scholarly journals Lower Bispectral index values in psychiatric patients: A prospective, observational study

2014 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatapura Ramesh ◽  
Muthu Radhakrishnan ◽  
Rohini Thimmaiah ◽  
Kesavan Muralidharan ◽  
Jagadisha Thirthalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bispectral Index ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Normal Controls

Abstract Background: Bispectral index score (BIS) is a processed electroencephalographic parameter used to measure level of sedation in anaesthetised patients. In few studies of psychiatric patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), it was observed that the BIS values were lower at baseline. It is not clear from those studies whether the BIS values are really low. Also, it is not clear whether the lower values are related to the primary psychiatric illness or the due to the effect of ECT. Therefore, we studied the BIS values in psychiatric illnesses and compared them with the normal controls. Materials and Methods: BIS index was recorded in 237 patients with various psychiatric illness (Group P) and 40 control patients without any psychiatric illness undergoing spinal surgery (Group C). BIS values were recorded in supine position before breakfast and before the morning doses of antipsychotic/benzodiazepine medications. It was recorded during resting state in all the subjects. Results: BIS values were lower in group P compared to control group (a mean of 89.8 ± 7.8 vs 95.7 ± 2.4, P < 0.0001). In the group P, the patients with psychosis and bipolar disorder had significantly lower BIS values than the patients with depression ( P= 0.04). Conclusions: BIS values in psychiatric patients are lower than those in the control group. Psychotic and bipolar disorders are associated with significantly lower BIS values than the depression.

Express Saccades and Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement Function in Schizophrenic, Affective Disorder, and Normal Subjects

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne B. Sereno ◽  
Philip S. Holzman
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Saccadic Response ◽  
Group A ◽  
Schizophrenic Group ◽  
Movement Function ◽  
Normal Controls

Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements were recorded in three groups of subjects: a schizophrenic group, a non-schizophrenic psychotic patient comparison group, and a normal control group. Schizophrenic subjects demonstrated a greater decrease in saccadic response time than did normal controls in a gap task (when the fixation point was turned off 150 msec before the target appeared). The psychiatric comparison subjects did not differ from normal controls. Further, only schizophrenic subjects demonstrated a relation between smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movement performance, such that subjects with impaired smooth pursuit showed a larger decrease in saccadic response time in the gap task. The relation between performance on the gap task and quality of smooth pursuit and its relevance for a prefrontal deficit hypothesis of schizophrenia are discussed.

The Reporting of Recent Stress in the Lives of Psychiatric Patients

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (541) ◽  
pp. 635-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Hudgens ◽  
Eli Robins ◽  
W. Bradford Delong
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Specific Question ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
Medically Ill ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses

Physicians and patients frequently assume a causal connection between life events and subsequent episodes of psychiatric illness. It seems to ‘make sense’ that an illness which is to some extent manifested by disordered emotions could be caused in part by emotion-producing events. But plausibility alone is no proof of the truth of such an assumption. Realizing this, several investigators have conducted systematic studies of the interrelationships of life events and illnesses, both psychiatric and medical. Such work has been reported by Adamson and Schmale (1), Holmes, et al. (3, 7, 9, 10) Brown and Birley (2) Clayton, et al. (4) Morrison, et al. (11) Murphy, et al. (12, 13) and Hudgens, et al. (8). These authors differed regarding the specific question of whether illnesses may be caused by emotion-producing stress. The first six of the above papers presented positive evidence for such a cause-effect relationship. The last four papers reported that psychiatric patients had significantly more interpersonal conflicts than did well persons or medically ill persons, at least while their psychiatric illnesses were in progress; but the latter authors were unable to find evidence that any type of stress, interpersonal or otherwise, played a causative role in the illnesses. Disagreements among all these workers may be traced to differences in both theoretical approach and methodology.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Role of ABCB1gene Polymorphic Variants on Psychiatric Disorders Predisposition in Macedonian Population

PRILOZI ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Zorica Naumovska ◽  
Aleksandra K. Nestorovska ◽  
Zoran Sterjev ◽  
Ana Filipce ◽  
Aleksandra Grozdanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microglia Cell ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Function

Abstract The psychiatric and other CNS disorders are characterized with unregulated neuro-inflammatory processes and chronic microglia cell activation resulting with detrimental effect. ABCB1gene polymorphismsC1236T, G2677T/Aand C3435T are associated with P-glycoprotein expression and function andare linked with predisposition to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. The relationship between mood disorders and glucocorticoids has been confirmed and ABCB1 SNPs influence the glucocorticoids access to the brain. The aim of the study is evaluation of the influence of the three most common ABCB1SNPs on predisposition to psychiatric disorders in Macedonian population. In the study 107 unrelated healthy Macedonians of both sexes were enrolled as a control group and patient population of 54 patients (22 to 65 years old) diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. ABCB1 for three polymorphisms were analyzed by Real-Time PCR in both groups. The results have confirmed the role of the ABCB1 gene in predisposition to psychiatric disorders and increased risk of developing bipolar disorder in carriers of the heterozygotes and mutant homozygotes for polymorphic variations in 1236 and 2677 in comparison to the normal genotype carriers. Three-fold higher risk was estimated for psychiatric illness in women that are 1236 and 2677 heterozygous carrier (heterozygous and mutant homozygous) compared to healthy control (men and women) population and four-fold higher risk in comparison only to healthy women population. Mutant allele carriers for 1236 and 2677 polymorphisms that are 35 years and below in patients population have almost three-fold higher risk for development of psychiatric illness.

Emotional hyper-reactivity in normothymic bipolar patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 232-232
Author(s):  
K. M’bailara ◽  
C. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Mood Induction ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Bipolar Patients ◽  
Subsyndromal Symptoms ◽  
Normal Controls

EUthymic states in bipolar disorders are generally considered to be devoid of severe symptoms. However, bipolar patients present subsyndromal symptoms for half of their life, and often have comorbid psychiatric disorders. If we go beyond the concept of temperamental features, can we identify certain emotional characteristics distinguishing normothymic bipolar patients from normal controls? The aim of this study was to assess the emotional reactivity of normothymic bipolar patients, comparing such patients with a normal control group during an experimental mood induction procedure.We evaluated the subjective emotional reactivity of 145 subjects (90 control subjects and 55 normothymic bipolar patients), using an emotional induction method based on the viewing of a set of slides (6 positive, 6 negative, 6 neutral) extracted from International Affective Picture System. Subjective valence and arousal were recorded with the Self Assessment Manikin.We also recorded startle reflexes.Normothymic bipolar patients and normal controls assessed valence and arousal similarly for positive and negative images. However, neutral images were considered more pleasant, and induced a higher level of arousal, in normothymic bipolar patients than in control subjects. Neutral pictures also triggered a stronger startle reflex in normothymic bipolar patients compared to controls.Normothymic bipolar patients displayed emotional hyper-reactivity, mostly evidenced in neutral situations. This feature may be linked to emotional dysregulation and is a potential endophenotype and or a risk factor for bipolar disorders. This trait may be responsible for vulnerability to minor stressful events in everyday life. These findings have potential implications for the daily management.

Effects of Bispectral Index Monitoring on Recovery from Surgical Anesthesia in 1,580 Inpatients from an Academic Medical Center

2005 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet D. Pavlin ◽  
Karen J. Souter ◽  
Jae Y. Hong ◽  
Peter R. Freund ◽  
T Andrew Bowdle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bispectral Index ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
Postanesthesia Care Unit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Anesthesia Providers ◽  
Academic Medical ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group A

Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether monitoring Bispectral Index (BIS) would affect recovery parameters in patients undergoing inpatient surgery. Methods Anesthesia providers (n = 69) were randomly assigned to one of two groups, a BIS or non-BIS control group. A randomized crossover design was used, with reassignment at monthly intervals for 7 months. Duration of time in the postanesthesia care unit, time from the end of surgery to leaving the operating room, and incidence of delayed recovery (&gt; 50 min in recovery) were compared in patients treated intraoperatively with or without BIS monitoring. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, unpaired t test, or chi-square test as appropriate. Results One thousand five hundred eighty patients in an academic medical center were studied. The mean BIS in the monitored group was 47. No differences were found in recovery parameters between the BIS-monitored group and the control group when comparisons were made using all subjects or when data were analyzed within anesthetic subgroups stratified by anesthetic agent or duration of anesthesia. There were some small reductions in the intraoperative concentration of sevoflurane (but not isoflurane). Conclusions The use of BIS monitoring for inpatients undergoing a wide variety of surgical procedures in an academic medical center had some minor effects on intraoperative anesthetic use but had no impact on recovery parameters.

scholarly journals Follow-up study of airway microbiota in children with persistent wheezing

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wu ◽  
Chencong Shen ◽  
Yuanling Chen ◽  
Xin Yang ◽  
Xiaofei Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Group A

Abstract Background Increasing evidence revealed that airway microbial dysbiosis was associated with increased risk of asthma, or persistent wheezing (PW). However, the role of lung microbiota in PW or wheezing recurrence remains poorly understood. Methods In this prospective observational study, we performed a longitudinal 16S rRNA-based microbiome survey on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples collected from 35 infants with PW and 28 age-matched infants (control group). A 2-year follow-up study on these PW patients was conducted. The compositions of lower airway microbiota were analyzed at the phylum and genus levels. Results Our study showed a clear difference in lower airway microbiota between PW children and the control group. Children with PW had a higher abundance of Elizabethkingia and Rothia, and lower abundance of Fusobacterium compared with the control group. At the end of the 2-year follow-up, 20 children with PW (57.1%) experienced at least one episode of wheezing, and 15 (42.9%) did not suffer from wheezing episodes. Furthermore, PW children with recurrence also had increased abundances of Elizabethkingia and Rothia relative to those who had no recurrence. Additionally, wheezing history, different gender, and caesarean section demonstrated a greater impact in airway microbiota compositions. Conclusion This study suggests that the alterations of lower airway microbiota could be strongly associated with the development of wheezing, and early airway microbial changes could also be associated with wheezing recurrence later in life.

scholarly journals Beyond Broca’s area

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-240
Author(s):  
David A. Ross ◽  
Andrew M. Novick
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Difficult Patient ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Future Physician

Patients with psychiatric illness often present a unique challenge to medical students: in contrast to some medical conditions, in which patients may seem to be stricken by a disease, patients with certain psychiatric illnesses may seem complicit with the illness. Questions of free will, choice, and the role of the physician can quickly become overwhelming. This may result in students feeling helpless, disinterested, or even resentful. Here we argue that integrating a modern neuroscience perspective into medical education allows students to conceptualize psychiatric patients in a way that promotes empathy and enhances patient care. Specifically, a strong grasp of neuroscience prevents the future physician from falling into dualistic thinking in which the psychosocial aspects of a patient’s presentation are considered beyond the realm of medicine. The value of incorporating neuroscience into a full, biopsychosocial formulation is demonstrated with the case example of a “difficult patient.”

scholarly journals Overview of Stigma against Psychiatric Illnesses and Advancements of Anti-Stigma Activities in Six Asian Societies

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhisong Zhang ◽  
Kaising Sun ◽  
Chonnakarn Jatchavala ◽  
John Koh ◽  
Yimian Chia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses

Background: In psychiatry, stigma is an attitude of disapproval towards people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric disorders are common in Asia but some Asians receive inadequate treatment. Previous review found that Asians with mental illness were perceived to be dangerous and aggressive. There is a need for renewed efforts to understand stigma and strategies which can effectively reduce stigma in specific Asian societies. The objective of this systematic review was to provide an up-to-date overview of existing research and status on stigma experienced by psychiatric patients and anti-stigma campaigns in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Korea, and Thailand. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the following databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, and local databases. Studies published in English and the official language of included countries/territories were considered for inclusion in the systematic review. Any article on stigma related to any form of psychiatric illness in the six Asian societies was included. Results: One hundred and twenty-three articles were included for this systematic review. This review has six major findings. Firstly, Asians with mental illnesses were considered as dangerous and aggressive, especially patients suffering from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; second, psychiatric illnesses in Asian societies were less socially-acceptable and were viewed as being personal weaknesses; third, stigma experienced by family members was pervasive and this is known as family stigma; fourth, this systemic review reported more initiatives to handle stigma in Asian societies than a decade ago; fifth, there have been initiatives to treat psychiatric patients in the community; and sixth, the role of supernatural and religious approaches to psychiatric illness was not prevailing. Conclusion: This systematic review provides an overview of the available scientific evidence that points to areas of needed intervention to reduce and ultimately eliminate inequities in mental health in Asia.

Attempted suicide and the experience of violence

1969 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Whitlock ◽  
A. D. Broadhurst
Keyword(s):  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Suicidal Attempts ◽  
Chest Clinic ◽  
Group A ◽  
Suicidal Patients ◽  
Surgical Operations ◽  
Healthy Persons

SummarySome of the literature on the interrelationships between suicidal acts, accidents, surgical operations and other forms of violent experience is reviewed.It was postulated that persons making suicidal attempts would, more commonly than non-suicidal controls, have encountered violent experiences during their life-time. To test this hypothesis, 50 persons attempting suicide were compared with 50 non-suicidal psychiatric patients and with 50 healthy persons attending a chest clinic. The groups were matched for age, sex and social class.Using a questionnaire, all relevant data were recorded. Classes of violent experience were graded numerically on a basis of severity and on the degree of responsibility of the person involved. It was found that the suicidal patients had significantly higher violence scores than either control group, a finding which remained significant when previous suicidal attempts were excluded from the score. The possible implications of this finding are discussed.

scholarly journals Patterns of Psychiatric Illness over 3 years: A single Centre Inpatient Study From Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
S Dhungana ◽  
M Chapagai ◽  
P Tulachan ◽  
S P Ojha
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
P Value ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Common Diagnosis

Introduction: Inpatient psychiatric patients are a major group of our treatment domain and they are different from outpatients in certain characteristics. In this study, we assessed the patterns of psychiatric illnesses along with socio-demographic variables in patients admitted in a psychiatry ward of a tertiary hospital over three consecutive years.Methods: This is a retrospective review of all patients admitted in psychiatry ward Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital over a three year period between 2067 Baisakh to 2069 Chaitra (2010 April to 2013 April) by reviewing in-patient admission charts from medical records section of the hospital. Descriptive analysis was done by using SPSS version 19; Chicago, IL, with p value of <0.05 being considered statistically significant.  Results: There were a total of 881 patients admitted in the psychiatry ward during the study period (281 patients in 2067, 303 in 2068 and 297 in 2069). Patients in the age group of 20-30 years comprised the majority (n=295; 33.5%) of the total population followed by age group 10-20 years (n=239; 27.1%). Males constituted 50.3% of the total patients. Most of the patients belonged to the central developmental region (n=580; 65.8%). Brahmins comprised the majority (n=374; 42.5%) and 98.8% of the patients were Hindus. The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia and related disorders (25.5%) followed by acute and transient psychotic disorders, ATPD (14.4%). Majority of the patients (n=422; 47.9%) had hospital stay duration of 7-14 days. About 98% of patients were discharged with no cases of mortality over three years studied. Overall trend in those three years was similar except for ethnicity, diagnosis, and duration of stay (p≤0.001).Conclusion: We conclude that schizophrenia and related disorders were the most common diagnosis and 20- 30 years age group was the most commonly afflicted age- group among psychiatry inpatients. This adds insight to our understanding of predominant psychiatric illness in inpatients and how they differ from outpatients aiding in scaling of services in inpatients.J Psychiatric Association of Nepal Vol .3, No.2, 2014, pp:15-19DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpan.v3i2.12382 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document