The effects of sublethal and lethal doses of ivermectin on the reproductive physiology and larval development of the dung beetleEuoniticellus intermedius(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imelda Martínez M. ◽  
Jean-Pierre Lumaret ◽  
Rosario Ortiz Zayas ◽  
Nassera Kadiri
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Medical Product ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Ecotoxicological Tests ◽  
Effect Concentration ◽  
Oocyte Resorption ◽  
Lethal Doses

AbstractThis study assesses the effects of the veterinary medical product ivermectin (IVM) in a range of concentrations on adult reproductive physiology and larval mortality of the dung beetleEuoniticellus intermedius(Reiche) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The ecotoxicological tests comprised eight treatments, including two controls and six increasing ivermectina concentrations (3.16, 10.0, 31.6, 63.2, 100, and 316 µg IVM/kg fresh dung). After 10 days of exposure, the females were dissected and the brood balls counted (fecundity). The brood balls were opened 15 days later and live larvae were counted to estimate larval mortality. Ivermectin altered the morphology of the ovary and stopped vitellogenesis, causing oocyte resorption and thus decreasing fecundity. The 30% threshold of decline in fecundity was reached at 115.9 µg IVM/kg dung, with no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values of 10.0 and 31.6 µg IVM/kg dung, respectively. Larval sensitivity to ivermectin was higher, with a lethal concentration required to kill 50% of the population of 85.9 μg IVM/kg dung, and NOEC and LOEC of 3.16 and 10.0 µg IVM/kg dung, respectively. After cattle were treated with ivermectin at the recommended dose, the ivermectin concentration in their dung during the two first weeks after administration far exceeded the thresholds determined forE. intermedius.

scholarly journals Evaluation of indigenous the nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in combination with chlorantraniliprole against Spodoptera species

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Sarwar ◽  
Naeem Arshad Maan ◽  
Muhammad Ahsin Ayub ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq Shahid ◽  
Mubasher Ahmad Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
High Larval Mortality ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Background The armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), and S. litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are polyphagous pests of many cash crops. Heavy crop losses have been reported for the fruit and vegetable crops each year owing to the diverse impact on global economies. The present study was aimed to sort out a novel method of pest control using the insect’s own nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) alone and in combination with a new chemistry insecticide chlorantraniliprole. Results In the study, the effect of indigenous isolated nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) and the chemical insecticide (chlorantraniliprole) formulations against the 2nd and 4th larval instars of S. litura and S. exigua, collected from the different geographical region of Punjab (Pakistan) province, was evaluated. Three concentrations of the NPV isolate, sub-lethal (1 × 104, 6 × 104 POB ml−1), lethal (3 × 105 POB ml−1), and chlorantraniliprole 0.01 μl l−1, were applied alone and in combination against the 2nd and 4th larval instars of both pest species. The lethal concentration of NPV + chlorantraniliprole exhibited synergistic interaction and caused high larval mortality against both instars, while in all other combinations, additive effect was observed. Moreover, NPV + chlorantraniliprole at lethal concentration exhibited decreased pupation, adult emergence, and egg eclosion. Conclusion The implications of using NPV alone and in combination with an insecticide are discussed briefly in this study.

scholarly journals The effects of flubendazole and its metabolites on the larval development of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae): an in vitro study

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bártíková ◽  
L. Skálová ◽  
J. Lamka ◽  
B. Szotáková ◽  
M. Várady
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Susceptible Isolate ◽  
Marked Resistance ◽  
Larval Development Test

AbstractThe anthelmintic effects of flubendazole (FLU), its two main metabolites reduced flubendazole (FLU-R) and hydrolyzed flubendazole (FLU-H), and thiabendazole (TBZ) were compared using an in vitro larval development test in two isolates of Haemonchus contortus, a fully susceptible isolate (HCS) and a multi-resistant isolate (HCR). Results were quantified as 50 % lethal concentration (LC50), 99 % lethal concentration (LC99), efficacy factor (EF), and resistance factor (RF). For HCS, both LC50 and LC99 of FLU were lower than those of the reference TBZ. The anthelmintic activity of FLU-R in HCS and HCR was 13 and 6 times lower than the activity of FLU, respectively. The anthelmintic activity of FLU-H was negligible (approximately 363–853 times lower) compared to that of FLU. Although a marked resistance of the HCR isolate to TBZ was confirmed, only a low tolerance to FLU-R and slightly higher tolerance to FLU were found.

scholarly journals Bioefficacy of local Lantana camara (Verberneae) plant extracts against the 3rd instar larva and adult stages of Anopheles gambiae senso lato (Giles).

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 1120-1129
Author(s):  
Wenceslas Yana ◽  
Enda Corinna Andu ◽  
Katamssadan Haman Tofel ◽  
Abe Henri
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Lantana Camara ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Malaria Vector Control

Resistance of malaria vectors to synthetic chemicals with high operational cost and environmental pollution has been a great challenge to scientists. Alternative approaches such as the use of natural plant products which are environmentally friendly are put in place to control malaria vectors. This study was focused on testing the effectiveness of three solvent extracts of Lantana camara on the 3rd instar larvae and adults of Anopheles gambiae s. l. These extracts were obtained by maceration. Bioassays test were carried out by WHO’s method for determination of larvicidal and adulticidal efficacy. The results show that, larval mortality increased significantly with the concentration and exposure time. Lethal concentrations 50 (LC50) and 95 (LC95) after 24 hours of larvae exposure time are respectively 0.31 g/mL and 1.53 g/mL  while within 48 h they are 0.27 g/mL and 0.79 g/mL for hexane extract; 1.45 g/mL and 2.0 g/mL (24 h exposure), 0.84 g/mL and 1.55 g/mL (48 h exposure) for acetone extract; 1.96 g/mL and no lethal concentration causing 95% mortality was determined; 0.40 g/mL and 2.20 g/mL (48 h) for aqueous extract. The efficacy of hexane and aqueous extract on the adult knock down and mortality were not significant even with the increasing extract concentrations and exposure time whereas with acetone extract,  the adult LC50 after 24 h was 2.4 g/mL but with 95% mortality lethal concentration was not determined. According to the results, hexane extract showed high larvicidal efficacy of An. gambiae and acetone extract showed significant adult mortality. Those two extracts of L. camara can be used to fight against An. gambiae as alternative malaria vector control to replace conventional insecticides.

scholarly journals In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Two Aloe-derived Active Principles against Sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701201
Author(s):  
Gianluca Fichi ◽  
Matteo Mattellini ◽  
Elisa Meloni ◽  
Guido Flamini ◽  
Stefania Perrucci
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Aloe Emodin

The in vitro anthelmintic activity on sheep gastrointestinal strongyle (GIS) eggs and larvae of 0.5% aloin and 0.1% aloe-emodin was investigated. From fresh faecal samples collected by ewes naturally infected by Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Teladorsagia nematodes, GIS eggs were isolated and cultivated in Petri dishes (100 eggs/dish). For the in vitro evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of tested compounds, the Egg hatch test (EHT), the Larval development test (LDT) and the Larval mortality/paralysis test (LMT) were used. In each assay, the activity of tested compounds was compared to untreated and treated (0.1% thiabendazole, TBZ) controls. Six repetitions were made through the experiment. Obtained data were statistically elaborated using the X2 test. In EHT, 0.5% aloin gave highly significantly different (P<0.01) results from the untreated controls. In LDT, both 0.1% aloe-emodin and 0.5% aloin almost completely prevented the larval development from L1 to L3, showing no significant differences (P<0.01) when compared to TBZ. In LMT, larval mortality observed in 0.5% aloin treated plates was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that observed in TBZ treated controls. These results show the in vitro anthelmintic properties on sheep GIS of the examined plant secondary metabolites. In LDT and/or LMT, the activity of 0.5% aloin and 0.1% aloe-emodin was comparable to or higher than that of the reference drug.

scholarly journals Effect of body size heterogeneity on the aggressive behavior of larvae of matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus (Characiformes, Bryconidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís Billalba CARVALHO ◽  
Ellen Cristina Monteiro de SOUZA ◽  
Jaquelinne PINHEIRO-DA-SILVA ◽  
Marle Angélica VILLACORTA-CORREA
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Size Heterogeneity

ABSTRACT Brycon amazonicus is a native Amazonian fish that is important for aquaculture in South America. Larval mortality is high in this species in intensive breeding systems due to aggressiveness among larvae. The present study investigated experimentally the effects of body size heterogeneity on the aggressive behavior and survival of B. amazonicus during the early stages of larval development. Two treatments (larvae groups with homogeneous and heterogeneous body size) were evaluated throughout early larval stages tested at six time points: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours after hatching (HAH). Two experiments quantified, respectively, aggressive interactions and mortality rates among larvae at each time point. The frequency of aggressive interactions exhibited by the less aggressive larvae in each replicate was higher in the homogeneous size treatment. Aggressiveness was higher at 12 HAH, decreasing thereafter, and increasing again at 72 HAH. The mortality rate significantly increased with the larval stage, and was higher in the homogeneous than in the heterogeneous sized groups. Our results showed that aggressiveness in B. amazonicus larvae is affected by size variability and larval development stage. This knowledge about larval behavior is important to develop measures to improve larval health and survival in intensive production systems for this species.

A Comparison of Ecotoxicological Tests

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Botsford
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Correlation ◽  
Ecotoxicological Tests ◽  
Present Test ◽  
Lethal Doses

A simple, inexpensive and rapid method of determining toxicity by using a bacterium as the indicator organism was developed and compared with 23 other tests. The average correlation coefficient when comparing these 23 tests with the present test was 0.800, ranging from 0.580 to 0.950. Eleven of the tests were compared in detail by using 35 of the chemicals on the Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity list of test chemicals. Comparing results from the present test with test results for these 35 chemicals with Microtox™, Biotox™, Daphnia magna, rat hepatocytes and ascites tumour cell resulted in correlation coefficients ranging from 0.871 to 0.933. Comparisons of the test data with rodent LD50 values, human lethal dose estimates from autopsies and human lethal doses obtained from the literature provided correlation coefficients ranging from 0.580 to 0.770, indicating that the test compares less favourably with these methods. This test provides data comparable to data from other ecotoxicological tests.

scholarly journals Aktivitas Insektisida Campuran Ekstrak Air Buah Piper aduncum L. (Piperaceae) dan Batang Cymbopogon ciratrus (Dc.) Stapf (Poaceae) Terhadap Larva Crocidolomia pavonana F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Eka Candra Lina ◽  
Adventus Supriadi ◽  
Yunisman Yunisman ◽  
Martinius Martinius
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Immersion Method ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Piper Aduncum

Crocidolomia pavonana is an important pest in Brassicaceae. Botanical insecticides is pest control alternative  which meet to eco-friendly manajement. This study aims to determine lethal concentration of single  and mixture of water extract of Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) fruit and Cymbopogon cirtatus (Poaceae) stem against Crocidolomia pavonana larvae. The study was conducted in laboratory experiment through preliminary test and advance test using a completely randomized design (CRD). Observations were included to larval mortality, antifeedant effect, and duration of larval development. Bioassay was done against second instar larvae of C. pavonana using leaves immersion method during 48 hours. The results show that LC50 and LC95 value of mixture extract are 2.83% and 5.79% respectively. Based on index combination analysis, P. aduncum and C. citratus mixture extract  were antagonistic at LC50  and additive  at LC95 . Water extract of   P. aduncum and C. citratus were relatively weak to influence feeding activity of C. pavonana larvae (41%). Mixture extract  also extend larval development from second instar to third instar  around 0.24 days and third instar to fourth instar around 0.97 days.

LARVICIDAL EFFICACY OF LEAF EXTRACTS FROM THREE ASTERACEOUS PLANT AGAINST MOSQUITO (Culex quinquefasciatus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
C. C. Ojianwuna ◽  
Ebele Martina Ilondu ◽  
V. N. Enwemime
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Ageratum Conyzoides ◽  
Bidens Pilosa ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Plant Materials

It is well known that the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, badly affect individuals in endemic setting, causing filariasis. Intervention targeting the vector larva has not been given much priority. Therefore, the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa L. and Spilanthes filicaulis and a mixture of these plants in equal proportion was evaluated for larvicidal activities against filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciantus. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was done by dissolving 5g each of plants in 30ml ethanol and water separately to obtain plant extracts. Samples were qualitatively screened following standard methodology for phytochemicals. Mortality of mosquito larva was examined after 12hrs, 24hr, 36hrs, and 48hrs treatment. Probit analysis for 50% Lethal Concentration was done using GraphPad Prism 9. Phytochemical screening of the plants revealed that Bidens pilos, Spilanthes filicaulis and Ageratum conyzoides contained moderated concentrations of Anthraquinones and Cardiac glycosids, Tannins, and Alkaloids respectively. Complete mortality was recorded with 0.60ml of Bidens pilosa, and Spilanthes filicaulis at 48hours and 36 hours respectively. More so, complete mortality was recorded with 0.40 and 0.60ml of the three plants in mixed proportion at 36 hours and 24 hours respectively. Larval mortality and time mortality were significantly (p<0.05) different. 50%Lethal Concentration for Ageratum conyzoides L, Bidens pilosa L, Spilanthes filicaulis, and mixture of the three plants in equal proportion are 0.33ml, 0.25ml, 0.08ml, and 0.06ml respectively. Results showed that these plant materials exhibit significant activity and could be considered as potent natural larvicidal agent.

EFFECTS OF THE ANTIFEEDING COMPOUND AC 24055 (4′-(3,3-DIMETHYL-1-TRIAZENO) ACETANILIDE) ON LARVAE AND ADULTS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE)

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1009-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David ◽  
S. R. Loschiavo
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractThe antifeeding compound AC 24055 (4′-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) acetanilide) was added to the diet of Drosophila melanogaster at several concentrations. Larval mortality and the duration of larval development increased significantly with increasing concentration from 125 to 625 parts per million (p.p.m.), and these effects were the same in males and females. Within this range of concentrations the weight of recently emerged adults declined with increasing concentration, the loss being greater for females than males. Egg production declined with increased concentration from 200 to 1000 p.p.m., particularly during the second week of egg production. Egg hatchability was not affected at 200 p.p.m., but from 400 to 1000 p.p.m. it declined rapidly from the second to the sixth day; with continued exposure, fertility was partly restored. The life span of adults decreased as the concentration increased from 500 to 1500 p.p.m. Concretions were observed in the Malpighian tubules of females reared in food containing 400 p.p.m. or more of the compound, but not in males.

scholarly journals Prediction of Human Lethal Doses and Concentrations of MEIC Chemicals from Rodent LD50 Values: An Attempt to Make Some Reparation

2021 ◽  
pp. 026119292199475
Author(s):  
John C. Dearden ◽  
Mark Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Animal Toxicity ◽  
Lethal Doses

The prediction of human toxicities from animal toxicity tests is often poor, and is now discouraged and in some cases banned, especially those involving the LD50 test. However, there is a vast number of historical LD50 data in both public and in-house repositories that are being put to little use. This study examined the correlations between human lethality (doses and concentrations) of 36 MEIC chemicals and the median values of a large number of mouse and rat LD50 values obtained for four different routes of administration. The best correlations were found with mouse and rat intraperitoneal LD50 values (r2 = 0.838 and 0.810 for human lethal dose, and r2 = 0.753 and 0.785 for human lethal concentration). The results show that excellent prediction of human lethal dose and concentration can be made, for this series of chemicals at least, by using uncurated rodent LD50 values, thus offering some reparation for the millions of rodent lives sacrificed in LD50 testing.

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