locations in Guadeloupe, with consequences on dengue transmission and vector control.

Insecticide Resistance in Mosquitoes and Root Maggots

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
A. W. A. Brown ◽  
W. Klassen ◽  
M. K. K. Pillai ◽  
G. S. H. Hooper
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Peritrophic Membrane ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Secondary Resistance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ddt Resistance

This exhibit represents part of the work of the Department of Zoology in the past 5 years, and others who have contributed to it are F. Matsumura, Z. H. Abedi, T. Kimura, P. G. Fast, J. G. Towgood, J. N. Telford and N. H. Khan.The work with the mosquito Aedes aegypti has involved study of 8 susceptible strains. The mechanism of DDT-resistance has been found to be associated with its detoxication by an enzymic process of dehydrochlorination to DDE; the amount of DDE produced has been found to be directly proportional to the resistance level, both by experiments with larvae in vivo and with larval homogenates incubated with DDT and glutathione in vitro. A secondary resistance mechanism in American strains has been a very pronounced secretion and excretion of peritrophic membrane by the larvae.

scholarly journals A NEW LABORATORY COLONIZATION OF AEDES AEGYPTI AFTER REEMERGENCE AND UNSUCCESSFUL ERADICATION IN ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-75
Author(s):  
Rui-De Xue
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Large Cage ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Veterinary Entomology ◽  
And Control

After unsuccessful eradication attempts against Aedes aegypti (L.) following a sudden re-emergence in St. Augustine, Florida in early 2016; a new locally acquired colony strain of Ae. aegypti was established at the Anastasia Mosquito Control District (AMCD) in June 2017. Aedes aegypti adults were maintained in cages at the AMCD insectary. Larval and adult mosquitoes were collected from downtown St. Augustine, Florida. Female mosquitoes at 5-7 days old were fed upon the exposed forearm of human volunteers in the 1 st and 2 nd generations. Mating was observed in a large cage and confirmed with eggs deposited on wet filter paper in ovicups. Over 90% egg hatch was observed in the laboratory. The new colony strain of Ae. aegypti has been cataloged at the USDA, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology facility in Gainesville, FL and is being used to further research and control this species across North Florida.

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