scholarly journals Morphometric analysis of an Areal Watershed in Taubaté, SP, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Vicente Rodolfo Santos Cezar ◽  
Marcelo Dos Santos Targa ◽  
Celso De Souza Catelani
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Circularity Index

      In 1991, the Integrated Water Resources Management System (SIGRHI) in the State of São Paulo adopted the watershed as a territorial unit for studies, integrated planning and sustainable development. The morphometric analysis of small watersheds, which involves the characterization of geometric parameters, relief, drainage network, combined with land use and occupation, may constitute an important model for environmental analysis of larger watersheds. This study aimed at characterization of the morphometry in the Areal river basin, in the city of Taubaté, São Paulo. The study found 1.89 km² of area, 7.44 km of perimeter and 3.11 km in length of the basin axis, which allowed the calculation of the compactness coefficient (Kc = 1.51), form factor, (F = 0.195) and circularity index (CI = 0.43), indicating that under normal precipitation conditions, this basin is unlikely to be flooded, due to the distance from the unit, leading to smaller concentrate outflow. The results obtained for the Maintenance Coefficient (Cm) indicate that 260 m² is required to maintain each meter of perennial channel. The high values of drainage density (Dd = 3.35 km.km-2) and sinuosity index (Is = 0.95) indicate that drainage channels in the area are rectilinear, thus suggesting the occurrence of a high surface runoff associated with high dissection. The analysis of land use and occupation revealed that, from the seven types of vegetation cover, the dominant cover in the Areal basin is 0.756 km2 (40%) constituted of pasture, while forest represents 0.580 km2 (31%), 0.321 km2 (17%) of the land cover is constituted of degraded forest. In terms of conservation, the Areal basin is conserved because, besides being located in the environmental preservation area of the Una River Basin, it is located at the meeting of two ecological corridors and is occupied by only 8 families of rural producers. On the other hand, the creation of approximately 120 head of cattle in the upper part of the basin and the existence of gully erosion of the order of 0.018 km2 (1%) of the basin area, which led to increased runoff and sediment concentration in the flat areas marginal to the creek of Areal. Based on morphometric analysis, it was concluded that: Areal watershed presents high capacity to form new watercourses and their relief characteristics, with low sinuosity channels and high values of altimetric amplitude, channel gradient, and density. Drainage, allied to the existence of erosive processes, favors sediment flow and transport. Conservation actions are required to control erosion.

scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO MORFORMETRICA E DO USO E OCUPAÇÃO DA TERRA DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO CÓRREGO SANTO ANTÔNIO- SÃO FRANCISCO XAVIER (SP)

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Aline Kuramoto Gonçalves ◽  
Zacarias Xavier De Barros ◽  
Gabriel Rondina Pupo da Silveira ◽  
Yara Manfrin Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Circularity Index

AVALIAÇÃO MORFORMETRICA E DO USO E OCUPAÇÃO DA TERRA DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO CÓRREGO SANTO ANTÔNIO- SÃO FRANCISCO XAVIER (SP)   ALINE KURAMOTO GONÇALVES1; ZACARIAS XAVIER DE BARROS2; GABRIEL RONDINA PUPO DA SILVEIRA3; YARA MANFRIN GARCIA⁴   Departamento de Engenharia Rural, FCA/UNESP, Av. Universitária, nº 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu – SP, Brasil, 1 [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 4 [email protected]   RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo mapear as classes de uso e ocupação da terra e análise morfométrica da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Santo Antônio, no distrito de São Francisco Xavier, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, com a utilização do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) ArcGIS versão 10.3, a carta topográfica do município de Monteiro Lobato- SP e ortofotos do projeto Mapeia São Paulo. Foram avaliados diversos parâmetros morfométricos como coeficiente de compacidade, índice de circularidade, densidade de drenagem, ordem dos cursos d’água, comprimento total dos cursos d’água e o uso e ocupação da terra. A bacia possui de 520,7ha e tendo o formato alongada, favorecendo o escoamento superficial, maior energia erosiva e baixa propensão a ocorrência de inundações. Os elementos físicos apresentam conservados devido a Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA), assegurando a sua preservação O uso e ocupação da terra compreendem em área urbana, sedes rurais, estrada rural, área agrícola, pastagem e vegetação natural, sendo o uso mais significante a vegetação natural (470 ha) representa 90,2%, seguido pela pastagem (40 ha) no total de 7,68% da área total da bacia hidrográfica. Tais resultados auxiliaram na decisão do planejamento e gerenciamento dos recursos naturais, diante das legislações ambientais.   Palavras-chaves: Sistema de Informação Geográfica, morfometria, conservação ambiental.   MORPHOMETRIC EVALUATION AND USE AND LAND OCCUPATION OF SANTO ANTONIO WATERSHED - SAO FRANCISCO XAVIER (SP)   ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to map the land use,occupation classes and morphometric analysis of the Santo Antonio stream watershed, in Sao Francisco Xavier district, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, using the Geographic Information System (GIS) - ArcGIS version 10.3, the topographic map of the municipality of Monteiro Lobato-SP and orthophotos of Mapeia Sao Paulo project. Several morphometric parameters were evaluated as compactness coefficient, circularity index, drainage density, order of watercourses, watercourses total length , land use and occupation. The watershed has 520.7 ha and your elongated shape favor superficial runoff, higher erosive energy and low flooding propensity. Physical elements are conserved due Environmental Protection Area (APA), ensuring their preservation. The land use and occupation comprises urban an rural areas, rural roads, agricultural areas, pastures and natural vegetation. From the total of watershed area, natural vegetation (470 ha) represents 90.2%, followed by pasture (40 ha) totaling 7.68% . Based on environmental legislation, these results helped in the decision of planning and management of the natural resources.   Keywords: Geographic Information System, morphometry, environmental conservation.  

scholarly journals Sugarcane expansion in the Capivara River hydrographic basin (SP) between 1977 and 2010

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4185
Author(s):  
Walquíria Silva Machado ◽  
Tiago Santos Telles ◽  
João Tavares Filho
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Forest Remnants

Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) with applied digital image-processing (DIP) techniques are essential tools for maintaining land-use records over time. The sugar-ethanol industry has increased over the last 30 years in areas of the Paranapanema Valley in the Western São Paulo Plateau, which is considered one of the last major regions of São Paulo State, Brazil with soil, climate, and relief favorable for expanding sugarcane production. However, there is still no detailed study on changes in land-use and land occupation in the Capivara River basin. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the expanding land-use toward sugarcane crop production throughout the middle course of the Capivara River basin, southwestern São Paulo, Brazil between 1970 and 2010 using remote sensing. Thus, thematic maps referring to soil types and the land-use of the area were organized using GIS tools, and the cartographic data were used to prepare maps with ArcMap 9.3 software. The results showed that there was a 31.24 % expansion in sugarcane crops within the Capivara River basin area, from 4.32 % in 1977 to 35.56 % in 2010. This expansion mainly occurred in areas previously used for pastures but may have also occurred in areas of forest remnants.

scholarly journals Efeito das transformações antrópicas às margens do rio Una, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brasil

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marli Aparecida Perim ◽  
Maria Dolores Alves Cocco
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Degraded Area ◽  
The City ◽  
Anthropic Pressure

This study sought to support the mapping of occupied areas on the margin of rivers through the use of geoprocessing imaging technologies combined with the application of indices that measure the effects of the anthropic transformations in the environment, in order to verify the environmental degradation. The Anthropic Transformation Index is demonstrably efficient for space-time analyses on river basins and at environmental protection areas. In order to develop a data base to support public policies related to the preservation of the Una River Basin, this article presents the effects of the anthropic actions in the years 1962 to 2014, in the registry district of Taubaté, in the Vale do Paraíba Metropolitan Region. In order to collect data using photos and aerial images of the territory, geo-referencing and vectorization were performed by the QGIS program, which enabled quantification of the occupation and land use. Five occupational categories types had been identified in the area: watercourses, riparian forest, field or pasture, denser forest and urbanization. Afterwards, the ITA was applied and the index 5.5 was obtained, which indicates a degraded area, based on the percentage of land use and occupation. It was concluded that the greatest change occurred in a 52-year time span, in the landscape of registry district, where a marked anthropic pressure was observed.it is the significant anthropic pressure, close to the watercourses, towards the Una River Basin, in the city of Taubaté, in the state of São Paulo.

scholarly journals Sugarcane expansion in the Capivara River hydrographic basin (SP) between 1977 and 2010

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4185
Author(s):  
Walquíria Silva Machado ◽  
Tiago Santos Telles ◽  
João Tavares Filho
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Forest Remnants

Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) with applied digital image-processing (DIP) techniques are essential tools for maintaining land-use records over time. The sugar-ethanol industry has increased over the last 30 years in areas of the Paranapanema Valley in the Western São Paulo Plateau, which is considered one of the last major regions of São Paulo State, Brazil with soil, climate, and relief favorable for expanding sugarcane production. However, there is still no detailed study on changes in land-use and land occupation in the Capivara River basin. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the expanding land-use toward sugarcane crop production throughout the middle course of the Capivara River basin, southwestern São Paulo, Brazil between 1970 and 2010 using remote sensing. Thus, thematic maps referring to soil types and the land-use of the area were organized using GIS tools, and the cartographic data were used to prepare maps with ArcMap 9.3 software. The results showed that there was a 31.24 % expansion in sugarcane crops within the Capivara River basin area, from 4.32 % in 1977 to 35.56 % in 2010. This expansion mainly occurred in areas previously used for pastures but may have also occurred in areas of forest remnants.

scholarly journals GEOPROCESSAMENTO APLICADO NA CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOMÉTRICA DA MICROBACIA DO RIBEIRÃO DESCALVADO – BOTUCATU, SP

Irriga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-65
Author(s):  
Sergio Campos ◽  
Andrea Cardador Felipe ◽  
Marcelo Campos ◽  
Aline Minarelli Reche
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Density ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Environmental Restoration ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Circularity Index ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Morphometric Characterization

GEOPROCESSAMENTO APLICADO NA CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOMÉTRICA DA MICROBACIA DO RIBEIRÃO DESCALVADO – BOTUCATU, SP SÉRGIO CAMPOS1; ANDREA CARDADOR FELIPE1 E MARCELO CAMPOS2, ALINE MINARELLI RECHE1  1 Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - FCA - UNESP - Botucatu - São Paulo - Brasil.  E-mail: [email protected] Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, UNESP - Tupã - São Paulo - Brasil.  E-mail: [email protected]  1 RESUMO Esse trabalho objetivou a aplicação de geoprocessamento na  caracterização morfométrica da  microbacia do Ribeirão Descalvado – Botucatu (SP) através do Sistema de Informação Geográfica – Selva, visando a preservação, racionalização do seu uso e recuperação ambiental.   A microbacia apresenta uma área de 2228,61ha e está localizada entre os paralelos 22o 50' 05" a 22o 54' 26" de latitude S e 48o 22' 29" a 48o 26' 36"  de longitude W Gr.  A base cartográfica utilizada foi a carta planialtimétrica de Botucatu (SP), em escala 1:50000 (IBGE, 1969) na  extração das curvas de nível, da hidrografia e da topografia, para determinação dos índices morfométricos. Os resultados mostram que os baixos valores da densidade de drenagem, associados à presença de rochas permeáveis, facilitam a infiltração da água no solo, diminuindo o escoamento superficial e o risco de erosão e da degradação ambiental, bem como o baixo valor do fator  de forma amparado pelo índice de circularidade indicam que a microbacia é mais alongada e com menor susceptibilidade à ocorrência  de enchentes mais  acentuadas. O parâmetro ambiental de coeficiente de rugosidade permitiu classificar a microbacia para vocação com floresta e reflorestamento. Palavras-chave: morfometria, hidrografia e SIG  CAMPOS, S,;  FELIPE, A.C.; GARCIA, Y.M.; CAMPOS, M.; FERREIRA, L.T.L. GEOPROCESSING APPLIED TO  MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RIBEIRÃO DESCALVADO  MICRO WATERSHED - BOTUCATU, SP   2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate  geoprocessing  to morphometrically characterize the Ribeirão Descalvado micro watershed – Botucatu, SP by the Geographic Information System (GIS) – Selva for preservation, rationalization of its use and environmental restoration.   The micro watershed is 2,228.61 ha   between the geographic coordinates: 22° 50' 05" to 22° 54' 26 "  latitude  S  and 48° 22' 29" to  48° 26' 36"  longitude W Gr.  The cartographic basis was the planialtimetric chart of Botucatu (SP), 1: 50000 scale (IBGE, 1969) , used for extraction of level, hydrography and topography curves  to determine morphometric indices.   The results showed that  low values of drainage density associated with the presence of permeable rocks facilitates ground water infiltration which decreases surface runoff, erosion risks and environmental degradation.  The low value of the shape factor supported by the circularity index shows that the micro watershed is more elongated and at lower risk of   more pronounced floods.   The   roughness coefficient environmental parameter   classified the micro watershed for forest and reforestation. Keywords: Morphometry, hydrography and GIS

scholarly journals CONDIÇÕES HIDROLÓGICAS DE UMA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA COM DIFERENTES USOS DO SOLO NA REGIÃO DE TAQUARITINGA, SP.

Irriga ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-169
Author(s):  
Flávia Mazzer Rodrigues ◽  
Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra ◽  
Sérgio Campos
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Weekly Sample ◽  
Sample Water ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Condições hidrológicas de uma bacia hidrográfica com diferentes usos do solo na região de Taquaritinga, SP. Flavia Mazzer Rodrigues1; Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra1; Sérgio Campos2 1Departamento de Engenharia Rural – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas e Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, [email protected] de Engenharia Rural – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 1 Resumo Nas áreas onde atividades antrópicas são desenvolvidas, como a agricultura, o uso do solo contribui consideravelmente nas características físicas, químicas e biológicas da água. O presente trabalho apresenta resultados das condições hidrológicas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego da Fazenda Glória, localizada no Município de Taquaritinga, Estado de São Paulo, realizado entre fevereiro e julho de 2005, cujo objetivo é diagnosticar as variações físicas e químicas na rede de monitoramento da água nas 4 microbacias de 1ª ordem de magnitude, com diferentes uso/ocupação do solo em torno das nascente. Para a análise da água, foram selecionados cinco pontos, sendo quatro deles nas nascentes e um ponto de amostragem na foz do Córrego da Fazenda Glória. A metodologia constitui de coletas de amostras semanais dos parâmetros de turbidez, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e condutividade elétrica. A rede de drenagem com nascentes protegidas, situadas a montante da microbacia hidrográfica do Córrego da Fazenda Glória, foram as que receberam menores influência do sistema agrícola.Unitermos: recurso hídrico, ambiente, monitoramento ambiental.  RODRIGUES, F. M.; PISSARRA, T. C. T.;CAMPOS, S. HIDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN WATERSHEDS WITH DIFFERENT LAND USE AND OCCUPATION,  IN THE REGION OFTAQUARITINGA,BRAZIL  2 Abstract In areas where human activities, as agriculture, are developed land use contributes to physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. This study aimed to identify physical and chemical variations of the water monitoring network in 4 first magnitude watersheds with different land use/occupation in the hydrographic basin of the Glori Farm Creek in the city ofTaquaritinga, State of Sao Paulo, from February to July, 2005. The methodology consisted of weekly sample water collections to naalyze turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and electric conductivity. The characterization of the hydrological conditions of the watersheds showed that agricultural activities, including the productive system of the sugarcane cultivation, have affected the quality of water resources. KEYWORDS: water resources, environment, environmental monitoring. 

scholarly journals Land use and land cover changes in São Paulo Macro Metropolis and implications for water resilience under climate change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-50
Author(s):  
Demerval Gonçalves ◽  
Wilson Cabral Sousa Júnior ◽  
Luciana de Resende Londe ◽  
Marcos Pellegrini Coutinho ◽  
Walter Manoel Mendes Filho
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Climate Data

The São Paulo Macro Metropolis (MMP) is a geographical arrangement that brings together the most significant Brazilian socioeconomic figures and faces numerous challenges, such as heavy pressure on natural resources. Through compilation, spatialization and cross-referencing of data, this work assessed time series of land use and land cover of the last decades, the water supply status in an urban environment and climate data projection for MMP. Municipalities with different profiles were identified: those with positive final balances and those with negative final balances about the maintenance of their natural areas. Furthermore, more than half of the municipalities of the MMP have low water supply assurance, which can be aggravated due to climate change, as predicted in several climate models. The characterization of municipalities based on this information allowed identifying which of them are the most vulnerable, and these results indicate paths for coordinated actions at local and regional levels to increase water resilience in the macro-region.

scholarly journals Human occupation and land use process in the Itaim basin, Taubaté, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Marcelo Dos Santos Targa ◽  
Mauro Castilho Gonçalves ◽  
Celso De Souza Catelani ◽  
Nelson Wellausen Dias
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Hydrographic Basin ◽  
The City

 Indiscriminate use of land leads to substantial changes in the routine of social groups. Caused predominantly by anthropic elements and historically observed by the behavior of the economic and social trajectories, this phenomenon causes changes in the landscape and territory. This investigation analyzed the historical and social incidents in the random occupation of a hydrographic basin, located in the city of Taubaté, State of São Paulo. It considers factors related to urban occupation and the characterization of the rural environment, based on the analysis of anthropic conditions related to gradual alteration of the landscape and the territorial environment, from a historical and environmental perspective. Based on topical incursions at particular points in the basin and analysis of components found in the water, a progressive and inevitable degradation of their natural characterization was found, as well as the urgent need of intervention by public entities, and the population that lives and works in the region is called for, in order to expand the preservation of what remains of history, environment and rural culture.

THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT URBAN LAND USE TYPES ON AIR POLLUTION IN THE MEGACITY OF SÃO PAULO

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Júlio Barboza Chiquetto ◽  
Maria Elisa Siqueira Silva ◽  
Rita Yuri Ynoue ◽  
Flávia Noronha Dutra Ribieiro ◽  
Débora Souza Alvim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
The Impact

A poluição do ar é influenciada por fatores naturais e antropogênicos. Quatro pontos de monitoramento (veicular, comercial, residencial e background urbano (BGU))da poluição do ar em São Paulo foram avaliados durante 16 anos, revelando diferenças significativas devidoao uso do solo em todas as escalas temporais. Na escala diurna, as concentrações de poluentes primários são duas vezes mais altas nos pontos veicular e residencial do que no ponto BGU, onde a concentração de ozonio (O3) é 50% mais alta. Na escala sazonal, as concentrações de monóxido de carbono(CO) variaram em 80% devido ao uso do solo, e 55% pela sazonalidade.As variações sazonais ede uso do solo exercem impactos similares nas concentrações de O3 e monóxido de nitrogênio (NO). Para o material particulado grosso (MP10) e o dióxido de nitrogênio(NO2), as variações sazonais são mais intensas do que as por uso do solo. Na série temporal de 16 anos, o ponto BGU apresentou correlações mais fortes e significativas entre a média mensal de ondas longas (ROL) e o O3 (0,48) e o MP10 (0,37), comparadas ao ponto veicular (0,33 e 0,22, respectivamente). Estes resultados confirmam que o uso do solo urbano tem um papel significativo na concentração de poluentes em todas as escalas de análise, embora a sua influência se torne menos pronunciada em escalas maiores, conforme a qualidade do ar transita de um sistema antropogênico para um sistema natural. Isto poderá auxiliar decisões sobre políticas públicas em megacidades envolvendo a modificação do uso do solo.

Relationships Between Soluble and Sediment Nutrient Losses, Land Use and Types of Soil in Agricultural Watersheds

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
A.F. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Agricultural Watersheds ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

Abstract Seven agricultural watersheds in southwestern Quebec and southeastern Ontario, ranging in area from 2,000 to 20,000 hectares, were monitored systematically during 1973–75 for soluble inorganic nitrogen, total soluble phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfate-sulfur, chemical oxidation demand, discharge, suspended sediment concentration, sediment Kjeldahl nitrogen, Bray extractable phosphorus, and ammonium acetate extractable calcium, magnesium and potassium. For 1974–75, annual Kg/ha, loss rates were calculated for the soluble and sediment associated nutrients. Losses varied with nutrient and watershed, with volume of runoff being an important control of nutrient loss variation. Significant amounts of SO4−S in precipitation were suggested by an average watershed soluble N:P:S loss ratio of 10:1:92. Sediment nutrient losses were especially important for N and P, comprising over 40% of their total loss. The importance of spring snow-melt runoff was demonstrated by the high proportion of all nutrients lost at this time. Correlations of nutrient loss, land use and soils suggested that certain land uses resulted in increased stream nutrient losses while increased watershed area of soils with a high surface runoff potential was particularly conducive to increased soluble nutrient and sediment losses.

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