scholarly journals Do experienced physiotherapists apply equal magnitude of force during a grade I central pa on the cervical spine?

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Conradie ◽  
E. Smit ◽  
M. Louw ◽  
M. Prinsloo ◽  
L. Loubser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Spinal Disorders ◽  
Joint Mobilization ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Manual Examination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Posterior Anterior ◽  
Selection Of

Background and purpose: Physiotherapists frequently use central posterior-anterior (PA) joint mobilization techniques for assessing and managing spinal disorders. Manual examination findings provide the basis for the selection of treatment techniques. From the literature it is evident that the level of reliability varies when physiotherapists perform different mobilization techniques. Repeatability of mobilization techniques is important for better physiotherapy management. The aim of the study was to determine whether experienced physiotherapists apply equal magnitude of force during a grade I central PA mobilisation technique on the cervical spine. Another aim was to determine the variation in the magnitude of forceapplied by each individual physiotherapist. Subjects: Sample of convenience, consisting of sixteen (n=16) selected qualified physiotherapists with experience inOrthopaedic Manual Therapy.Methods: A grade I central PA was performed on the Flexiforce TM sensors positioned on C6 of the same asymptomatic model to measure the applied magnitude of force. Two separate measurements, each lasting 30-seconds, were obtained.Results: The average maximum peak force applied by the majority of physiotherapists (87.5%) was between 10.95gand 72g. The difference in the forces applied for the two measurements ranged between 0.64g and 24.4g. The BlandAltman scatterplot determined the mean of the difference between measurement one and two, calculated for the group, was zero. When comparing the two measurements, little variation was noted in the forces applied, as well as the coefficient of variation for each physiotherapist.Conclusion and Discussion: Current results demonstrated good intra-therapist and moderate to good inter-therapist repeatability. Further research is required to generalize results.

Seed size influences the coleoptile length of wheat

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cornish ◽  
S Hindmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Seed Width ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of

Variation in coleoptile length within and between 2 cultivars of semidwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum) was related to seed size. Seeds of cvv. Banks and Kite were separated by sieving for width into the size classes of >2.75, 2.75-250, 2.50-2.25 and 2.25- 2.00 mm. The mean grain weights of ungraded samples were 43.1 mg (Kite) and 34.3 mg (Banks), and for the subsamples were 52.4, 37.9, 30.4 and 20.7 mg (Kite) and 41.4, 33.2, 25.8 and 19.1 mg (Banks). The effect of size class on coleoptile length was significant (P<0.01). Over both cultivars, coleoptile length declined by 0.37 mm per mg reduction in seed weight. Kite produced the longer coleoptiles overall, 87.5 mm compared with 59.0 mm for Banks. However, only 3.3 mm of this difference can be accounted for by the mean difference in seed weight (8.8 mg) and the effect of seed weight on coleoptile length (0.37 mm/mg). Genetic differences, apart from adult plant height, appear to explain most of the difference in coleoptile length between the cultivars. There was considerable genetic variability within genotypes. In Banks, with seed width >2.75 mm (41.4 mg per seed), the lengths of coleoptiles ranged from 24-89 mm (mean 65.1 mm), suggesting considerable scope for the selection of genotypes with longer coleoptiles.

scholarly journals Correlation between Personality Types and Color Shade Preference

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Ghorawat ◽  
Ravina Madan
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Personality Test ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Colour Preference ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of

The main aim of this study was to find out whether the color shade preferences of individuals, grouped according to their personality types are alike or not. The researchers also tried to study the difference in color shade preferences based on gender differences. The objective was to understand whether the color shade preferences of individuals are affected by their individual personality types or not and whether gender plays any role in selection of color shades of individuals. The study sample consisted of a total of 80 subjects, randomly selected from within the age group of 18-25. An attempt was made to maintain a balance between two genders and across the ages. The research instruments used were Eysenck’s Personality Test (to measure the personality types) and a separate Colour Bar- Colour Preference Test was designed to serve the purpose of this study. The subjects were made to fill both the questionnaires and then the items were scored and results were analyzed. Positive scoring was done for Eysenck’s personality questionnaire and negative scoring was used to score the Colour Bar-Colour Preference Test. The data collected was divided into: Introverts (female, male) and Extroverts (female, male). From the data collected the mean, standard deviation and correlation between extraversion scores and the most preferred colour scores, for all the four groups. The mean, standard deviation, and correlation for the four groups was found to be 436.4 (IF), 529.2 (IM), 504 (EF), 453.4 (EM); 5.47 (IF), 6.52 (IM), 5.48 (EF), 6.93(EM); -0.3 (IF), -0.1 (IM), 0.1 (EF) and 0.5 (EM) respectively. From this the conclusion was drawn that there was no significant correlation found between the personality types and colour shade preferences of the subjects except in the case of extroverted males. Recommendations: Increase the sample size as that proved to be a limitation to this study. A study across ages is also possible and might give different results.

Comparing treatment means correctly and appropriately

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1142-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl W. Mize ◽  
Richard C. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Multiple Comparison ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Major Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Multiple Comparison Procedures ◽  
Range Test ◽  
Selection Of

Many researchers set up an experiment, make measurements, do an analysis of variance, calculate the mean response for each treatment, and then try to decide if the treatment means are significantly different and why. Duncan's multiple-range test is frequently used to test the difference among treatment means. It is, however, only one of a number of techniques that can be used to examine treatment means. Some researchers are unaware of the different techniques and that the interpretation of the results of an experiment can be strongly influenced by the technique used. In fact, using an inappropriate technique can lead to making incorrect recommendations and to completely missing major treatment effects. Selection of the appropriate technique to use for a particular experiment depends upon the nature of the treatments and the objectives of the research. This paper discusses four techniques (ranking treatment means, multiple comparison procedures, fitting response models, and using contrasts to make planned comparisons) that can be used to examine treatment means and presents examples of each one.

scholarly journals Low-methane yield sheep have smaller rumens and shorter rumen retention time

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Goopy ◽  
Alastair Donaldson ◽  
Roger Hegarty ◽  
Philip E. Vercoe ◽  
Fay Haynes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Methane Yield ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Nutritional Physiology ◽  
Computer Tomography Scanning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tomography Scanning ◽  
Selection Of

In the present study, following the measurement of methane emissions from 160 mature ewes three times, a subset of twenty ewes was selected for further emission and physiological studies. Ewes were selected on the basis of methane yield (MY; g CH4/kg DM intake) being low (Low MY: >1 sd below the mean; n 10) or high (High MY: >1 sd above the mean; n 10) when fed a blended chaff ration at a fixed feeding level (1·2-fold maintenance energy requirements). The difference between the Low- and High-MY groups observed at the time of selection was maintained (P= 0·001) when remeasured 1–7 months later during digesta kinetics studies. Low MY was associated with a shorter mean retention time of particulate (P< 0·01) and liquid (P< 0·001) digesta, less amounts of rumen particulate contents (P< 0·01) and a smaller rumen volume (P< 0·05), but not apparent DM digestibility (P= 0·27) or urinary allantoin excretion (P= 0·89). Computer tomography scanning of the sheep's rumens after an overnight fast revealed a trend towards the Low-MY sheep having more clearly demarcated rumen gas and liquid phases (P= 0·10). These findings indicate that the selection of ruminants for low MY may have important consequences for an animal's nutritional physiology.

A Comparison of Chinese and Indian Solar Theories in the Sui and Early Tang Periods (Seventh–Eighth Centuries c.e.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-495
Author(s):  
Quan Tang ◽  
Anjing Qu
Keyword(s):  
Sixth Century ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Indian Astronomy ◽  
Expansion System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pole System ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Early Tang

The Sovereign Pole System ( Huang ji li 皇極曆, a.d. 600) is the first Chinese astronomical system to include a solar equation table for calculating the motion of the Sun. From then on, each Chinese system took the solar equation of centre into consideration. Some scholars have argued that Chinese solar theory in the Sui and Tang dynasties was developed independently by Chinese astronomers. However, other scholars have speculated that this theory was ultimately influenced by Babylonian astronomy, through the medium of Indian astronomy. In this paper, we compare Chinese solar theory in the Sui and early Tang periods with Indian solar theory in the sixth century. First, we discuss the content, meaning, and accuracy of the solar equation tables in the Sovereign Pole System, the Great Patrimony System ( Da ye li 大業曆, a.d. 607), and the Great Expansion System ( Dan yan li 大衍曆, a.d. 727), three representative Chinese systems of the Sui and early Tang periods. Then, we discuss the speed of the Sun, the accuracy of the solar equation of centre, and the difference between the motions of the true Sun and mean Sun in the Vāsiṣṭha Siddhānta, Pauliśa Siddhānta, and Romaka Siddhānta, three Indian astronomical works collected in the Pañcasiddhāntikā in the sixth century. Finally, we discuss the similarities and differences between Indian and Chinese solar theories in the Sui and early Tang periods. The results show that while Chinese solar theory in the Sui and early Tang periods was very similar to Indian solar theory in the sixth century, Indian astronomers had a more sophisticated view of solar theory than their Chinese contemporaries, both in relation to the difference between the mean Sun and true Sun and in the selection of the longitude of perigee of the Sun. At the same time, we must note that the influence of Indian solar theory on Chinese solar theory was very limited, even if Chinese solar theory in the Sui and Tang dynasties was possibly influenced by Indian solar theory.

scholarly journals The partial circulant diallel cross at the interpopulation level

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
José B. Miranda Filho ◽  
Roland Vencovsky
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
General Combining Ability ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Partial Diallel

The partial circulant diallel cross mating scheme of Kempthorne and Curnow (Biometrics 17: 229-250, 1961) was adapted for the evaluation of genotypes in crosses at the interpopulation level. Considering a random sample of n lines from base population I, and that each line is crossed with s lines from opposite population II, there will be ns sampled crosses that are evaluated experimentally. The means of the ns sampled crosses and the remaining n(n - s) crosses can be predicted by the reduced model <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/0291e1.gif" align="absmiddle"> where Yij is the mean of the cross between line i (i = 1,2,...,n) of population I and line j (j = 1',2',...,n') of population II; µ is the general mean, and gi and gj refer to general combining ability effects of lines from populations I and II, respectively. Specific combining ability (Sij) is estimated by the difference <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/0291e2.gif" align="absmiddle">. The sequence of crosses for each line (i) is [i x j], [i x (j + 1)], [i x (j + 2)], ..., [i x (j + s -1)], starting with i = j = 1 for convenience. Any j + s -1 > n is reduced by subtracting n. A prediction procedure is suggested by changing gi and gj by the contrasts <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_ti.gif" alt="s_ti.gif (188 bytes)"> i = <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_ytra.gif" alt="s_ytra.gif (986 bytes)"> i. - <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_ytra.gif" align="absmiddle"> .. and <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_ti.gif" align="absmiddle">j = <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_ytra.gif" align="absmiddle">.j - <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_ytra.gif" align="absmiddle">..; the correlation coefficient (r) was used to compare the efficiency of <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_gtil.gif" align="absmiddle">'s and <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_tiac.gif" align="absmiddle">'s for selection of lines and crosses. The analysis of variance is performed with the complete model Yij = µ + gi + gj + sij + <img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_e_.gif" align="absmiddle">ij, and the sum of squares due to general combining ability is considered for each population separately. An alternative analysis of variance is proposed for estimation of the variance components at the interpopulation level. An analysis of ear length of maize in a partial diallel cross with n = 10 and s = 3 was used for illustration. For the 30 interpopulation crosses analyzed the coefficient of determination (R2), involving observed and estimated hybrid means, was high for the reduced (g) model [R2 (<img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_yac.gif" align="absmiddle">ij, Yij) = 0.960] and smaller for the simplified (<img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_ti.gif" align="absmiddle">) model [R2 (<img src="http:/img/fbpe/gmb/v22n2/s_yac.gif" align="absmiddle">ij, Yij) = 0.889]. Results indicated that the proposed procedure may furnish reliable estimates of means of hybrids not available in the partial diallel.

Divergent selection for retrieving behavior in mice

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Hurnik ◽  
E. D. Bailey ◽  
F. N. Jerome
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Divergent Selection ◽  
Regression Functions ◽  
Regression Learning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Single Regression ◽  
Selection Of

To prove the involvement of genetic factors in retrieving activity, divergent selection was applied for five generations of mice. The mice originated from two highly inbred strains, SWR and C57Bl. In the parental generation, an equal number of reciprocal matings were made between the lines. The selection started in F2 generation. The selection of offspring in both directions was based on the mean performance of the mothers in six trials.Multivariance analysis showed positive response to the selection and confirmed a genetic contribution to the determination of retrieving activity. The estimate of realized heritability, adjusted for inbreeding effects, was lower in the group selected for fast retrieving (h2 = 0.26) and higher in the group selected for slow retrieving (h2 = 0.44). The difference between these coefficients was nonsignificant.In single regression functions on trials, only the linear regression was significant. The linear regression (learning rate) was more pronounced in the group selected for fast retrieving. Within groups, the regression on trials was similar during all five selected generations.

scholarly journals A Safe Surgical Procedure for Old Distractive Flexion Injuries of the Subaxial Cervical Spine

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-942
Author(s):  
Osamu Kawano ◽  
Takeshi Maeda ◽  
Eiji Mori ◽  
Itaru Yugue ◽  
Takayoshi Ueta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Subaxial Cervical Spine ◽  
Anterior Discectomy ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Posterior Anterior ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Selection Of

<sec><title>Study Design</title><p>Retrospective review.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>To describe a safe and effective surgical procedure for old distractive flexion (DF) injuries of the subaxial cervical spine.</p></sec><sec><title>Overview of Literature</title><p>Surgical treatment is required in old cases when a progression of the kyphotic deformity and/or persistent neck pain and/or the appearance of new neurological symptoms are observed. Since surgical treatment is more complicated and dangerous in old cases than in acute distractive-flexion cases, the indications for surgery and the selection of the surgical procedure must be carefully conducted.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>To identify a safe and effective surgical procedure, the procedure selected, reason(s) for its selection, and associated neurological complications were investigated in 13 patients with old cervical DF injuries.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>No neurological complications were observed in nine patients (DF stage 2 or 3) who underwent the anterior-posterior-anterior (A-P-A) method and two patients (DF stage 1) who underwent the posterior method. It was initially planned that two patients (DF stage 2) who underwent the P-A method would be treated using the Posterior method alone; however, anterior discectomy was added to the procedure after the development of a severe spinal cord disorder.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The A-P-A method (anterior discectomy, posterior release and/or partial facetectomy, reduction and instrumentation, anterior bone grafting) is considered to be a suitable surgical procedure for old cervical DF injuries.</p></sec>

scholarly journals Effect of Behavioral Counseling with Shaping Techniques and Assertive Exercises on Student Self Affiliation

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
I Gede Krisna Yoga ◽  
Ketut Gading ◽  
I Ketut Dharsana
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Behavioral Counseling ◽  
Training Techniques ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Training Technique ◽  
Group I ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Assertive Training

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Behavioral Counseling With Shaping And Assertive Training Techniques To Self Affiliation and to know the difference of influence between behavioral counseling shaping techniques and assertive training techniques to self-affiliation of students of Class VIII SMP LAB UNDIKSHA.Desain design used is Pretes- Posttest Control GroupDesign. Data analysis method used is t-test. The result of this research is experiment group I shows thitung> t table (5,503> 1,997). Furthermore, treatment techniques of shaping and assertive training techniques show that t count> t table (3.16> 1.99). This proves that, there is a difference between shaping techniques with assertive training techniques against self-affiliation students. From the result of calculation average, obtained 127,57 <119,69, meaning that the mean value of shaping technique count is greater than assertive training technique. For that the third hypothesis that there are differences in the influence of behavioral counseling shaping techniques with assertive training techniques to self-affiliation class VIII students SMP LAB UNDIKSHA.

Abstract P235: Implications of the Selection of Target Markers for LDL Lowering

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Williams ◽  
Patrick Lawler ◽  
Allan D Sniderman
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Treatment Change ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Risk Ratios ◽  
Selection Of

Our aim was to compare the implications of targeting LDL-lowering treatment to LDL-C, non-HDL-C, or apoB based on a recent meta-analysis of all published epidemiological studies with all three markers' vascular risk associations which found overall per standard deviation relative risk ratios (RRR) of 1.25 for LDL-C, 1.31 for non-HDL-C, and 1.41 for apoB. Our approach was to project the 10-year incidence of CHD events from NHANES 2005-2006 with 1697 subjects representing over 190 million adult US residents under different scenarios defined by the target marker and the percentage of people treated. Framingham equations were used to estimate each subject's 10-year CHD risk. We estimated each subject's risk if treated by dividing their initial risk estimate by the marker's RRR exponentiated to the number of standard deviations (LDL-C: 35 mg/dl, non-HDL-C: 42 mg/dl, apoB: 27 mg/dl) in 40% of the marker's measured level. The potential number of CHD cases prevented by the treatment was calculated by multiplying the difference between initial and treated risk by the number of people represented. The mean 10-year CHD risk was 7.00% indicating 13.3 million incident CHD cases would be expected over the subsequent 10 years with no treatment change. The expected numbers of incident CHD cases prevented under different treatment scenarios are shown in the figure. These results support recommendations to use apoB in clinical practice to identify candidates for LDL-lowering and to target their treatment.

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