Integration of Electrografted Layers for the Metallization of Deep TSVs

This paper describes production-readiness level of electrografted (eG) and chemical grafted (cG) layers deposited on a wide range of through silicon via (TSV) dimensions. Three layers are required to achieve via metallization: eG insulator, cG barrier, and eG copper seed. Complete characterization of each layer of the stack has been achieved, including electrical and mechanical properties. Impact on the 3D-IC design space of the electrografting nanotechnology optimized for highly conformal growth of TSV films is discussed. Four chemical baths are required to achieve the deposition of the three layers, shelf life, and bath monitoring strategy of each chemistry being presented in the last part of the paper. Some preliminary results of copper plating directly on top of the cG barrier are also reported.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Polysulfone (PSU)/Philippine Halloysite (PH-HAL) Nanostructured Membrane via Electrospinning

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201821303001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 213 ◽

pp. 03001 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ruth R. Aquino ◽

Marvin S. Tolentino ◽

Niel Karl G. Arcamo ◽

John Patrick N. Gara ◽

Blessie A. Basilia

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Fibrous Composite ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Composite Membranes ◽

Electrospinning Process ◽

Synthesis And Characterization ◽

Separation Processes ◽

Wide Range

Membrane technology is widely used in many separation processes because of its multi-disciplinary characteristics. One of the techniques that is used in the fabrication of membranes is the electrospinning process which can create nanofibers from a very wide range of polymeric materials. In this study, electrospun nanostructured fibrous composite membranes of polysulfone (PSU), commercial halloysite (COM-HAL), and Philippine halloysite (PH-HAL) were synthesized. The concentrations of COM-HAL and PH-HAL were both varied from 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. The FTIR results showed that there were changes in the intensity of the PSU-IR spectra which confirmed the presence of COM-HAL and PH-HAL in the synthesized membranes. The SEM revealed that nanofibers can be successfully produced by the addition of LiCl salt in PSU with varying HAL concentrations. Also, it was observed that the addition of HAL with varying concentrations have no significant effect on wettability due to the strong hydrophobic character of the PSU membrane. Moreover, it was found from the analysis of mechanical properties that the tensile strength of the membranes weakened by the addition of HAL due to its weak interaction with PSU.

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Processing and Characterization of Al2O3-YAG Composite

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1334 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 727-728 ◽

pp. 1334-1339

Author(s):

E.S. Lima ◽

Luis Henrique Leme Louro ◽

José Brant de Campos ◽

R.R. de Avillez ◽

Sérgio Neves Monteiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Phase Transition ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Eutectic Reaction ◽

Ceramic Matrix ◽

Oxide Ceramics ◽

High Temperature Mechanical Properties ◽

Wide Range ◽

Potential Use

Oxide ceramics show better oxidation resistance at high temperatures than other ceramics; however they are more susceptible to plastic deformation at elevated temperatures [. If their high temperature mechanical properties could be improved, they would be expected to open a wide range of applications as structural material [2, 3]. Several studies have revealed [4, 5] the potential use of YAG oxides as reinforcing component oxide in a ceramic matrix. Both YAG and Al2O3 have similar thermal expansion coefficient and they are chemically stable because of their low O2 vapor pressure. In addition, there is no solid state phase transition as the temperature rises, but the eutectic reaction at 1826°C with Al2O3 molar concentration of 81.5% and 18.5% for Y2O3 which enable a fusion processing, turning the Al2O3-YAG composites very attractive. This eutectic reaction is possible in the restrictive composition from 18.5 to 20.5 mol% Y2O3 [6].

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Influence of CCA-A preservative on physical-mechanical properties of Brazilian tropical woods

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.14.2.3031-3041 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 3031-3041

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Surface Defects ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Cellular Level ◽

Complete Characterization ◽

Sem Images ◽

Significance Level ◽

Tropical Woods ◽

Timber Market

Fast-growing species are gradually being used more in the Brazilian timber market. Such species are more susceptible to deterioration and require conservative treatment to prolong their service life. This work analyzed the influence of the chromated copper arsenate oxide (CCA-A) treatment on the physical-mechanical properties of the tropical woods Simarouba amara (C20), Cedrelinga catenaeformis (C30), and Erisma uncinatum (C40), which were chosen to cover the three lower strength classes, as prescribed by Brazilian Standard Norm. The CCA-A was applied to the wood with the vacuum-pressure process, which could increase the amount of surface defects and weaken the wood properties. To investigate the influence of this process, complete characterization of the species with and without CCA-A was performed, and a Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (5% significance level) was applied. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and energy dispersive spectra (EDS) were obtained to investigate the behavior of the preservative at the cellular level. Through the obtained results, it was concluded that the CCA did not affect the physical-mechanical properties of the studied species.

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Flexible and High Thermal Conductivity Composites Based on Graphite Nanoplates Paper Impregnated with Polydimethylsiloxane

Journal of Composites Science ◽

10.3390/jcs5120309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. 309

Author(s):

Daniele Battegazzore ◽

Erica Fadda ◽

Alberto Fina

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Deposition Time ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Composite Films ◽

Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽

Wide Range ◽

High Flexibility ◽

Highly Porous

This paper deals with the design, preparation, and characterization of conductive and flexible nanopapers based on graphite nanoplates (GNP) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Highly porous GNP nanopapers were first prepared by filtration from a GNP suspension in a solvent. Subsequently, PDMS impregnation was carried out to obtain a composite material. By varying the concentration of the polymer solution and the deposition time, PDMS/GNP nanopapers were produced with a wide range of PDMS contents, porosities, and densities. Thermal diffusivity of the composite films (both in-plane and cross-plane) were measured and correlated with the structure of the nanopapers. Selected formulations were investigated in detail for their physical, thermal, and mechanical properties, exhibiting high flexibility and resistance to more than 50 repeated bendings, stiffness of up to 1.3 MPa, and thermal conductivity of up to 25 W/m∙K. Based on the properties obtained, the materials presented in this paper may find applications in modern lightweight and flexible electronic devices.

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Evaluating the Performance of 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation for Tandem Mass Tag Labeled Peptides

Analytica ◽

10.3390/analytica2040014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 140-155

Author(s):

Mowei Zhou ◽

Ju Yeon Lee ◽

Gun Wook Park ◽

Neha Malhan ◽

Tao Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Complete Characterization ◽

Activation Method ◽

Tandem Mass ◽

Ion Activation ◽

Fragmentation Efficiency ◽

Ultraviolet Photodissociation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Peptide Quantitation ◽

193 Nm

Despite the successful application of tandem mass tags (TMT) for peptide quantitation, missing reporter ions in higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra remains a challenge for consistent quantitation, especially for peptides with labile post-translational modifications. Ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) is an alternative ion activation method shown to provide superior coverage for sequencing of peptides and intact proteins. Here, we optimized and evaluated 193 nm UVPD for the characterization of TMT-labeled model peptides, HeLa proteome, and N-glycopeptides from model proteins. UVPD yielded the same TMT reporter ions as HCD, at m/z 126–131. Additionally, UVPD produced a wide range of fragments that yielded more complete characterization of glycopeptides and less frequent missing TMT reporter ion channels, whereas HCD yielded a strong tradeoff between characterization and quantitation of TMT-labeled glycopeptides. However, the lower fragmentation efficiency of UVPD yielded fewer peptide identifications than HCD. Overall, 193 nm UVPD is a valuable tool that provides an alternative to HCD for the quantitation of large and highly modified peptides with labile PTMs. Continued development of instrumentation specific to UVPD will yield greater fragmentation efficiency and fulfil the potential of UVPD to be an all-in-one spectrum ion activation method for broad use in the field of proteomics.

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Edible Film Coatings to Extend the Shelf-Life of Fresh-Cut Pineapple

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.885.67 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 885 ◽

pp. 67-74

Author(s):

Giuseppina Gullifa ◽

Stefano Materazzi

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Complete Characterization ◽

Coating Material ◽

Processed Foods ◽

Minimally Processed ◽

Film Coatings ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

Fresh Cut

This study proposes an innovative coating material and procedure to extend the shelf-life of fresh-cut pineapple classified as “minimally processed foods”. The novelty of this work consists of the using of biodegradable cases for the storage of fruits during the experiments under refrigerated conditions. In addition, the application of the coating process was evaluated over a period of 15 days and a complete characterization of the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) was performed by gaschromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess the effect of the coating material on the flavor, the appearance and the quality of the fruits. Results demonstrated that the application of carboxymethyl cellulose and ascorbic acid on pretreated fresh-cut pineapple is able to reduce the aging process and prolonge the shelf-life of pineapple without requiring conventional PVC cases for storage.

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Using neutron diffraction measurements to characterize the mechanical properties of polymineralic rocks

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/0026461036750138 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 967-987 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. F. Schofield ◽

S. J. Covey-Crump ◽

I. C. Stretton ◽

M. R. Daymond ◽

K. S. Knight ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Neutron Diffraction ◽

Deformation Behaviour ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Rock Properties ◽

Geological Materials ◽

Wide Range ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Elastic And Plastic Deformation

AbstractConventional experiments designed to investigate the mechanical properties of polycrystalline geological materials are generally restricted to measurements of whole-rock properties. However, when comparing the measurements with theoretical models, it is frequently essential to understand how the deformation is accommodated at the grain-scale. This is particularly true for polymineralic rocks because in this case most theories express the whole-rock properties as some function of the properties of their constituent minerals, and hence the contribution which each phase makes to those properties must be measured if the theories are to be fully assessed. The penetrating nature of neutrons offers a method of addressing this problem. By performing deformation experiments in the neutron beam-line and collecting neutron diffraction patterns at different applied loads, the lattice parameters of all the mineral phases present may be determined as a function of load. The elastic strain experienced by each phase is then easily determined. Moreover, the strain in different lattice directions is also obtained. From this information a wide range of problems relevant for the characterization of the elastic and plastic deformation behaviour of polymineralic geological materials can be explored. An experimental technique for carrying out such experiments is described, and its validity is demonstrated by showing that the results obtained from deforming an elastically isotropic olivine + magnesiowüstite sample agree, to within very tight bounds, with the behaviour predicted by theory for elastically isotropic composites.

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Graphene Oxides Derivatives Prepared by an Electrochemical Approach: Correlation between Structure and Properties

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10122532 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2532

Author(s):

Carlos Sainz-Urruela ◽

Soledad Vera-López ◽

María San Andrés ◽

Ana Díez-Pascual

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Interlayer Spacing ◽

Complete Characterization ◽

Raw Material ◽

Structure Property ◽

Graphene Oxides ◽

Structure Property Relationships ◽

Electrochemical Approach ◽

Wide Range ◽

Defect Content

Graphene oxide (GO) can be defined as a single monolayer of graphite with oxygen-containing functionalities such as epoxides, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. It is an interesting alternative to graphene for many applications due to its exceptional properties and feasibility of functionalization. In this study, electrochemically exfoliated graphene oxides (EGOs) with different amounts of surface groups, hence level of oxidation, were prepared by an electrochemical two-stage approach using graphite as raw material. A complete characterization of the EGOs was carried out in order to correlate their surface topography, interlayer spacing, defect content, and specific surface area (SSA) with their electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. It has been found that the SSA has a direct relationship with the d-spacing. The EGOs electrical resistance decreases with increasing SSA while rises with increasing the D/G band intensity ratio in the Raman spectra, hence the defect content. Their thermal stability under both nitrogen and dry air atmospheres depends on both their oxidation level and defect content. Their macroscopic mechanical properties, namely the Young’s modulus and tensile strength, are influenced by the defect content, while no correlation was found with their SSA or interlayer spacing. Young moduli values as high as 54 GPa have been measured, which corroborates that the developed method preserves the integrity of the graphene flakes. Understanding the structure-property relationships in these materials is useful for the design of modified GOs with controllable morphologies and properties for a wide range of applications in electrical/electronic devices.

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High-throughput microfluidic characterization of erythrocyte shape and mechanical variability

10.1101/488189 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Felix Reichel ◽

Johannes Mauer ◽

Ahmad Ahsan Nawaz ◽

Gerhard Gompper ◽

Jochen Guck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

High Throughput ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Microvascular Blood Flow ◽

Flow Conditions ◽

Wide Range ◽

Single Well ◽

Good Agreement

The motion of red blood cells (RBCs) in microchannels is important for microvascular blood flow and biomedical applications such as blood analysis in microfluidics. The current understanding of the complexity of RBC shapes and dynamics in microchannels is mainly based on several simulation studies, but there are a few systematic experimental investigations. Here, we present a combined study, which systematically characterizes RBC behavior for a wide range of flow rates and channel sizes. Even though simulations and experiments generally show good agreement, experimental observations demonstrate that there is no single well-defined RBC state for fixed flow conditions, but rather a broad distribution of states. This result can be attributed to the inherent variability in RBC mechanical properties, which is confirmed by a model that takes the variation in RBC shear elasticity into account. This represents a significant step toward a quantitative connection between RBC behavior in microfluidic devices and their mechanical properties, which is essential for a high-throughput characterization of diseased cells.Significance StatementThe ability to change shape is crucial for the proper functioning of red blood cells under harsh conditions in the microvasculature, since their shapes strongly affect the flow behavior of whole blood. Our results from simulations and systematic experiments reveal the shapes and dynamics of red blood cells for different flow conditions and channel dimensions, generally in good agreement. However, in the experiments, cells do not exhibit a single well-defined shape for fixed flow conditions. We show that this distribution of shapes can be attributed to the variability in mechanical properties of red blood cells.

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Structure and mechanical properties of Octopus vulgaris suckers

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2013.0816 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (91) ◽

pp. 20130816 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Francesca Tramacere ◽

Alexander Kovalev ◽

Thomas Kleinteich ◽

Stanislav N. Gorb ◽

Barbara Mazzolai

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Soft Robotics ◽

Octopus Vulgaris ◽

Viscoelastic Parameters ◽

Artificial Materials ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Common ◽

New Generation ◽

Attachment Process

In this study, we investigate the morphology and mechanical features of Octopus vulgaris suckers, which may serve as a model for the creation of a new generation of attachment devices. Octopus suckers attach to a wide range of substrates in wet conditions, including rough surfaces. This amazing feature is made possible by the sucker's tissues, which are pliable to the substrate profile. Previous studies have described a peculiar internal structure that plays a fundamental role in the attachment and detachment processes of the sucker. In this work, we present a mechanical characterization of the tissues involved in the attachment process, which was performed using microindentation tests. We evaluated the elasticity modulus and viscoelastic parameters of the natural tissues ( E ∼ 10 kPa) and measured the mechanical properties of some artificial materials that have previously been used in soft robotics. Such a comparison of biological prototypes and artificial material that mimics octopus-sucker tissue is crucial for the design of innovative artificial suction cups for use in wet environments. We conclude that the properties of the common elastomers that are generally used in soft robotics are quite dissimilar to the properties of biological suckers.

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