scholarly journals Knowledge and attitudes of cattle owners regarding trypanosomosis control in tsetse-infested areas of Uganda

2004 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Magona ◽  
J. Walubengo ◽  
W. Olaho-Mukani
Keyword(s):  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Full Participation ◽  
Control Options ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Trypanosomosis Control

Apilot survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted in Tororo and Busia districts of Uganda on the knowledge and attitudes of cattle owners regarding tsetse fly and trypanosomosis control, in order to understand factors that hindered their full participation. A total of 81 cattle owners was randomly selected and interviewed, of which 92.5 % were aware of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis and 87.6%recognised animal trypanosomosis as a problem in the area. Most cattle owners were aware of tsetse fly trapping (76.5 %), isometamidium chloride use (55.5 %), diminazene aceturate use (48 %) and pour-on applications (18.5 %). However, knowledge did not coincide with the application of control measures. Despite the widespread awareness, tsetse fly trapping and pour-on applications were used by only a small percentage of cattle owners (7.5 % applied tsetse fly trapping while 76.5%were aware of it; 1.2%applied pour-oninsecticides while 18.5%were aware of them). Differences between awareness and application were highly significant for tsetse fly trapping (c2=67.8, d.f.=1, P<0.001) and pour-on applications (c2=10.8, d.f.=1, P<0.05), but not for isometamidium chloride use (c2 = 0.08, d.f. = 1, P = 0.77) and diminazene aceturate use (c2 = 0.00, d.f. = 1, P = 1.00). Most cattle owners (97.5 %) were willing to participate in future control programmes, but preferred participating on a group basis (85.2 %) rather than individually (14.8 %). The 4 most favoured control options in order of importance were: fly traps supplied by the government and maintained by cattle owners; contribution of labour by cattle owners for trap deployment; self-financing of trypanocidal drugs and self-financing of pour-on insecticide. The control options that should be selected in order to elicit full participation by cattle owners are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative performance of traps in catching tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imna I. Malele ◽  
Johnson O. Ouma ◽  
Hamisi S. Nyingilili ◽  
Winston A. Kitwika ◽  
Deusdedit J. Malulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Tsetse Fly Control ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Biconical Traps

This study was conducted to determine the efficiency of different tsetse traps in 28 sites across Tanzania. The traps used were biconical, H, NGU, NZI, pyramidal, S3, mobile, and sticky panels. Stationary traps were deployed at a distance of 200 m apart and examined 72 h after deployment. The results showed that 117 (52.2%) out of the 224 traps deployed captured at least one Glossina species. A total of five Glossina species were captured, namely Glossina brevipalpis, Glossina pallidipes, Glossina swynnertoni, Glossina morsitans, and Glossina fuscipes martinii. Biconical traps caught tsetse flies in 27 sites, pyramidal in 26, sticky panel in 20, mobile in 19, S3 in 15, NGU in 7, H in 2 and NZI in 1. A total of 21 107 tsetse flies were trapped, with the most abundant species being G. swynnertoni (55.9%), followed by G. pallidipes (31.1%), G. fuscipes martinii (6.9%) and G. morsitans (6.0%). The least caught was G. brevipalpis (0.2%). The highest number of flies were caught by NGU traps (32.5%), followed by sticky panel (16%), mobile (15.4%), pyramidal (13.0%), biconical (11.3%) and S3 (10.2%). NZI traps managed to catch 0.9% of the total flies and H traps 0.7%. From this study, it can be concluded that the most efficient trap was NGU, followed by sticky panel and mobile, in that order. Therefore, for tsetse fly control programmes, NGU traps could be the better choice. Conversely, of the stationary traps, pyramidal and biconical traps captured tsetse flies in the majority of sites, covering all three ecosystems better than any other traps; therefore, they would be suitable for scouting for tsetse infestation in any given area, thus sparing the costs of making traps for each specific Glossina species.Keywords: tseste; traps; densties; Glossina; mobile; stationary; Tanzania

Human African trypanosomiasis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1451-1459
Author(s):  
Reto Brun ◽  
Johannes Blum
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Stage 1

Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is caused by subspecies of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The disease is restricted to tropical Africa where it is transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). Control programmes in the 1960s were very effective, but subsequent relaxation of control measures led to recurrence of epidemic proportions in the 1980s and 1990s. Control is now being regained. Untreated human African trypanosomiasis is almost invariably fatal. Specific treatment depends on the trypanosome subspecies and the stage of the disease. Drugs used for stage 1 include pentamidine and suramin, and for stage 2 include melarsoprol, eflornithine, and nifurtimox, but regimens are not standardized, and treatment is difficult and dangerous; all of the drugs used have many side effects, some potentially lethal.

scholarly journals Farmer perceptions and willingness to pay for novel livestock pest control technologies: A case of tsetse repellent collar in Kwale County in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009663
Author(s):  
Beatrice W. Muriithi ◽  
Nancy G. Gathogo ◽  
Gracious M. Diiro ◽  
Michael M. Kidoido ◽  
Michael O. Nyanganga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Trypanocidal Drugs

Tsetse-transmitted Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is one of the most important constraints to livestock development in Africa. Use of trypanocides has been the most widespread approach for the management of AAT, despite the associated drug resistance and health concerns associated with drug metabolites in animal products. Alternative control measures that target tsetse fly vectors of AAT, though effective, have been hard to sustain in part because these are public goods applied area-wide. The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) and partners have developed and implemented a novel tsetse repellent collar (TRC) applied on animals to limit contact of tsetse flies and livestock, thereby reducing AAT transmission. The TRC has now advanced to commercialization. A household-level survey involving 632 cattle keeping households, was conducted in Shimba Hills region of Kwale County, where field trials of the TRC have been previously conducted to assess farmers’ knowledge, perception, and practices towards the management of tsetse flies, their willingness to pay (WTP) for the TRC, and factors affecting the WTP. Almost all the respondents (90%) reported that tsetse flies were the leading cattle infesting pests in the area. About 22% of these correctly identified at least four AAT clinical signs, and even though many (68%) used trypanocidal drugs to manage the disease, 50% did not perceive the drug as being effective in AAT management (50%). Few respondents (8%) were aware of the harmful effects of trypanocidal drugs. About 89% of the respondents were aware of icipe TRC, and 30% of them were using the field trial collars during the survey. Sixty-three (63%) of them were willing to pay for the TRC at the same cost they spend treating an animal for AAT. On average farmers were willing to pay KES 3,352 per animal per year. Male educated household heads are likely to pay more for the TRC. Moreover, perceived high AAT prevalence and severity further increases the WTP. Wider dissemination and commercialization of the herd-level tsetse control approach (TRC) should be encouraged to impede AAT transmission and thus enhance food security and farm incomes among the affected rural communities. Besides the uptake of TRC can be enhanced through training, especially among women farmers.

Traps for Tsetse-flies of the “ Crinoline ” and “ Ventilator ” Forms

1933 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Chorley ◽  
C. F. M. Swynnerton
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Excellent Service ◽  
The Government ◽  
Experimental Use ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

Prefatory Note.Having had the privilege of seeing something of Mr. Chorley's very fine work against Glossina palpalis, and having had four of his traps (of the types shown in Pl. xi, figs. 1, 2, 5) in experimental use myself, I would like to state that he has, in my opinion, done particularly excellent service in evolving several good types of trap for this tsetse-fly. They have not been properly tested yet against other species of tsetse. The choice of exactly suitable sites for the traps, as with all tsetse-traps, is a matter of considerable difficulty and demands expert knowledge, but if skilfully sited, the traps catch well. They represent the acme of cheapness. The mere tacking of a skirt on a Conical Hoop Trap (1912), a Hughen's trap (1919) or a Barrel Trap (Burnett 1918) makes a “ Chorley ” Trap for tsetse-fly. A mere sack or trouserleg kept open by a hoop and with a non-return cage on the top suffices ; and the trap collapses, like a lady's dress, into no space at all. It is simply, in some of its forms (as in Pl. xi, figs. 1, 2, 5), a very slight adaptation to tsetse of Richmond's Crinoline Trap for mosquitos, published in 1927 in the Government of India's Health Bulletin, No. 11 ; in its “ ventilator ” forms (e.g., fig. 3), it is an adaptation of the Wahl & du Plessis trap for blow-flies, published in 1923 in the Journal of the Department of Agriculture of South Africa—though even here the form most used has been cylindrical.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Jordanians toward COVID-19 pandemic: A CrossSectional Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (Special) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Social Media Networks ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
Source Of Information

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception and attitudes of Jordanians regarding COVID-19 and the implementation of control measures by the government. Methods: An online survey of 25 questions assessing knowledge of COVID-19 prevention methods and attitudes toward government regulations to decrease the spread of the virus skills was conducted through social media networks between March 21 and March 22, 2020, the same day a national curfew was implemented. Results: A total of 3087 participants completed the survey. About 61.9% were females, 78.1% aged 18 to 40 years, and 40.4% were employed. The vast majority (99%) of the population reported to have at least some information about the virus. Almost half (45.2%) reported television as the main source of information about COVID-19. About 92.3% understood the importance of hand washing. About 90.5% considered the governmental measures excellent or very good, 8.7% rated measures good, 0.8% rated measures bad or very bad. Many supported government actions with 97.7% supporting the curfew decision, and 68.1% favoring school and university closure and the use of remote-education until the outbreak is resolved. The majority understood the importance of handwashing (92.3%) with 34.8% reporting washing their hands more than three times daily. Conclusions: Overall, participants demonstrated good knowledge about COVID-19 and had favorable attitudes toward government actions during the first 24 hours of the curfew. This suggests Jordan’s efforts towards COVID-19 were well received by the general public.

Trypanosome infection rates in tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) and cattle during tsetse control operations in the Kagera River region of Rwanda

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Mihok ◽  
Leonard H. Otieno ◽  
Christopher S. Tarimo
Keyword(s):  
Day Treatment ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
River Region ◽  
Specific Order ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractTrypanosome infections were monitored in three species of tsetse fly (Glossina pallidipes Austen, G. morsitans centralis Machado, and G. brevipalpis News-tead) at four locations in the Kagera River region of Rwanda from May 1989 to September 1990. Two of the four areas (Mpanga Ranch and Bukora Ranch) were subjected to tsetse fly suppression operations with odour-baited traps. Proboscis infections of the Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax types accounted for roughly equal numbers of the 207 mature infections detected (3.8%). Variation in infection rates was area-specific rather than tsetse species-specific. Order of magnitude differences in tsetse fly densities among areas were not correlated with differences in infection rates at the start of tsetse fly suppression operations. Similarly, declines in population density on both control and experimental areas were not associated with significant changes in infection rates. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle at Bukora Ranch was not affected by a roughly 90% reduction in Glossina densities. T. congolense accounted for 79% of the infections at an overall prevalence rate of 5.5%. Trypanosomiasis in cattle persisted at extremely low densities of about 0.1 fly/trap/day. Treatment of cattle with diminazene aceturate (BereniR) suggested that many T. congolense parasites were drug resistant, and hence, were cycling among cattle due to the few Glossina present.

scholarly journals Seasonal Differences in the Abundance of Tsetse Flies (Glossina Species) in Pantaki, Kaduna State

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
Y.A Umar
Keyword(s):  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Trapping Method ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Tsetse Fly Control

Seasonal differences in the abundance of tsetse flies in Pantaki was investigated between July and August, 2016 and January and February, 2017 in Kagarko. Standard bioconical trapping method was used to collect the insects. A total of 208 tsetse flies were caught of which 139 (66.8%) were Glossina palpalis palpalis while 69 (33.2%) were Glossina tachinoides revealing an overall apparent density of 3.7T/T/D. The results indicate a significant difference (p<0.05) in abundance of tsetse flies in the wet compared to the dry seasons. Also, both species were relatively more abundant during wet (G. palpalis palpalis 75.5%, G. tachinoides 84.1%) than dry (G. palpalis palpalis 24%, G. tachinoides 15.9%) seasons. The differences in abundance observed could be due to the favourable climatic condition. This call for deployment of tsetse fly control measures (during the wet season) in the area.

Assessment of α-cypermethrin Pour-on Application and Diminazene Aceturate for the Treatment of Trypanosome-related Diseases Caused by Tsetse Flies in Cattle in Mô (Togo)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soudah Boma ◽  
Essodina Talaki ◽  
Toï N'Féidé ◽  
Balabadi Dao ◽  
Yao Lombo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
P Value ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trypanosomosis Control

Abstract BackgroundThe effects of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis control in high tsetse challenge and trypanocidal drug resistance settings remain poorly understood in Togo, owing to the poor data underlying the current disease impact. This study was implemented in the framework of the PDRI-Mô project which is an African animal trypanosomosis control project using trypanocides and insecticides on cattle. This project, planned by the agricultural ministry, focused on all the sedentary cattle breeds in the 1000 km² area of the prefecture of Mô. Until 2013, the locality remained unconnected to outside areas, with long-term limited access to quality medicines, veterinary services, animal husbandry and new AAT control technologies. Methods From March 2014 to November 2017, a database of zoo-sanitary surveys integrating the evolution of the incidence of the disease and the coverage of interventions made it possible to quantify the apparent effect attributable to control effort in herds. The strategy involved an initial phase with cross-sectional entomological and parasitological surveys, including a rapid trypanocidal drug sensitivity testing. Treatment efficacy was assessed using parasitological status post-treatment of trypanosome-positive animals in each village, randomly assigned to three groups, one treated with 0.5 mg/kg b.w. Isometamidium chloride, the second with 3.5 mg/kg b.w. Diminazene diaceturate and the third with distillated water as control. Using parasitological status of blood sample collected on day 0, day 14 and day 28 post-treatment as the outcome result, trypanosome phenotype resistance of drugs treatment was determined if relapse occur. Then, three times a year, 20% of the herd received α-cypermethrin pour-on, and parasitaemic cattle with poor health were individually given diminazene aceturate at 7 mg/kg of body weight (b.w.).ResultsThe tsetse density in the area decreased significantly (P-value ˂ 0.001) from 1.78 ± 0.37 in March 2014 prior to the α-cypermethrin application to 0.48 ± 0.07 in February 2017. Prior to the trypanocidal treatment, relapse of trypanosome infections in the cattle was approximately 12.5% for diminazene at 3.5 mg/kg of b.w., 35% for isometamidium at 0.5 mg/kg of b.w. and null for diminazeen at 7 mg/kg of b.w. Target deployment led to the largest reduction in disease incidence from 28.1% in 2014 to 7.8% in 2017, an improvement in haematocrit from 24.27±4.9% to 27.5±4.6% and a reduction in calf mortality from 15.9±11% to 5.9%.ConclusionsImproving the access to these interventions for different types of livestock and maintaining their effectiveness in the face of high tsetse challenges should be the primary focus of control strategies in areas of Togo.

scholarly journals African Trypanosomiasis Dynamics: Modelling the Effects of Treatment, Education, and Vector Trapping

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yustina A. Liana ◽  
Nyimvua Shaban ◽  
Goodluck Mlay ◽  
Anitha Phibert
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis

African trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne disease that is mainly transmitted by infected tsetse flies. A deterministic model of tsetse fly vector, human, and cattle hosts is formulated and analyzed to gain insights into the disease dynamics. The roles of public health education, treatment, and tsetse fly traps are studied. The effective reproduction number, a threshold used to determine whether the disease persists or dies out in the population, is determined. The sensitivity analysis of the model parameters is performed to determine their relationship with the effective reproduction number. The results show that the tsetse fly biting rate is the most sensitive parameter to the effective reproduction number. Furthermore, the model’s numerical simulation shows that a combination of all three interventions has the most significant impact on the control of African trypanosomiasis. Thus, we recommend that these control measures be put concurrently in endemic areas for effective control of the disease transmission.

Coronavirus: Towards controlling of the pandemic - Indian scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 462-468
Author(s):  
Latika kothari ◽  
Sanskruti Wadatkar ◽  
Roshni Taori ◽  
Pavan Bajaj ◽  
Diksha Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a communicable infection caused by the novel coronavirus resulting in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV). It was recognized to be a health crisis for the general population of international concern on 30th January 2020 and conceded as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. India is taking various measures to fight this invisible enemy by adopting different strategies and policies. To stop the COVID-19 from spreading, the Home Affairs Ministry and the health ministry, of India, has issued the nCoV 19 guidelines on travel. Screening for COVID-19 by asking questions about any symptoms, recent travel history, and exposure. India has been trying to get testing kits available. The government of India has enforced various laws like the social distancing, Janata curfew, strict lockdowns, screening door to door to control the spread of novel coronavirus. In this pandemic, innovative medical treatments are being explored, and a proper vaccine is being hunted to deal with the situation. Infection control measures are necessary to prevent the virus from further spreading and to help control the current situation. Thus, this review illustrates and explains the criteria provided by the government of India to the awareness of the public to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

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