scholarly journals Relationships of Reproductive Traits with the Phylogeny of the African Noctuid Stem Borers

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S32481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul-André Calatayud ◽  
Stéphane Dupas ◽  
Brigitte Frérot ◽  
Gilles Genestier ◽  
Peter Ahuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Species Specific

The display of the reproductive behavior in most noctuid Lepidoptera follows a diel periodicity and is limited to a precise period of either the day or the night. These behavioral traits and the sex pheromone chemistry can be species specific and thus might be linked to the phylogeny. The objective of this study was to test the relationship of these reproductive traits with phylogeny. The study was undertaken using eight closely related species of noctuid stem borers, which are easy to rear under artificial conditions, namely, Busseola fusca, B. nairobica, B. sp. nr. segeta, Manga melanodonta, M. sp. nr. nubifera, Pirateolea piscator, Sesamia calamistis, and S. nonagrioides. For each species, the adult emergence period, the mating time, and the oviposition period were estimated, referred as biological traits. The components of the sex pheromones emitted by the females of each species were also analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Among the biological traits measured, only those linked to the oviposition pattern (timing and egg loads per night) were significantly correlated with the phylogeny of these species. For the sex pheromone components, among the 13 components identified in all species, only four, namely, Z9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-TDA), Z11-TDA, E11-TDA, and Z11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-HDA), showed the highest significant correlations with the phylogeny. These results suggest that among the different reproductive traits evaluated, only few are phylogenetically constrained. Their involvement in the reinforcement of ecological speciation in noctuid stem borers is discussed.

Distribution, biology and ecology of Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr. (Hym., Ichneumonidae), a pupal parasite of graminaceous stem-borers (Lep., Pyralidae)

1972 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Mohyuddin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
Eldana Saccharina ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Pupal Parasite ◽  
Dentichasmias Busseolae ◽  
Ethiopian Region

Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr., an important pupal parasite of Pyralid graminaceous stem-borers in East Africa, is widely distributed in the Ethiopian Region but is more abundant in areas with an equatorial humid climate. In the laboratory adults mated immediately after emergence and started oviposition the same day. The female oviposits only in a borer pupa without a cocoon in a stem, and oviposition is stimulated by the presence of the frass of Chilo partellus (Swinh.) larvae. D. busseolae does not attack Busseola fusca (Fuller), Sesamia calamistis Hmps. or Eldana saccharina Wlk. in the field but these were accepted for oviposition when exposed in C. partellus pupation tunnels or with frass of C. partellus larvae, and were suitable for development. D. busseolae could complete its development in one- to eight-day-old C. partellus pupae when the pupal period of C. partellus was 10·5 days. The life-cycle was completed in 15–19 days at a mean temperature of 25°C, but could not be completed at a constant temperature of 30°C; temperatures fluctuating between 22°C and 30°C were not detrimental. At Namulonge (Uganda) percentage parasitism showed a positive correlation with rainfall, with a lag of about a month.

The distribution and biology of Eldana saccharinaWalker (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) and its relationship to other stem-borers in Uganda

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Girling
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

AbstractAll available records showed that Eldana saceharina Wlk. occurs in wild plants in all suitable areas of Africa south of the Sahara. Until a few years ago, it was only of economic importance in West Africa as an occasional pest of maize and sugar-cane, but a crop-feeding form has recently appeared in East Africa. Biological studies were carried out in the field and laboratory at Kawanda, Uganda, between 1970 and 1972 using natural and artificial larval diets. The life-cycle lasted 2–3 months, depending on temperature, and the number of larval instars depended partly on the diet. The adults lived for two weeks, during which time the females each laid 400–600 eggs. The majority of eggs and small larvae were taken by ants, but sufficient larvae survived to cause considerable damage. The pupae and larger larvae lacked efficient natural enemies in East Africa, and the introduction of parasites is suggested to prevent serious crop damage. The relatively evenly spread rainfall at Kawanda allowed maize to be planted every month so that field populations of E. saccharina and the other stem-borers Chilo partellus (Swinh.), Busseola fusca (Fuller) and Sesamia calamistis Hmps. could be studied throughout the year. Collections from maize, sorghum and sugar-cane showed that, although the four species attack the same host-plants, they occupy different ecological niches.

Distribution and species composition of lepidopterous maize borers in southern Nigeria

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Bosque-Pérez ◽  
J.H. Mareck
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
Eldana Saccharina ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Mussidia Nigrivenella ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Planting Season

AbstractThe distribution and species composition of lepidopterous maize borers was studied in six locations in southern Nigeria during the second planting season (August-November) of 1985 and 1986. Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) and Eldana saccharina Walker (Pyralidae) were the stem borers most abundantly found in the locations sampled. S. calamistis was the dominant species up to eight weeks after planting in all locations. E. saccharina was the most abundant species from nine weeks after planting onwards, except at Umuahia where S. calamistis always comprised over 50% of the borer population. Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (Pyralidae) was found attacking maize ears in all locations, while Busseola fusca Fuller (Noctuidae) was found only at Idah and Alabata, and even there constituted only a small proportion of the population. Other borer species found were Coniesta (= Acigona) ignefusalis (Hampson) (Pyralidae) and Cryptophlebia species (Olethreutidae).

scholarly journals Is High Whitefly Abundance on Cassava in Sub-Saharan Africa Driven by Biological Traits of a Specific, Cryptic Bemisia tabaci Species?

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Habibu Mugerwa ◽  
Peter Sseruwagi ◽  
John Colvin ◽  
Susan Seal
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

In East Africa, the prevalent Bemisia tabaci whiteflies on the food security crop cassava are classified as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) species. Economically damaging cassava whitefly populations were associated with the SSA2 species in the 1990s, but more recently, it has been to SSA1 species. To investigate whether biological traits (number of first instar nymphs, emerged adults, proportion of females in progeny and development time) of the cassava whitefly species are significant drivers of the observed field abundance, our study determined the development of SSA1 sub-group (SG) 1 (5 populations), SG2 (5 populations), SG3 (1 population) and SSA2 (1 population) on cassava and eggplant under laboratory conditions. SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 populations’ development traits were similar. Regardless of the host plant, SSA1-SG2 populations had the highest number of first instar nymphs (60.6 ± 3.4) and emerged adults (50.9 ± 3.6), followed by SSA1-SG1 (55.5 ± 3.2 and 44.6 ± 3.3), SSA2 (45.8 ± 5.7 and 32.6 ± 5.1) and the lowest were SSA1-SG3 (34.2 ± 6.1 and 32.0 ± 7.1) populations. SSA1-SG3 population had the shortest egg–adult emergence development time (26.7 days), followed by SSA1-SG1 (29.1 days), SSA1-SG2 (29.6 days) and SSA2 (32.2 days). Regardless of the whitefly population, development time was significantly shorter on eggplant (25.1 ± 0.9 days) than cassava (34.6 ± 1.0 days). These results support that SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 B. tabaci can become highly abundant on cassava, with their species classification alone not correlating with observed abundance and prevalence.

scholarly journals A system dynamics model for pests and natural enemies interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame ◽  
Henri E. Z. Tonnang ◽  
Sevgan Subramanian ◽  
Anani Y. Bruce ◽  
Thomas Dubois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
System Thinking ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Causal Loop Diagram ◽  
System Dynamics Model ◽  
Dynamics Model

AbstractStemborers (Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis and Chilo partellus), the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and associated parasitoids constitute an interacting system in maize fields in Kenya. This work aims at developing and evaluating models that represent the evolution of those interactions by applying system thinking and system dynamics approaches with its archetypes [causal loop diagram (CLD), reinforcing (R) and balancing (B)] to analyse the population of these multi-species systems. The software Vensim PLE 8.0.9 was used to implement the models and carry out the simulations of single- and multi-species systems. The results showed that when a single pest species with its associated parasitoids interact with the host plant, the species was able to establish and sustain by cyclical relationship between populations of the pest and the associated parasitoids. However, in multi- pest species systems, dominance of S. frugiperda and C. partellus over B. fusca and S. calamistis was observed, but without extinction. However, there was a likelihood for B. fusca being displaced by C. partellus. Overall, the models predict the co-existence of fall armyworm with stemborer species as an additional pest of maize in Africa that need to be considered henceforth in designing IPM strategies in maize.

Hydrogen sulphide inhibits PSII of lichen photobionts

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano BERTUZZI ◽  
Mauro TRETIACH
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Solid Phase Micro Extraction ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Closed Chambers

AbstractThe effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on five lichens with different photobionts, ecology, and tolerance to the pollutant were studied by means of samples exposed in closed chambers containing two known H2S solutions. The H2S concentration in the void volume at equilibrium with the liquid phase was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, combined with the use of solid phase micro extraction (GC/MS SPME). It was determined as 8 and 28 ppm H2S in the absence of lichen material, andc. 2 and 10 ppm H2S respectively with living lichen material inserted for 8 hours in the exposure chambers. Significant differences in the species-specific emission of chlorophyllafluorescence (ChlaF) were observed, with a pronounced depression ofFv/Fmalready detectable after 2 h exposure at 28 ppm H2S in all the species. The decreased intensity was positively correlated to sample surface and, to a lesser extent, to the species-specific pre-exposureFv/Fmvalue. Dark-exposed samples were less affected than light-exposed ones. All four chlorolichens could recover the pre-exposure ChlaF emission after two days in the absence of H2S, both in the light and in the dark, whereas the cyanolichen did not recover when kept in the dark. The results are thoroughly discussed on the basis of the known action mechanisms of H2S on the photosynthetic apparatus of vascular plants and cyanobacteria.

Ovigeny strategy of the parasitic wasp Cosmocomoidea annulicornis (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae): effect of female age, feeding and host availability on reproductive traits

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Carolina Manzano ◽  
Eduardo G. Virla ◽  
Maria V. Coll Araoz ◽  
Erica Luft-Albarracin
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Potential Fecundity ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Host Availability ◽  
Egg Maturation

Abstract The reproductive traits of the mymarid wasp Cosmocomoidea annulicornis (Ogloblin) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) attacking eggs of the sharpshooter Tapajosa rubromarginata (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Bioassays were carried out to estimate the realized fecundity and egg load of females. The ovigeny index was calculated and different biological traits, such as body size, oöcyte length, gaster length and wing length, were analysed to assess significant associations between these traits and the species fitness. In addition, the effect of host availability and feeding on longevity and potential fecundity throughout life and the effect of female age on egg maturation dynamics were assessed. The results showed that C. annulicornis is a strongly synovigenic species. A positive correlation was found between fecundity and longevity of the females and between body size and oöcyte length. Contrary to expected, body size was not related to fecundity and longevity. Females lived significantly longer in the presence of hosts and honey than when they were host-deprived and honey-fed or both host and honey deprived. Host availability had a significant effect on the amount of eggs laid by C. annulicornis females. Female age was negatively associated with oöcyte length. Furthermore, females were able to mature additional eggs as they aged, nevertheless, when host-deprived, senescent females presented significantly less mature eggs than younger ones, suggesting a possible egg oosorption. These results might contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive potential of this species as a biocontrol agent.

scholarly journals Distribution and extent of Cotesia Flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitism in Northeastern Ethiopia

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S11009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmare Dejen ◽  
Emana Getu ◽  
Ferdu Azerefegne ◽  
Amare Ayalew
Keyword(s):  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Cotesia Flavipes ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Suitable Host ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Larval Parasitoid

The distribution and extent of parasitism of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on stem borer species attacking maize and sorghum were assessed in three zones of northeastern Ethiopia. Cotesia flavipes was found to be the key larval parasitoid of cereal stem borer species in all areas surveyed. This parasitoid has been introduced into several African countries for the control of Chilo partellus in maize and sorghum, but it has never been released in Ethiopia. The survey results indicated that the distribution and extent of parasitism of Cot. flavipes followed the distribution and severity of its suitable host, C. partellus. A Cotesia flavipes parasitism rate of between 33% and 82% was recorded in sub-moist warm (lowland) AEZs of all zones. In contrast, a parasitism rate of less than 6% was recorded in moist, cool highland areas where Busseola fusca was the predominant species. Cotesia flavipes caused lower rate of parasitism on stem borers in maize (up to 72%) than that of sorghum (up to 82%) in the three zones. In summary, high rates of parasitism of Cot. flavipes were recorded in lowland areas where C. partellus was the dominant borer species and low rates of parasitism were recorded in highland areas where B. fusca was the predominant species. Cotesia flavipes caused the highest parasitism (82%) on C. partellus. This result verified that Cot. flavipes contributed to the reduction of C. partellus population in lowlands, regardless of the zone, and its rate of parasitism varied between crop stages, crop types, elevations, host, and host stages. Findings of this study have particularly relevant information on the contribution of Cot. flavipes to the population reduction of stem borers, time or stage of its occurrence in relation to host stages and crop stages, and its distribution in relation to the availability of a suitable host across each zone. In conclusion, this larval parasitoid plays an important role in reducing stem borer populations and can be used as one component of integrated stem borer management in northeastern Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Biocidal Activities of Seed Oils of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera on Development of African Maize Stalk borer, Busseola fusca Fuller (Lepdoptera: Pyralidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
H. Sule
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Stalk Borer ◽  
Randomized Design

Laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, in order to assess the effect of oils obtained from the seeds of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera on African Maize Stalk Borer (Busseola fusca Fuller). The effects of the plant seed oils on larvae mortality, pupae and adult emergence were tested on freshly cut leaves/stem of maize 3-4 cm long) and treated with the prepared plant oils at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30%) and control (0%). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design and replicated four times. The results showed that both plant seeds oils were lethal to the developmental stages of B. fusca, causing mortality (21%) to the larvae, and subsequently preventing and/or suppressing pupae (2.08) and adult emergence (1.95). Treatment at 30% concentration was found to be more lethal to all the developmental stages of the test insect. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that any of the plant seed oils at 30 % concentration could be used to manage B. fusca.

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