Methane suppression by coconut oil and associated effects on nutrient and energy balance in sheep

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Machmüller ◽  
M. Kreuzer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Methane Reduction

Three different diets with increasing proportions of coconut oil (0, 3.5 and 7%) were fed to six sheep in an incomplete Latin square experiment with four replicates per diet. The diets were composed of hay and concentrates either without or with coconut oil. Concentrate comprised 28.8 and 54.6% of the diet DM in the treatments containing 3.5 and 7% coconut oil, respectively. Wethers on all treatments were fed at 1.2 × maintenance. Gaseous exchange was measured in respiratory chambers. Protozoa counts were reduced (P < 0.05) by 88 and 97% when diets contained 3.5 and 7% coconut oil, respectively, whereas bacteria counts increased (P < 0.05). Supplementation of coconut oil at proportions of 3.5 and 7% suppressed (P < 0.001) methane production by 28 and 73%, respectively, as related to the unsupplemented diet. This proportionately reduced (P < 0.001) the amount of gross energy lost through methane from 7.5 to 5.7 and 2.5%, in diets containing 0, 3.5 and 7% coconut oil, respectively. Assuming a linear suppressive effect of coconut oil, about half of the additional methane reduction with the 7% coconut oil diet as compared with the 3.5% diet was attributed to the substitution of concentrate for hay. Digestibility of cell wall constituents was numerically decreased by coconut oil. Apart from this and its effect on methane emissions coconut oil had no major influence on digestion or on energy and nitrogen balance. Key words: Coconut oil, methane, energy balance, sheep, ruminants

scholarly journals Fermentation of Whole Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) with Different Dry Matter Concentrations: Effect on the Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Energy, Crude Nutrients and Minerals in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1199
Author(s):  
Reinhard Puntigam ◽  
Julia Slama ◽  
Daniel Brugger ◽  
Karin Leitner ◽  
Karl Schedle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

This study investigated the effects of sorghum ensiled as whole grains with different dry matter concentrations on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, crude nutrients and minerals in growing pigs. Whole grain sorghum batches with varying dry matter (DM) concentrations of 701 (S1), 738 (S2) and 809 g kg−1 (S3) due to different dates of harvest from the same arable plot, were stored in air-tight kegs (6 L) for 6 months to ensure complete fermentation. Subsequently, 9 crossbred barrows (34.6 ± 1.8 kg; (Duroc x Landrace) × Piétrain)) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square feeding experiment. Diets were based on the respective sorghum grain silage and were supplemented with additional amino acids, minerals and vitamins to meet or exceed published feeding recommendations for growing pigs. The ATTD of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen-free extracts, and crude ash were higher in S1 compared to S3 treatments (p ≤ 0.05), while S2 was intermediate. Pigs fed S1 showed significantly higher ATTD of phosphorus (P) compared to all other groups while ATTD of calcium was unaffected irrespective of the feeding regime. In conclusion, growing pigs used whole grain sorghum fermented with a DM concentration of 701 g kg−1 (S1) most efficiently. In particular, the addition of inorganic P could have been reduced by 0.39 g kg−1 DM when using this silage compared to the variant with the highest DM value (809 g kg−1).

scholarly journals Graded Dietary Resistant Starch Concentrations on Apparent Total Tract Macronutrient Digestibility and Fecal Fermentative End-Products and Microbial Populations of Healthy Adult Dogs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison N Beloshapka ◽  
Tzu-Wen L Cross ◽  
Kelly S Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
High Level

Abstract Resistant starch (RS) is fermentable by gut microbiota and effectively modulates fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in pigs, mice, and humans. RS may have similar beneficial effects on the canine gut, but has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% dietary RS (Hi-maize 260) on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, and fecal characteristics, fermentative end-product concentrations, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs. An incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square design with 7 dogs and 5 experimental periods was used, with each treatment period lasting 21 d (d 0-17 adaptation; d 18-21 fresh and total fecal collection) and each dog serving as its own control. Seven dogs (mean age = 5.3 yr; mean BW = 20 kg) were randomly allotted to one of five treatments formulated to be iso-energetic and consisting of graded amounts of 100% amylopectin cornstarch, RS, and cellulose, and fed as a top dressing on the food each day. All dogs were fed the same amount of a basal diet throughout the study and fresh water was offered ad libitum. The basal diet contained 6.25% RS (DM basis), contributing approximately 18.3 g of RS/d based on their daily food intake (292.5 g DM/d). Data were evaluated for linear and quadratic effects using SAS. The treatments included 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of an additional RS source. Because Hi-maize 260 is approximately 40% digestible and 60% indigestible starch, the dogs received the following amounts of RS daily: 0% = 18.3 g (18.3 g + 0 g); 1% = 20.1 g (18.3 g + 1.8 g); 2% = 21.9 g (18.3 g + 3.6 g); 3% = 23.7 g (18.3 g + 5.4 g); and 4% = 25.5 g (18.3 g + 7.2 g). Apparent total tract dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy digestibilities and fecal pH were linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal output was linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal scores and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations were not affected by RS consumption. Although most fecal microbial taxa were not altered, Faecalibacterium were increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increased RS consumption. The decrease in fecal pH and increase in fecal Faecalibacterium would be viewed as being beneficial to gastrointestinal health. Although our results seem to indicate that RS is poorly and/or slowly fermentable in dogs, the lack of observed change may have been due to the rather high level of RS contained in the basal diet.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

scholarly journals Feeding strategies for improving productivity of growing steers fed grass silage

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-692
Author(s):  
D. R. Ouellet ◽  
L. Faucitano ◽  
D. Pellerin ◽  
M. D’Amours ◽  
R. Berthiaume
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ground Corn

Two experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between corn particle size and soybean meal treatment on growth, diet digestibility, and nitrogen balance of growing steers. In the first experiment, 40 medium-frame beef steers (250 ± 11 kg) were fed individually for 140 d a diet based on grass silage offered for ad libitum consumption and supplemented with either 3.5 kg of DM d-1 of cracked corn (CC) or ground corn (GC) and with 450 g of DM d-1 of solvent extracted (SS) or lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal (Soypass™ SP). Dry matter intake was not affected by treatments and averaged 8.6 ± 0.3 kg d-1 (P > 0.10). Average daily gain was higher for animals receiving the ground corn than those fed cracked corn. Feed to gain ratio was not affected by treatments. There was an interaction between treatments for plasma urea-N concentration, with source of soybean meal having no effect with CC. When compared with SS, SP supplement reduced plasma urea-N when fed with GC. No effect of soybean meal and its interaction with corn processing was observed on growth performance. In the second experiment four additional steers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate diet digestibility and nitrogen balance. There was an interaction between treatments for starch apparent digestibility and N retained, the values being respectively, 90, 86, 93, and 92% (SEM = 1.2; P < 0.01) and 36, 42, 44 and 41 g d-1 (SEM = 2.8; P < 0.03) for CCSS, CCSP, GCSS and GCSP, respectively. Altogether, the results indicate a slight advantage to reduce particle size of corn in growing steers fed grass silage. However, soybean meal treatment resulted in limited effects on growth and digestion. Key words: Rumen carbohydrate, undegradable protein, performance, steers

The gross energy balance of solar active regions

Solar Physics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenton D. Evans ◽  
J. P. Pye ◽  
R. J. Hutcheon ◽  
M. Gerassimenko ◽  
A. S. Krieger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Solar Active Regions ◽  
Gross Energy

scholarly journals Levels of protected lysine and methionine in the diet of lambs: nutritional parameters and protein metabolites

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6Supl3) ◽  
pp. 3709
Author(s):  
Carolina Moreira Araújo ◽  
Gilberto de Lima Macedo Junior ◽  
Karla Alves Oliveira ◽  
Adriana Lima Silva ◽  
Marco Túlio Santos Siqueira
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Nutritional Parameters ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Five Phases ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of protected lysine and methionine on the nutritional parameters and protein metabolites of lambs. The experiment was carried out at the Capim Branco Experimental Farm, at Uberlândia Federal University, during the months of September and October 2016. Five blood lambs ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês, approximately eight months old and with an average weight of 50 kg, were distributed in a Latin square scheme 5 × 5 (five treatments and five replicates). The treatments consisted of the inclusion in the diet of different levels of lysine and methionine protected from ruminal degradation (MicroPEARLS LM®): 0 g, 8 g, 16 g, 24 g, and 32 g. The diet was composed of corn silage and concentrate in a ratio of 30V:70C. The experiment was divided into five phases. Each phase had a duration of fifteen days (ten days of adaptation of the animals to the experimental diets and five days of data collection). The animals were kept in individual metabolic cages. A digestibility assay was performed to determine the apparent dry matter intake and digestibility (DMI/DDMI), nitrogen balance, and protein metabolites. The DMI (kg day-1) and in relation to the metabolic weight presented a positive linear equation, and was highest for the treatment with 32 g of amino acids, as well as the ingested nitrogen and nitrogen balance, being positive in all treatments. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the DDMI. The crude protein and urea concentrations remained above the recommended levels and the concentration of creatinine remained below the recommended level. The inclusion of protected amino acids up to 32 g increases DMI and urinary nitrogen excretion without negatively affecting digestibility. The protein metabolism was altered, without causing damage to the performance of the animals.

scholarly journals Distiller’s dried grains with solubles (Zea mays L.) in feeding sheep on nitrogen balance

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 3807
Author(s):  
Luiz Juliano Valério Geron ◽  
Jocilaine Garcia ◽  
Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar ◽  
Kallynka Samara Martins Coelho ◽  
Ilda De Souza Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with 0.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 24.0% distiller’s dried grain solubles (DDGS) on nitrogen (N) intake, fecal and urinary N excretion, and N absorption and retention (N balance, NB) by feeding sheep. Four sheep of unidentified race were used, with an average body weight of 23.5 ± 1.5 kg, and housed in metabolism cages. We used a 4 × 4 Latin square design for the experimental design, and each experimental period lasted for 20 days. Data on N intake (NI), fecal N, urinary N, absorbed N, and NB were expressed in g day-1; percentage of NI and grams per kilogram of metabolic weight g (kg0.75)-1 were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis at 5% probability. Inclusion of the different concentrations of DDGS in sheep diets had no effect on NI (mean of 15.11 g animal-1 day-1), nor on fecal and urinary N excretion (mean of 5.16 and 0.16 g animal-1 day-1, respectively). Moreover, DDGS supplementation did not alter NB or N absorption (mean of 9.79 and 9.95 g animal-1 day-1, respectively). Thus, it can be concluded that inclusion of up to 24% of DDGS in feed does not affect NI, fecal and urinary N excretion, and NB in sheep.

scholarly journals Effect of breed and pasture type on methane emissions from weaned lambs offered fresh forage

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 1128-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. FRASER ◽  
H. R. FLEMING ◽  
V. J. THEOBALD ◽  
J. M. MOORBY
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Simple Body ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYTo investigate the extent to which enteric methane (CH4) emissions from growing lambs are explained by simple body weight and diet characteristics, a 2 × 2 Latin square changeover design experiment was carried out using two sheep breeds and two fresh pasture types. Weaned lambs of two contrasting breed types were used: Welsh Mountain (WM, a small, hardy hill breed) and Welsh Mule × Texel (TexX, prime lamb) (n = 8 per breed). The lambs were zero-grazed on material cut from recently reseeded perennial ryegrass and extensively managed permanent pasture. In each experimental period, individual ad libitum dry matter intake (DMI) was determined indoors following an adaptation period of 2 weeks, and CH4 emissions were measured individually in open-circuit respiration chambers over a period of 3 days. Although total daily CH4 emissions were lower for the WM lambs than for the TexX lambs (13·3 v. 15·7 g/day, respectively) when offered fresh forage, the yield of CH4 per unit DMI was similar for the two breed types (16·4 v. 17·7 g CH4/kg DMI). Total output of CH4 per day was higher when lambs were offered ryegrass compared with permanent pasture (16·1 v. 12·9 g/day, respectively), which was probably driven by differences in DMI (986 v. 732 g/day). Methane emissions per unit DMI (16·4 v. 17·7 g CH4/kg DMI) and proportion of gross energy intake excreted as CH4 (0·052 v. 0·056 MJ/MJ) were both higher on the permanent pasture. No forage × breed type interactions were identified. The results indicate that forage type had a greater impact than breed type on CH4 emissions from growing weaned lambs. It can be concluded that when calculating CH4 emissions for inventory purposes, it is more important to know what forages growing lambs are consuming than to know what breeds they are.

Dietary amino acid balance and requirements for pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhang ◽  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
H. D. Keal ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTNitrogen balance was measured in a series of experiments to determine the optimum balance between lysine, threonine and methionine plus cystine by successive additions of the free amino acids to a basal diet of barley, soya bean meal and tallow. The basal diet had a calculated digestible energy (DE) value of 14·5 MJ/kg and a crude protein content of 146 g/kg. The ranges of total lysine; threonine and methionine plus cystine tested were (g/kg) 6·6 to 11·8, 4·9 to 6·9 and 4·3 to 71, respectively. Latin-square designs were used involving a total of 33 pigs. Nitrogen utilization was optimized in pigs of 3 to 9 weeks of age when each kg of diet contained 10·5 g lysine, 6·4 g threonine and 5·0 g methionine plus cystine, corresponding to a ratio of 100: 61: 48. Thereafter, five diets were formulated in which the same ratio was maintained, but at different protein levels (129 to 192 g/kg). Again the diets were based on barley, soya bean meal and tallow supplemented with free amino acids. These diets were compared, in both nitrogen balance and performance experiments, with a conventional early-weaning diet with a protein content of 240 g/kg. All six diets had the same calculated DE value (14·5 MJ/kg). The N balance experiment was of Latin-square design and involved 18 pigs, and the performance experiment used 36 pigs fed individually from 3 to 9 weeks of age. A diet containing 0·99 g lysine per MJ DE (14·4 g lysine and 192 g balanced protein per kg) was considered to be adequate on the basis of the growth rate and food conversion efficiency results obtained.

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