scholarly journals The safety of induced sputum collection in infants under the age of 18 months

2001 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
H. Van Wyk ◽  
R. Jacquemard ◽  
G. Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Induction Method ◽  
Sputum Induction ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Larger Sample

The technique of sputum induction improves the yield of microbiological investigations for organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pneumocystis carinii. The aim of the study was to determine the safety of this method in children under the age of 18 months. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored during the procedure and compared with measurements obtained during the conventional method of sputum collection in the same patients. Patients were also observed for other possible side effects. Forty samples of sputa were obtained from 20 patients. No clinical differences in heart rate and oxygen saturation were found between the two methods. Overall, oxygen saturation measurements below 80% were recorded in three patients. Increased coughing and mild epistaxis did occur more frequently during the sputum induction method. It was concluded that sputum induction is safe in small children, but a larger sample size needs to be studied.

scholarly journals Maximum Heart Rate during exercise: Reliability of the 220-age and Tanaka formulas in healthy young people at a moderate altitude

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Felipe Correa Mesa ◽  
Luis Eduardo Cruz Martinez ◽  
Juan Carlos Correa Morales ◽  
Jaime Tomas Rojas Valencia
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Young People ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Moderate Altitude ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
The Real ◽  
Healthy Young People ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Larger Sample

<p>Background. The formulas to predict maximum heart rate have been used for many years in different populations.</p><p><br />Objective. To verify the significance and the association<br />of formulas of Tanaka and 220-age when compared to real<br />maximum heart rate.</p><p><br />Materials and methods. 30 subjects –22 men, 8 women–<br />between 18 and 30 years of age were evaluated on a cycle<br />ergometer and their real MHR values were statistically compared with the values of formulas currently used to predict MHR.<br />Results. The results demonstrate that both Tanaka p=0.0026 and 220-age p=0.000003 do not predict real MHR, nor does a linear association exist between them.</p><p><br />Conclusions. Due to the overestimation with respect to real<br />MHR value that these formulas make, we suggest a correction<br />of 6 bpm to the final result. This value represents the median<br />of the difference between the Tanaka value and the real MHR.<br />Both Tanaka (r=0.272) and 220-age (r=0.276) are not adequate predictors of MHR during exercise at the elevation of Bogotá in subjects of 18 to 30 years of age, although more study with a larger sample size is suggested.</p>

Sole Use of Dexmedetomidine Has Limited Utility for Conscious Sedation during Outpatient Colonoscopy

2005 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemyslaw Jalowiecki ◽  
Robert Rudner ◽  
Maciej Gonciarz ◽  
Piotr Kawecki ◽  
Michal Petelenz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Hemodynamic Instability ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Administration Regimen ◽  
Prolonged Recovery ◽  
Group D

Background This study evaluated the ability of dexmedetomidine to provide analgesia and sedation for outpatient colonoscopy, examining outcomes including cardiorespiratory variables, side effects, and discharge readiness. Methods Sixty-four patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment regimens. In group D, patients received 1 microg/kg dexmedetomidine over 15 min followed by an infusion of 0.2 microg x kg x h. Group P received meperidine (1 mg/kg) with midazolam (0.05 mg/kg), and group F received fentanyl (0.1-0.2 mg intravenous) on demand. The assessment included measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, quality of sedation/analgesia, and an evaluation of the recovery time. Results The study was terminated before the planned 90 patients had been recruited because of adverse events in group D. In all groups, negligible hemoglobin oxygen saturation and respiratory rate variations were observed. In group D, there was a significantly larger decrease in heart rate (to approximately 40 beats/min in 2 of 19 cases) and blood pressure (to less than 50% of the initial value in 4 of 19 patients). Supplemental fentanyl was required in 47% of patients receiving dexmedetomidine to achieve a satisfactory level of analgesia (vs. 42.8% of patients in group P and 79.2% of patients in group F). Vertigo (5 patients), nausea/vomiting (5 patients), and ventricular bigeminy (1 patient) were observed only in group D. Time to home readiness was longest in group D (85 +/- 74, 39 +/- 21, and 32 +/- 13 min in groups D, P and F, respectively; P = 0.007). Conclusions The use of dexmedetomidine to provide analgesia/sedation for colonoscopy is limited by distressing side effects, pronounced hemodynamic instability, prolonged recovery, and a complicated administration regimen.

scholarly journals VIRTUAL REALITY AS COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENT IN PAIN RELIEF IN BURNT CHILDREN

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soliane Scapin ◽  
Maria Elena Echevarría-Guanilo ◽  
Paulo Roberto Boeira Fuculo Junior ◽  
Andreia Tomazoni ◽  
Natália Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Complementary Treatment ◽  
Burn Treatment ◽  
Nursing Team ◽  
Larger Sample

ABSTRACT Objective: to report the use of virtual reality and its effects on clinical parameters, pain and its consequences in the treatment of two burned children in a Burn Treatment Center in southern Brazil. Method: case report on the use of virtual reality in two burned children treated at a reference burn treatment center in southern Brazil. Data were collected from January to February 2017, using the variables: pain, distraction, clinical parameters (heart rate and oxygen saturation) and analgesic medications. The measurements were carried out in five occasions and the intervention was applied for three days. The reports and reactions of children, guardians and the nursing team were also registered. Results: the use of virtual reality during dressings reduced the pain between two to four points on the scale used; oxygen saturation remained between 96 and 98%; heart rate decreased after the intervention. The children reported having fun, less time thinking about pain and were more collaborative during the procedure. Conclusion: this technology is innovative in the treatment of burned children and proved to be effective for the analyzed variables. New clinical studies with a larger sample are needed in the Brazilian context to contribute to these findings.

scholarly journals Efficiency and safety of phenylephrine and tropicamide used in premature retinopathy: a prospective observational study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atilla Alpay ◽  
Sılay Canturk Ugurbas ◽  
Cumhur Aydemir
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Pupillary Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rop Screening

Abstract Background To determine effects and side effects of topical application of phenylephrine 2.5% and tropicamide 0.5% combination in preterm infants. Methods In this prospective observational study, 60 infants undergoing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening were prospectively observed. Pupillary diameter, blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were monitored before and after up to 24 h during ROP screening examinations. Results The mean pupillary diameter 1 h after the instillation of drops was 5.58 ± 0.75 mm for both eyes. The mean systolic and diastolic pressure and oxygen saturation of infants did not change statistically until the end of the study. The average heart rate decreased by a mean of 4.96 beats/minute from the baseline following eye drops instillation. General condition deterioration, fall in oxygen saturation and bradycardia were observed in 4 infants that already had respiratory distress syndrome. Conclusion The phenylephrine 2.5% plus tropicamide 0.5% drop is effective and safe as mydriatic combination for retinopathy of prematurity screening. In infants with an additional systemic disease such as respiratory distress syndrome, the side effects of mydriatic drops may be more common. Such babies should be kept under close observation. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered on 28 February 2018. The ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier is NCT03448640.

scholarly journals VIRTUAL REALITY AS COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENT IN PAIN RELIEF IN BURNT CHILDREN

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soliane Scapin ◽  
Maria Elena Echevarría-Guanilo ◽  
Paulo Roberto Boeira Fuculo Junior ◽  
Andreia Tomazoni ◽  
Natália Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Complementary Treatment ◽  
Burn Treatment ◽  
Nursing Team ◽  
Larger Sample

ABSTRACT Objective: to report the use of virtual reality and its effects on clinical parameters, pain and its consequences in the treatment of two burned children in a Burn Treatment Center in southern Brazil. Method: case report on the use of virtual reality in two burned children treated at a reference burn treatment center in southern Brazil. Data were collected from January to February 2017, using the variables: pain, distraction, clinical parameters (heart rate and oxygen saturation) and analgesic medications. The measurements were carried out in five occasions and the intervention was applied for three days. The reports and reactions of children, guardians and the nursing team were also registered. Results: the use of virtual reality during dressings reduced the pain between two to four points on the scale used; oxygen saturation remained between 96 and 98%; heart rate decreased after the intervention. The children reported having fun, less time thinking about pain and were more collaborative during the procedure. Conclusion: this technology is innovative in the treatment of burned children and proved to be effective for the analyzed variables. New clinical studies with a larger sample are needed in the Brazilian context to contribute to these findings.

Planning the Size of Clinical Trials with Allowance for Patient Noncompliance

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (03) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Moussa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Survival Functions ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Patient Noncompliance ◽  
Event Rates ◽  
Larger Sample

AbstractVarious approaches are considered for adjustment of clinical trial size for patient noncompliance. Such approaches either model the effect of noncompliance through comparison of two survival distributions or two simple proportions. Models that allow for variation of noncompliance and event rates between time intervals are also considered. The approach that models the noncompliance adjustment on the basis of survival functions is conservative and hence requires larger sample size. The model to be selected for noncompliance adjustment depends upon available estimates of noncompliance and event rate patterns.

The Effects of Passive and Active Smoking on Brachial and radial Blood Pressure and Some Other Physical Factors in Healthy Young Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Shireen H. Ramadhan ◽  
Shamil K. Talal ◽  
Wasfiya A. Moner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
New Device ◽  
Active Smoker

Tobacco smoke is enormously harmful to human health, there’s no safe way to smoke. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the role of tobacco smoke compounds and their ability to damage the cardiovascular system and, in particular, to interfere with blood pressure (Brachial and radial pressure), heart rate and partly on the percentage blood Oxygen saturation. A new device has been manufactured which is unique for measuring the level of smoke, to obtained privies readings, the device had fixed to the first reference level آ and starting up from it. The effect of smoking has been studied on (26) male passive (26) active smoker volunteer, (14) female passive and (14) female active smoker participants. The results has been showed that the blood pressure and heart rate has been increased with increasing the number of cigarettes in both genders for passive and active smokers. However, this effect for male was more pronounced comparing with females for passive and active smokers. In the case of oxygen saturation concentration percentage, for males the change of oxygen concentration percentage was not stable. In other words, it was fluctuated with the number of cigarettes. But for females the oxygen concentration was decreased but not too much. This means that this effect was not pronounced. this study found آ that the most pronounced effect has been shown by male’s comparison to females for both passive and active smokers. As well as in nonsmoker’s males, the relation between heart rate and smoke level is inversely proportional. While in male and female smokers and female nonsmokers the relation is proportional. In all cases the relation between the smoke level and time of smoking is inversely proportional. Finally males& females are affected differently by tobacco use; the sensitivities to smoke for males are higher than in females for passive and active smokers in both brachial and radial blood pressure measurement.

Augmentation Strategies for Clozapine-Resistant Patients with Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-227
Author(s):  
Yi-Hang Chiu ◽  
Chia-Yueh Hsu ◽  
Mong-Liang Lu ◽  
Chun-Hsin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Augmentation Strategies ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Augmentation Strategy ◽  
Larger Sample

Background: Clozapine has been used in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. However, only 40% of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia have response to clozapine. Many augmentation strategies have been proposed to treat those clozapine-resistant patients, but the results are inconclusive. In this review, we intended to review papers dealing with the augmentation strategies in the treatment of clozapineresistant patients with schizophrenia. Method: We reviewed randomized, double-blind, placebo- or sham-controlled trials (RCT) for clozapine-resistant patients with schizophrenia in Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and PubMed database from January 1990 to June 2019. Results: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, brain stimulation, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and other strategies, were used as an augmentation in clozapine-resistant patients with schizophrenia. Except for better evidence in memantine with 2 RCTs and cognitive behavior therapy in 2 studies to support its effectiveness, we found that all the other effective augmentations, including sulpiride, ziprasidone, duloxetine, mirtazapine, ECT, sodium benzoate, ginkgo biloba, and minocycline, had only one RCT with limited sample size. Conclusion: In this review, no definite effective augmentation strategy was found for clozapine-resistant patients. Some potential strategies with beneficial effects on psychopathology need further studies with a larger sample size to support their efficacy.

scholarly journals ‘Statistical Irreproducibility’ Does Not Improve with Larger Sample Size: How to Quantify and Address Disease Data Multimodality in Human and Animal Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Abigail R. Basson ◽  
Fabio Cominelli ◽  
Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Data Visualization ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Random Number Generation ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Multimodal Distributions ◽  
Disease Subtypes ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Larger Sample

Poor study reproducibility is a concern in translational research. As a solution, it is recommended to increase sample size (N), i.e., add more subjects to experiments. The goal of this study was to examine/visualize data multimodality (data with >1 data peak/mode) as cause of study irreproducibility. To emulate the repetition of studies and random sampling of study subjects, we first used various simulation methods of random number generation based on preclinical published disease outcome data from human gut microbiota-transplantation rodent studies (e.g., intestinal inflammation and univariate/continuous). We first used unimodal distributions (one-mode, Gaussian, and binomial) to generate random numbers. We showed that increasing N does not reproducibly identify statistical differences when group comparisons are repeatedly simulated. We then used multimodal distributions (>1-modes and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods of random sampling) to simulate similar multimodal datasets A and B (t-test-p = 0.95; N = 100,000), and confirmed that increasing N does not improve the ‘reproducibility of statistical results or direction of the effects’. Data visualization with violin plots of categorical random data simulations with five-integer categories/five-groups illustrated how multimodality leads to irreproducibility. Re-analysis of data from a human clinical trial that used maltodextrin as dietary placebo illustrated multimodal responses between human groups, and after placebo consumption. In conclusion, increasing N does not necessarily ensure reproducible statistical findings across repeated simulations due to randomness and multimodality. Herein, we clarify how to quantify, visualize and address disease data multimodality in research. Data visualization could facilitate study designs focused on disease subtypes/modes to help understand person–person differences and personalized medicine.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document