Acute toxicity test of kenikir leaf (Cosmos caudatus H.B.K) ethanolic extract on Wistar white male rats with fixed dose procedure method and its effect on histopathology of pancreatic cells

The herb frequently used as spices or remedies in the Indonesian community, with the seed as the most common part is kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum). According to earlier evidence, this possessed antibacterial, antifungal and several biological properties, reduced blood glucose and atherogenic parameter, and is developed as standardized herbal cures. However, the application of herbal medicine requires validating evidence of safety and effectiveness, including toxicity tests, particularly in clinical settings. The target organs in this comprised hepar, due to the role in several drug metabolism. This study aimed at discovering the safety profile of kapulaga seed extract based on the hepatic transaminase enzyme (SGOT and SGPT) level, by conducting an acute toxicity test in Winstar rats. Also, this was implemented with the OECD 420 Fixed-Dose Procedure, and the preliminary test employed 300 mg/kg BW dose followed by a maximum single quantity (2000 mg/kg BW) of kapulaga. The main test was executed by a separation into control and treatment groups of 5 rats each. Therefore, a single dose of 2000 mg/kg BW kapulaga seed extract was administered to the treatment group, while the control group received standard pellets and water ad libitum. The blood from orbital vein was acquired on day 14, and SGOT and SGPT were subsequently assessed by an enzymatic-photometric method. Also, this data was analyzed using an independent sample t-test, and the mean of SGOT in both groups were 116.92±22.35 and 98.02±16.38 (p=0.17), with 58.72±8.79 and 47.64±7.30 (p=0.06) as SGPT respectively. Therefore, there was no statistical difference, and no acute toxicity signs were discovered. The maximum dose was not toxic and did not result in poisonous symptoms or alter hepatic transaminase enzyme (SGOT and SGPT) in rats.Keywords: Amomum cardamomum, kapulaga, acute toxicity, SGOT, SGPT Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Biji Kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum) Berdasarkan Kadar Enzim Transaminase Hepar Tikus WinstarAbstrakKapulaga (Amomum cardamomum), merupakan salah satu herbal Indonesia yang secara umum dimanfaatkan sebagai rempah-rempah maupun obat, terutama bagian biji. Beberapa bukti sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa kapulaga memiliki berbagai aktivitas biologis seperti antibakteri, antijamur, dan sudah dibuktikan mampu menurunkan glukosa darah dan parameter arterogenik. Bukti tersebut mendukung pengembangan kapulaga sebagai obat herbal terstandar. Penggunaan obat herbal terutama di klinik harus didukung dengan adanya bukti keamanan maupun efektivitasnya termasuk uji toksisitas. Hepar merupakan salah satu target organ dari uji toksisitas karena perannya yang penting pada metabolisme sebagian besar obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai profil keamanan ekstrak biji kapulaga melalui uji toksisitas akut menggunakan tikus Winstar berdasarkan kadar enzim transaminase hepar (SGOT dan SGPT). Uji toksisitas akut berpedoman pada OECD 420 Fixed Dose Procedure. Uji pendahuluan menggunakan ekstrak biji kapulaga dosis 300 mg/kg BB dan diikuti dengan dosis tinggi 2000 mg/kg BB yang diberikan secara tunggal. Uji utama dilakukan dengan membagi tikus ke dalam kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan, masing-masing kelompok terdiri atas 5 tikus. Berdasarkan hasil uji pendahuluan, uji utama menggunakan dosis tunggal 2000 mg/kg BB untuk kelompok perlakuan, sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya mendapatkan pelet dan air secukupnya. Pada hari ke-14, darah dari vena orbital diambil, lalu kadar SGOT dan SGPT diukur menggunakan metode enzymatic-photometric. Independent sample t-test digunakan untuk menilai data rata-rata kadar SGOT dan SGPT dari kedua kelompok. Rata-rata kadar SGOT pada kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan sebesar 116,92±22,35 dan 98,02±16,38 (p=0,17), sedangkan rata-rata SGPT sebesar 58,72±8,79 dan 47,64±7,30 (p=0,06). Perbedaan rata-rata SGOT dan SGPT pada kedua kelompok tersebut secara statistik tidak bermakna dan tidak ditemukan tanda toksisitas pada semua hewan coba. Ekstrak biji kapulaga dosis maksimal 2000 mg/kg BB tidak toksik pada hepar tikus karena tidak menimbulkan tanda toksisitas maupun mengubah enzim transaminase hati (SGOT dan SGPT). Kata kunci: Amomum cardamomum, kapulaga, toksisitas akut, SGOT, SGPT

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Safety Evaluation of an Apitherapy Formulation, Bao-Yuan-Ling: Acute and Sub-acute Oral Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research ◽

10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.17:85-92 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 85-92

Author(s):

Sun Yanru ◽

Shen Zhenhuang ◽

Jia Zhe ◽

Miao Xiaoqing

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Drug Effects ◽

Female Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Oral Toxicity

Bao-Yuan-Ling (BYL) is an apitherapy formulation which is composed of royal jelly, propolis and bee venom. Cardioprotective effects of BYL has been demonstrated, while the toxicity of BYL was not clear. In this study, acute and sub-acute toxicity test of BYL was processed following Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 423 and OECD 407, respectively, in Wistar rats. In acute toxicity test, rats were orally treated with BYL at the single dose of 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg. No death occurred in the acute toxicity test for 7 days, which indicated the lethal dose 50% value exceeded 5000 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity study, rats were treated with BYL at the dose of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg in a daily base for continuous 28 days. Results showed that female rats were more likely to be affected by BYL in body weight changes, while biochemical indicators of blood serum in male rats were more susceptible to drug effects. However, neither female nor male rats were affected by BYL administration significantly on the organs via hematoxylin-eosin staining analysis. Results suggested that BYL was slightly toxic and clinical use was safe and reliable.

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The Safety of Areca Seed Ethanolic Extract as Potential Chemopreventive Agent is Proven by Acute Toxicity Test

Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention ◽

10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev3iss1pp345-350 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 345

Author(s):

Sri Handayani ◽

Riris Istighfari Jenie ◽

Ratna Asmah Susidarti

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Control Group ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Test Animal ◽

Chemopreventive Agent ◽

Areca Catechu

Areca (Areca catechu L.) seeds ethanolic extract (AE) exhibits antiproliferative activity and induces apoptosis on T47D and MCF-7 cells. This study aimed to verify AE safety using acute toxicity test to support its development as chemopreventive agent. Male Sprague Dawley Rat (Rattus norvegicus) age 8 weeks divided into five groups, one group of control treated with 0.5% CMC-Na only and four groups for treatment. Single dose in oral administration was done to test animal with various dose of AE starts from lowest dose to highest dose expected toxic to all of test animal (0.1; 0.72; 5.36 and 10 gram/kgBW). Observation was done during 24 hours and continued for 14 days. The observation criteria were toxic symptoms, appearance and mechanism of toxic effect and pathology of vital organ. Histopathology analysis of some vital organs was done with Haematoxyllin&Eosin (H&E) staining. Toxic effect did not appear either on treatment groups or control group. Treatment of single dose of areca ethanolic extract, even in highest dose, did not cause the death of the animals. Therefore, observation extended to 14 days and terminated by necroption of the animals. All of groups did not show histopathological alterations in microscopic observation. Category of the potential toxicity of AE is practically non-toxic, ie 10 g/kgBW. The result shows the safety of areca seed ethanolic extract which is important for its development as chemopreventive agent.Keywords: Areca catechu, acute toxicity, rat

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The Effectiveness of Ethanolic Extract ofAmaranthus tricolorL.: A Natural Hepatoprotective Agent

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x10008469 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 38 (06) ◽

pp. 1051-1064 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mohammed S. Al-Dosari

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Liver Toxicity ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Hepatoprotective Activity ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Amaranthus Tricolor ◽

Liver Histopathology ◽

Time Determination

The ethanolic extract of Amaranthus tricolor L. (ATE) leaves was tested for its efficacy against CCl4-induced liver toxicity in rats. The hepatoprotective activity of ATE was evaluated via measuring various liver toxicity parameters, the lipid profile, and a histopathological evaluation. A sleeping time determination study and an acute toxicity test were performed in mice. The results clearly showed that oral administration of ATE for three weeks significantly reduced the elevated levels of serum GOT, GPT, GGT, ALP, bilirubin, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, TG, and MDA induced by CCl4. Moreover, ATE treatment was also found to significantly increase the activities of NP-SH and TP in liver tissue. These biochemical findings have been supported by the evaluation of the liver histopathology in rats. The prolongation of narcolepsy induced by pentobarbital was shortened significantly by the extract. The acute toxicity test showed that no morbidity or mortality was caused by the extract. The observed hepatoprotective effect appears to be due to the antioxidant properties of A. tricolor, which may pave the way to finding a new drug to be used for fighting liver diseases.

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ACUTE TOXICITY TEST OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Acalypha hispida LEAVES IN FEMALE RATS: A PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDY

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v14i3.16176 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Hamzah Alfarisi ◽

Mawar Subangkit ◽

Siti Sa’diah ◽

Tutik Wresdiyati

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Female Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Glomerular Cell ◽

Eosinophilic Cytoplasm

This research aims to evaluate the safety of ethanolic extract of Acalypha hispida (A. hispida) leaves with acute toxicity test using 15 female rats strain Sprague-Dawley. A single dose of different doses of extract (2, 4, 8, and 16 g/kg body weight) was administrated orally, and theobservation was conducted for 14 days. The results revealed that the ethanolic extract of A. hispida leaves was relatively harmless (LD50 16 g/kg BW), did not affect body weight, and did not show clinical signs of toxicity during the observation periods. The parameters of blood serumbiochemistry of all extract-treated groups (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and urea) did not change significantly compared to the control group. The histological observation of the liver showed a significant increase in eosinophilic cytoplasm and basophilic nuclei at all doses. However, the ethanolic extract of A. hispida leaves did not significantly affect glomerulus/Bowman’s capsule ratio, glomerular cell density, and the proportion of normal cell tubule. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of A. hispida leaves was relatively harmless with LD5016 g/kg BW and seems to be safe in low doses (2 g/kg BW).

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Acute Toxicity Test of Pigeon Pea Leaves Extract (Cajanus cajan) in Rats

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202015101043 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 01043

Author(s):

Tutik Wresdiyati ◽

Stephany Stephany ◽

Ekowati Handharyani ◽

Siti Sa’diah ◽

Made Astawan

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Cajanus Cajan ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Critical Time ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Acute Toxicity Test

Acute toxicity test was conducted to evaluate the safety level of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) leaves extract, using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 423) guideline method. The pigeon pea leaves were extracted using 96%ethanol as a solvent. A total of 9 male rats were used divided into 3 groups: 1 control group and 2 treatment groups. The rat in control group (group 1) received a single dose of distilled water while the rat in groups 2 and 3 received a single dose of pigeon pea leaves extract at doses of 300 mg/kg BW and 2000 mg/kg BW, respectively. The aquadest and extract suspension were administered orally using rat stomach tubedos. Mortality and clinical signs were examined in the first 4 hours (critical time), 24 hours, and 14 days after the treatments. The result revealed that the LD50 values of the extract was estimated at more than 5000 mg/kg BW and classified as practically nontoxic.

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Acute Toxicity Test of Ethanolic Extract of Dayak Onion Leaves (Eleutherine americana Merr.) Toward Wistar Female Rats Using OECD 425 Method

Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.3329/dujps.v18i2.43259 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 171-177

Author(s):

Sri Wahdaningsih ◽

Eka Kartika Untari ◽

Robiyanto

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Test Dose ◽

Female Rats ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Safety Level ◽

Ld50 Value ◽

Eleutherine Americana ◽

Single Dosage

Pre-clinically, the potential of Eleutherine americana Merr. as antioxidant has been studied, but it’s safety level of its safety has not been widely known. Safety level of ethanolic extract of E. americana Merr leaves (EEEaL) can be detected by acute toxicity test using OECD 425. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute toxicity of EEEaL as the guideline of its safe dose for therapy. This test was performed through OECD 425 (Up and Down Procedure) method with two doses (2000 and 5000 mg/kgbw) of EEEaL administration orally which observed for two weeks toward Wistar rats. The results of the test dose showed no toxic symptoms and they did not cause death in the test animals. Single dosage up to 5000 mg/kgbw also did not show any symptoms of toxicity, and did not cause weight loss until the 14th day of test. The LD50 value of EEEaL is more than 5000 mg/kgbw, suggesting that the plants is practically non toxic according to Loomis classification. Phytochemical screening showed that EEEaL contains compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and saponins. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(2): 171-177, 2019 (December)

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Effects of atrazine and alachlor on self-purification processes in receiving streams

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1996.0095 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 181-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jana Zagorc-Koncan

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effect ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Organic Substances ◽

Inhibiting Effect ◽

Scenedesmus Subspicatus ◽

Net Assimilation ◽

Chlorophyll A Content

In recent years many waterways in Slovenia have been subjected to an increased loading with pesticides due to intensification of agriculture. The most widely used herbicides are atrazine and alachlor and they were detected in some rivers and even in ground water. Therefore the effects of atrazine and alachlor on selfpurification processes were investigated. The basic selfpurification processes studied were biodegradation of organic substances and photosynthesis and growth of algae. The inhibiting effect of pesticides on the process of biodegradation of organic pollutants was evaluated by the use of laboratory river model and mathematical modelling. The harmful impacts of pesticides on aquatic autotrophic organisms were assessed by measurement of net assimilation inhibition (24-h acute toxicity test) as well as growth inhibition - chlorophyll- a content (72-h chronic toxicity test) of algae Scenedesmus subspicatus. The results obtained demonstrate that atrazine and alachlor in concentrations found in our rivers have practically no effect on biodegrading heterotrophic organisms, while their adverse effect on algae is quite considerable.

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