Associative learning and memory through metamorphosis in Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Josué Sant’Ana ◽  
Roberta Tognon ◽  
Patrícia D.S. Pires ◽  
Patrícia L.F. Gregório
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Aversive Stimulus ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Aversive Learning ◽  
Grapholita Molesta ◽  
Chemical Stimuli

Abstract Learning of chemical stimuli by insects can occur during the larval or adult life stage, resulting in changes in the imago chemotaxic behaviour. There is little information on learning in Tortricidae, and associative learning through metamorphosis is unknown in this group. Here, we evaluate the influence of olfactory aversive learning in Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) during the immature stage and determine if memory persists after metamorphosis. Larvae (10–12 days old) were conditioned to associate the odour of ethyl acetate with pulses of aversive electric shock. Insects were exposed to air, to the ethyl acetate odour, and to shock, in isolation or combination. After conditioning, both larvae and adults were tested in a two-choice olfactometer. Larvae exposed only to air or ethyl acetate increased legibility. Larvae trained with ethyl acetate and shock simultaneously exhibited significant avoidance to ethyl acetate. Avoidance was still present for at least 72 hours after metamorphosis. Thus, G. molesta has the ability to associate an odour to an aversive stimulus precociously, and this association is maintained through metamorphosis and persists into adulthood.

scholarly journals The impact of neighborhood walkability on walking: Does it differ across adult life stage and does neighborhood buffer size matter?

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Villanueva ◽  
Matthew Knuiman ◽  
Andrea Nathan ◽  
Billie Giles-Corti ◽  
Hayley Christian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Buffer Size ◽  
Neighborhood Walkability ◽  
Size Matter ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Influence of Dietary Nutrient Intake on Episodic Memory Across the Adult Life Span

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selene Cansino ◽  
Frine Torres-Trejo ◽  
Cinthya Estrada-Manilla ◽  
Adriana Flores-Mendoza ◽  
Gerardo Ramírez-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Adult Life Span

The aim of the study was to identify nutrients that have the ability to impact brain functioning and, as a consequence, influence episodic memory. In particular, we examined recollection, the ability to recall details of previous experiences, which is the episodic memory process most affected as age advances. A sample of 1,550 healthy participants between 21 and 80 years old participated in the study. Nutritional intake was examined through a food frequency questionnaire and software developed to determine the daily consumption of 64 nutrients based on food intake during the last year. Recollection was measured through a computerized source memory paradigm. First, we identified which nutrients influence recollection across the entire adult life span. Then, moderator analyses were conducted by dividing the sample into young (21–40 years old), middle-aged (41–60 years old) and older (61–80 years old) adults to establish in which life stage nutrients influence episodic memory. Across the adult life span, recollection accuracy was shown to benefit from the intake of sodium, heme, vitamin E, niacin, vitamin B6, cholesterol, alcohol, fat, protein, and palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, oleic, gadoleic, alpha-linoleic and linoleic acid. The effects of energy, maltose, lactose, calcium and several saturated fatty acids on recollection were modulated by age; in older adults, the consumption of these nutrients negatively influenced episodic memory performance, and in middle-aged adults, only lactose had negative effects. Several brain mechanisms that support episodic memory were influenced by specific nutrients, demonstrating the ability of food to enhance or deteriorate episodic memory.

scholarly journals Adult life stage and crisis as predictors of curiosity and authenticity

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver C. Robinson ◽  
James D. Demetre ◽  
Jordan A. Litman
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Felt Sense ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Self Report Data

During periods of developmental crisis, individuals experience uncomfortable internal incongruence and are motivated to reduce this through forms of exploration of self, other and world. Based on this, we inferred that being in a crisis would relate positively to curiosity and negatively to a felt sense of authenticity. A quasi-experimental design using self-report data from a nationally representative UK sample ( N = 963) of adults in early life (20–39 years), midlife (40–59 years) and later-life (60+) showed a pattern of findings supportive of the hypotheses. Three forms of curiosity (intrapersonal, perceptual and epistemic D-type) were significantly higher, while authenticity was lower, among those currently in crisis that those of the same age group not in crisis. Crisis was also related to curiosity about particular book genres; early adult crisis to self-help and spirituality, midlife to self-help and biography, and later life to food and eating.

Anisakids of seals found on the southern coast of Baltic Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Skrzypczak ◽  
Jerzy Rokicki ◽  
Iwona Pawliczka ◽  
Katarzyna Najda ◽  
Joanna Dzido
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Slight Excess ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens ◽  
Pusa Hispida ◽  
Contracaecum Osculatum ◽  
Anisakid Nematodes

AbstractIn the present study 5 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), 3 common seals (Phoca vitulina) and 1 ringed seal (Pusa hispida) bycaught or stranded on the Polish Baltic Sea coast in years 2000-2006 were investigated for the infestation of parasitic anisakid nematodes. 749 of anisakids were found. The most common were: Contracaecum osculatum (59.3%) and Pseudoterranova decipiens (31.0%). There were also small numbers of Anisakis simplex (0.8%). After performing RFLP three sibling species were found. C. osculatum was identified as C. osculatum C, P decipiens was identified as P. decipiens sensu stricto and A. simplex — A. simplex sensu stricto. Nematodes found in seals were mostly in L4 and adult life stage — both of them were equal with some minor variations among the specimens. Sex ratio was also equal, but there was slight excess of males in some cases. There was a minority of L3 larvae belonging to A. simplex species (0.8%).

scholarly journals Rule-based processes in generalisation and peak shift in human fear conditioning

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Ahmed ◽  
Peter F Lovibond
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Aversive Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Conditioned Stimuli ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Extinction Testing

Two experiments explored the role of verbalisable rules in generalisation of human differential fear conditioning with electric shock as the aversive stimulus. Two circles of different sizes served as conditioned stimuli (CS+ and CS–), before testing with a range of circle sizes. In Experiment 1, shock expectancy ratings followed a peak-shifted unimodal gradient, with maximum ratings at a test value further along the dimension from CS+ in the opposite direction to CS–. However, differentiable gradients were observed when participants were divided on the basis of the rules they reported using during the task (linear and similarity). Experiment 2 was designed to counter the contradictory feedback arising from extinction testing by removing the shock electrodes during the test phase. A more linear overall gradient was observed, and sub-groups defined by self-reported rules showed distinct gradients that were congruent with their rules. These results indicate that rule-based processes are influential in generalisation of conditioned fear along simple stimulus dimensions, and may help explain generalisation phenomena that have traditionally been attributed to automatic, similarity-based processes.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of differential gene expression indicates divergence in ontogenetic strategies of leaves in two conifer genera

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Webster ◽  
Laura Figueroa-Corona ◽  
Iván Méndez-González ◽  
Lluvia Soto-Álvarez ◽  
David Neale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Gene Interaction Network ◽  
Stage Of Development

In land plants, heteroblasty broadly refers to a drastic change in morphology during growth through ontogeny. Juniperus flaccida and Pinus cembroides are conifers of independent lineages known to exhibit leaf heteroblasty between the juvenile and adult life stage of development. Juvenile leaves of P. cembroides develop spirally on the main stem and appear decurrent, flattened and needle-like; whereas, adult photosynthetic leaves are triangular or semi-circular needle-like, and grow in whorls on secondary or tertiary compact dwarf shoots. By comparison, J. flaccida juvenile leaves are decurrent and needle-like, and adult leaves are compact, short and scale-like. Comparative analyses were performed to evaluate differences in anatomy and gene expression patterns between developmental phases in both species. RNA from twelve samples was sequenced and analyzed with available software. They were assembled de novo from the RNA-Seq reads. Following assembly, 63,741 high quality transcripts were functionally annotated in P. cembroides and 69,448 in J. flaccida. Evaluation of the orthologous groups yielded 4,140 shared gene families among the four references (adult and juvenile from each species). Activities related to cell division and development were more abundant in juveniles than adults in P. cembroides, and more abundant in adults than juveniles in J. flaccida. Overall, there were 509 up-regulated and 81 down-regulated genes in the juvenile condition of P. cembroides and 18 up-regulated and 20 down-regulated in J. flaccida. Gene interaction network analysis showed evidence of co-expression and co-localization of up-regulated genes involved in cell wall and cuticle formation, development, and phenylpropanoid pathway, in juvenile P. cembroides leaves. Whereas in J. flaccida, differential expression and gene interaction patterns were detected in genes involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast biogenesis. Although J. flaccida and P. cembroides both exhibit leaf heteroblastic development, little overlap was detected and unique genes and pathways were highlighted in this study.

scholarly journals Odour conditioning of positive affective states: Rats can learn to associate an odour with being tickled

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Bombail ◽  
Nathalie Jerôme ◽  
Ho Lam ◽  
Sacha Muszlak ◽  
Simone L Meddle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Positive Experience ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
And Control

AbstractMost associative learning tests in rodents use negative stimuli, such as an electric shock. We investigated if young rats can learn to associate the presence of an odour with the experience of being tickled (i.e. using an experimenter’s hand to mimic rough-and-tumble play), shown to elicit 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs), which are indicative of positive affect. Male, pair-housed Wistar rats (N=24) were all exposed to two neutral odours (A and B) presented in a perforated container on alternate days in a test arena. Following 60s of exposure, the rats were either tickled on days when odour A (n=8) or odour B (n=8) was present, or never tickled (n=8). When tickled, rats produced significantly more 50 kHz USVs compared to the days when not being tickled, and compared to control rats. The level of anticipatory 50 kHz USVs in the 60s prior to tickling did not differ significantly between the tickled and control rats. Following the odour conditioning, rats were exposed successively in the same arena to three odours: an unknown neutral odour, extract of fox faeces, and either odours A or B. Compared to controls, 50 kHz USVs of tickled rats increased when exposed to the odour they had previously experienced when tickled, indicating that these rats had learned to associate the odour with the positive experience of being tickled. In a test with free access for 5 min to both arms of a T-maze, each containing one of the odours, rats tickled with odour A spent more time in the arm with this odour. This work is the first to test in a fully balanced design whether odours can be conditioned to tickling, and indicates that positive odour conditioning has potential to be used as an alternative to negative conditioning tests.

scholarly journals Using species distribution models to describe essential fish habitat in Alaska

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1230-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Laman ◽  
Christopher N. Rooper ◽  
Kali Turner ◽  
Sean Rooney ◽  
Dan W. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Bering Sea ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Essential Fish Habitat ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Northern Bering Sea

Describing essential habitat is an important step toward understanding and conserving harvested species in ecosystem-based fishery management. Using data from fishery-independent ichthyoplankton, groundfish surveys, and commercial fisheries observer data, we utilized species distribution modeling techniques to predict habitat-based spatial distributions of federally managed species in Alaska. The distribution and abundance maps were used to refine existing essential fish habitat descriptions for the region. In particular, we used maximum entropy and generalized additive modeling to delineate distribution and abundance of early (egg, larval, and pelagic juvenile) and later (settled juvenile and adult) life history stages of groundfishes and crabs across multiple seasons in three large marine ecosystems (Gulf of Alaska, eastern Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands) and the northern Bering Sea. We present a case study, featuring Kamchatka flounder (Atheresthes evermanni), from the eastern and northern Bering Sea to represent the >400 habitat-based distribution maps generated for more than 80 unique species–region–season–life-stage combinations. The results of these studies will be used to redescribe essential habitat of federally managed fishes and crabs in Alaska.

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