scholarly journals A comparison of selected public health criteria in milk from milk-shops and from a national distributor

2003 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. More O'Ferrall-Berndt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Cell Counts

Selected public health criteria of pasteurised milk available to the consumer from milk-shops in a pre-defined area of Pretoria compared with a national distributor's milk was evaluated. Of the 135 milk samples purchased from milk-shops, 87 % were not fit for human consumption on the basis of the minimum standards prescribed in the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act, 1972 (Act 54 of1972). The national distributor's milk (n = 79) did not contain any pathogens, toxins nor inhibitory substances and passed all the criteria laid down in the Act. Even though milk-shop milk was sold as having been pasteurised, 38.5% of samples were alkaline phosphatase positive, indicating probable inadequate pasteurisation. Milk-shop milk quality varied between milk-shops and between sampling days and differed significantly (P <0.05) from the national distributor's milk. Total aerobic plate and coliform counts were generally high for all milk-shop milk samples. Somatic cell counts of milk-shop milk differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the national distributor's milk. Escherichia coli was detected in 1 ml of 17% of milk-shop milk, 95% of which originated from milk which was alkaline phosphatase positive. Salmonella spp. could not be detected in 1 ml in any of the E. coli-positive milk tested. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 40% of milk-shop milk samples, and S. aureus enterotoxins from 7.8 % of 51 cultures. Inhibitory substances were detected in 54.1 % of milk-shop milk. The presence of inhibitory substances and the isolation of E. coli and S. aureus (some of which were able to produce enterotoxins) indicated potentially unsafe milk and poses a serious public health risk to consumers.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 984-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abdus Sobur ◽  
Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj ◽  
Ripon Sarker ◽  
A. M. M. Taufiqur Rahman ◽  
S. M. Lutful Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
One Health ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli

Aim: The present study was carried out to determine load of total bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in dairy farm and its environmental components. In addition, the antibiogram profile of the isolated bacteria having public health impact was also determined along with identification of virulence and resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) under a one-health approach. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples of six types (cow dung - 15, milk - 10, milkers' hand wash - 10, soil - 10 water - 5, and vegetables - 10) were collected from four dairy farms. For enumeration, the samples were cultured onto plate count agar, eosin methylene blue, and xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar and the isolation and identification of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties followed by PCR. The pathogenic strains of E. coli stx1, stx2, and rfbO157 were also identified through PCR. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 12 commonly used antibiotics by disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes ereA, tetA, tetB, and SHV were performed by PCR. Results: The mean total bacterial count, E. coli and Salmonella spp. count in the samples ranged from 4.54±0.05 to 8.65±0.06, 3.62±0.07 to 7.04±0.48, and 2.52±0.08 to 5.87±0.05 log colony-forming unit/g or ml, respectively. Out of 240 samples, 180 (75%) isolates of E. coli and 136 (56.67%) isolates of Salmonella spp. were recovered through cultural and molecular tests. Among the 180 E. coli isolates, 47 (26.11%) were found positive for the presence of all the three virulent genes, of which stx1 was the most prevalent (13.33%). Only three isolates were identified as enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that both E. coli and Salmonella spp. were found highly resistant to azithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and ertapenem and susceptible to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. Among the four antibiotic resistance genes, the most observable was tetA (80.51-84.74%) in E. coli and Salmonella spp. and SHV genes were the lowest one (22.06-25%). Conclusion: Dairy farm and their environmental components carry antibiotic-resistant pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. that are potential threat for human health which requires a one-health approach to combat the threat.

Mexican unpasteurised fresh cheeses are contaminated with Salmonella spp., non-O157 Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli and potential uropathogenic E. coli strains: A public health risk

2016 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Guzman-Hernandez ◽  
Araceli Contreras-Rodriguez ◽  
Rosa Hernandez-Velez ◽  
Iza Perez-Martinez ◽  
Ahide Lopez-Merino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
E Coli

scholarly journals BritishEscherichia coliO157 in Cattle Study (BECS): to determine the prevalence ofE. coliO157 in herds with cattle destined for the food chain

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (15) ◽  
pp. 3168-3179 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. HENRY ◽  
S. C. TONGUE ◽  
J. EVANS ◽  
C. WEBSTER ◽  
I. J. McKENDRICK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Infection Source ◽  
Zoonotic Bacteria

SUMMARYEscherichia coliO157 are zoonotic bacteria for which cattle are an important reservoir. Prevalence estimates forE. coliO157 in British cattle for human consumption are over 10 years old. A new baseline is needed to inform current human health risk. The BritishE. coliO157 in Cattle Study (BECS) ran between September 2014 and November 2015 on 270 farms across Scotland and England & Wales. This is the first study to be conducted contemporaneously across Great Britain, thus enabling comparison between Scotland and England & Wales. Herd-level prevalence estimates forE. coliO157 did not differ significantly for Scotland (0·236, 95% CI 0·166–0·325) and England & Wales (0·213, 95% CI 0·156–0·283) (P= 0·65). The majority of isolates were verocytotoxin positive. A higher proportion of samples from Scotland were in the super-shedder category, though there was no difference between the surveys in the likelihood of a positive farm having at least one super-shedder sample.E. coliO157 continues to be common in British beef cattle, reaffirming public health policy that contact with cattle and their environments is a potential infection source.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in broiler chickens from farms, abattoirs, and open markets in selected districts of Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Nelson Phiri ◽  
Geoffrey Mainda ◽  
Mercy Mukuma ◽  
Ntazana N. Sinyangwe ◽  
Luke J. Banda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Open Markets

Objective: Salmonella species and Escherichia coli are major bacterial enteropathogens of worldwide public health importance that cause devastating foodborne diseases, thereby contributing to increased human morbidity and mortality. Both pathogens have also been found to contribute towards the spread of antimicrobial resistance through the food chain, especially in poultry. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. and E. coli in broiler chickens at farm level, abattoirs, and open markets in selected districts of Zambia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in seven districts of Zambia to determine the resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. and E. coli obtained from broiler chickens at farms, abattoirs, and open markets. A total of 470 samples were collected which include; litter, cloacal swabs, and carcass swabs. Samples were inoculated into buffered peptone water and incubated for 24 hours then sub-cultured onto MacConkey and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar plates. Identification of Salmonella spp. and E. coli was done using the API-20E kit and confirmation by 16S rDNA sequencing. Confirmed isolates were tested against a panel of 09 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data analysis of the antibiotic sensitivity test results was done using WHONET 2018 software.Results: Overall, 4 Salmonella spp. and 280 E. coli were isolated. One of the Salmonella spp. was resistant to ampicillin (25%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (25%), and cefotaxime (25%). E. coli antibiotic resistance was highest to tetracycline (81.4%) and 100% susceptibility to imipenem. The antibiotic susceptibility profile revealed 75.7% (237/280) multidrug-resistant (MDR). The highest MDR profile was observed in 8.2% (23/280) isolates in which 6 out of the 9 classes of antibiotics tested were resistant. Out of the 280 isolates, 11.4% (32/280) exhibited Extensive Drug resistance (XDR).Conclusion: The study found antimicrobial resistance to E. coli and Salmonella spp. in market-ready broiler chickens which were resistant to important antibiotics and is of public health concern.

scholarly journals Prevalence, characteristics and antibiogram profile of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from raw and fermented (nono) milk in Benin City, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
I.H. Igbinosa ◽  
C. Chiadika
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

Background: Most Escherichia coli strains are harmless commensals, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are infrequently responsible for product recalls due to food contamination. The present study was carried out to determine the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 and other E. coli strains from raw and fermented (nono) milk in Benin City, Nigeria.Methodology: A total of 66 (33 raw and 33 nono) milk samples were obtained from retailers from 3 different stations in Aduwawa market, Benin City, Nigeria between January and June, 2017. Samples were analysed by cultural methods for faecal coliforms using M-Fc agar, E. coli using Chromocult coliform agar, and E. coli O157:H7 using sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and potassium tellurite. Presumptive E. coli andE. coli O157:H7 isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using specific primers. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of confirmed isolates was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with zones of inhibition interpreted according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Data were  analysed using the SPSS version 21.0.Results: From the 66 nono and raw milk samples assessed in this study, all (100%) were phenotypically positive for E. coli O157:H7. A total of 19 E. coli O157:H7 and 41 other strains of E. coli were confirmed by PCR. The resistance profile of the 19 E. coli O157:H7 isolates showed 100% (19/19) resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin; 94.7% (18/19) to chloramphenicol; 89.5% (17/19) to erythromycin; and 78.9% (15/19) to sulfamethoxazole and oxytetracycline, while the sensitivity profile showed that 100% (19/19) E. coli O157:H7 isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and ofloxacin. The resistance profile of other 41 E. coli isolates showed 100% (41/41) resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin; 97.6% (40/41) to chloramphenicol; and 92.7% (38/41) to erythromycin, while 97.6% (40/41) were sensitive to  gentamicin and kanamycin. Ten E. coli O157:H7 isolates (52.6%) showed extensive drug resistance pattern to 11 antibiotics in 7  antimicrobial classes with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.46.Conclusion: Findings from the present study clearly indicated that the safety and quality of fresh and fermented milk were not satisfactory and could be of public health concern. Key words: Nono, Escherichia coli; Pathotypes, Resistance index, Public health, Milk

scholarly journals DIARRHEAGENIC Escherichia coli IN RAW MILK, WATER, AND CATTLE FECES IN NON-TECHNIFIED DAIRY FARMS

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laryssa F. Ribeiro ◽  
Mayhara M. C. Barbosa ◽  
Fernanda R. Pinto ◽  
Leticia F. Lavezzo ◽  
Gabriel A. M. Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Eaec Strain

Abstract This study focused on detecting diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC or STEC:EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) in raw milk, water, and cattle feces sampled from non-technified dairy farms located in the northeastern São Paulo State, Brazil. Thirty-six water samples were collected at different points, namely, water wells (8 samples), water intended for human consumption (8 samples), water from milking parlor (8 samples), and water intended for animal consumption (7 samples), headwaters (1 sample), rivers (3 samples), and reservoirs (1 sample). Three raw milk samples were taken directly from bulk tanks in each farm, totalizing 24 samples. Feces samples were collected using rectal swabs from 160 bovines (20 animals per farm). E. coli was detected in 128 feces samples (80%), 16 raw milk samples (66.67%), and 20 water samples (55.56%). STEC (26 samples, 16.25%), EPEC (10 samples, 6.25%), STEC: EPEC (5 samples, 3.13%), and STEC: ETEC (1 sample, 0.63%) were the most prevalent strains detected in samples from cattle feces. EPEC, STEC, and STEC: EPEC strains were detected in 4.17% (1 sample), 16.67% (4 samples), and 4.17% (1 sample) of raw milk samples, respectively. STEC strains were detected in water used in the milking parlor, while no EAEC strain was detected. As a conclusion, cattle feces are important contamination sources of pathogenic E. coli in non-technified dairy farms and, consequently, cross-contamination among feces, water, and/or raw milk can occur. The use of quality water and hygienic practices during milking are recommended to avoid contamination since pathogens can be transmitted to humans via raw milk or raw milk cheese ingestion.

scholarly journals Microbial pool for biological control of milk quality and pathogen profile of milk from a dairy farm in southern Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Pamela Lais Cabral Silva ◽  
Thayli Ramires Araújo ◽  
Lucas Guidoni ◽  
Fernanda Gonçalves ◽  
Roger Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Pathogen Populations ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

The objective of this study was to assess the health and environmental profile milk from a local dairy farm by applying inoculum in different environments. The inoculum used was diluted with water and then sprinkled on the surface of predetermined sites for characterization. Five swab samples from the ground were collected at random from the room or environment. Populations of the total and fecal coliforms, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus coagulase positive and sulfite reducing Clostridium were set as indicators of hygiene and sanitary conditions. Milk samples were also collected from the cooling tank. Somatic cell counts (SCC) and different physicochemical parameters were determined, we used the methods set by ANVISA. A statistically significant reduction of SCC (P < 0.05) was observed from 2.8 to 2.0 log SSC.mL–1, significant interactions were considered when the probability was lower than 5%. The inoculum also showed a highly significant effect on pathogen populations, especially on Salmonella spp. and sulfite reducing Clostridium, while a lower reduction on the other two pathogens. In this way, the inoculum was effective in reducing pathogen populations, improved the sanitary quality,thus it might be used as a prevention tool for the diseases with environmental origin in dairy farms.

Changes of physicochemical indicators during mastitis and the effects of milk ejection on their sensitivity

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert M Bruckmaier ◽  
Daniel Weiss ◽  
Martin Wiedemann ◽  
Susanne Schmitz ◽  
Georg Wendl
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Experimental Inflammation ◽  
First Contact ◽  
The Relationship

We examined the relationship between physicochemical indicators and somatic cells in the milk of dairy cows during experimentally induced mastitis and their significance as indicators for use in controlling udder health. We were concerned particularly with the effect of alveolar milk ejection on the sensitivity of these indicators. In Expt 1, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (Esch. coli LPS) was injected into the left rear quarter to induce an inflammatory reaction in one quarter in each of six cows. The contralateral control quarter was injected with a solution of NaCl (9 g/l). Nine milk samples were taken from both quarters until 60 h after injection. In Expt 2, repeated milk samples were taken every 20 s from one quarter during a 120-s teat stimulation in 20 cows with different somatic cell counts (SCC). Quarters were clustered for low (<5·0 log cells/ml), mid (5·0–5·7 log cells/ml) and high (>5·7 log cells/ml) SCC of the sample taken at t=0 s. Samples were analysed for SCC, electrical conductivity (EC) and Na+ and Cl− concentrations. During the experimental inflammation SCC, EC, Na+ and Cl− peaked at 12 h from LPS administration and values in treated quarters (T) at this time were elevated to 7900, 157, 501 and 169% of the values in untreated quarters, respectively. In Expt 2, SCC, EC, Na+ and Cl− in high SCC quarters were 2520, 121, 283 and 141% of low SCC quarters at the start of stimulation (t=0 s), respectively. Highly significant (P<0·001) differences in EC, Na+ and Cl− between high and low SCC quarters disappeared owing to the onset of alveolar milk ejection 100 s after the first contact with the teat. In conclusion, SCC in cows' milk provided the strongest amplitude in the case of an intramammary inflammation. EC, Na+ or Cl− were useful tools only if the measurements were performed in cisternal milk before the start of alveolar milk ejection.

scholarly journals Public health risks of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in raw bovine milk sold in informal markets in Egypt

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (07) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Elmonir ◽  
Etab Abo-Remela ◽  
Azza Sobeih
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Public Health Risks ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Introduction: Milk is an important food in Egypt and most of it is sold as raw milk in informal markets. Methodology: This study was conducted to investigate the public health risks of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk sold in informal markets in Egypt. A total of 121 milk samples were analyzed for occurrence, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance of E. coli and S. aureus. Results: A total of 35/121 (28.9%) of milk samples were contaminated with 16/121 (13.2%) E. coli, 22/121 (18.2%) S. aureus, and 3/121 (2.5%) both isolates. Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enterotoxigenic S. aureus were detected in 5/121 (4.1%), 2/121 (1.7%) and 8/121 (6.6%) of the examined milk samples, respectively. Multiple drug resistances (MDRs) were showed by 14/16 (87.5%) and 21/22 (95.5%) of E. coli and S. aureus isolates, respectively. E. coli isolates showed high resistance for cephalothin (87.5%), ampicillin (68.8%) and tetracycline (68.8%), but were sensitive for gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Resistance phenotypes of E. coli were diverse; however, STEC isolates were significantly associated with co-resistance to cephalothin, ampicillin and tetracycline (P< 0.05). Two (9.1%) of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant (MRSA) but sensitive to gentamicin (GS-MRSA). Five (22.7%) of S. aureus isolates were gentamicin-resistant methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (GR-MSSA). S. aureus isolates also showed high resistance for ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (90.1%) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (90.1%). Conclusion: These findings highlighted the potential public health hazards of E. coli and S. aureus pathogens in raw milk sold in informal markets in Egypt.

scholarly journals Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows: somatic cell counts and associated bacteria in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SMMR Sumon ◽  
MA Ehsan ◽  
MT Islam
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bacillus Spp

Subclinical mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy cows and has a prominent place amongst the factors that limit milk production. This study was undertaken to determine the association of somatic cell counts (SCC) and occurrence of bacteria with SCM in smallholder dairy cows in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A total number of 240 quarters milk samples from apparently healthy lactating cows were subjected to SCC using NucleoCounter® SCC-100 ™ (Chemo Metec). A quarter was considered SCM positive if the quarter had SCC>100 x 103 cells/ml. All subclinical mastitis positive quarter milk samples were subjected to bacteriological examination and isolates were classified into major, minor, uncommon and mixed pathogens. The overall quarter-level prevalence of subclinical mastitis of dairy cows in Mymensingh district was 25% (95% CI, 19.52% to 30.48%). The most frequently isolated bacterial species were Staphylococcus aureus (18.33%) followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (10%), Enterobacter spp. (6.67%), Escherichia coli (5%), Bacillus spp. (5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%). Different bacterial isolates were associated with 90% cases of subclinical mastitis as mono infections or mixed infections. Mono and mixed infections significantly influenced SCC and were the most prominent factors responsible for increasing SCC. Mean SCC was the highest for Bacillus spp. (713.67 x 103 cells/ml) followed by Enterobacter spp. (395.75 x 103 cells/ml), Escherichia coli (386.00 x 103 cells/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (373.82 x 103 cells/ml), coagulase-negative staphylococci (182.67 x 103 cells/ml) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (138.67 x 103 cells/ml). Major pathogens induced higher SCC (380.72 x 103cells/ml) than minor and other pathogen groups.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 266-271, December 2017

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