scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF RESTRICTED FEEDING AND ENERGY CONTENT OF THE RATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER BREEDING CHICKENS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. ROBBLEE ◽  
D. R. CLANDININ ◽  
K. DARLINGTON ◽  
G. R. MILNE
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Feeding Programs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Dietary Treatments

In two experiments conducted in 1975 and 1976 Hubbard and Shaver stock were reared on a restricted feeding regimen known as the skip-a-day program. The experiment was commenced when the birds were 26 wk of age. The treatments consisted of feeding either a high energy, corn-based ration or a lower energy, wheat-based ration to each strain of pullets on either a free-choice or restricted basis. The experiment was terminated after 36 wk on treatment. The results obtained indicated that restriction of feed intake resulted in decreased mortality as compared to that in the full-fed groups. The general incidence of hemorrhagic liver syndrome was low but was significantly higher in the groups fed free choice as compared to the restricted groups. Production rate, calculated on a hen-day basis, was not affected by level of feeding, energy level of the ration, strain of bird or the year in which the experiment was conducted. Restricted feeding of either the high energy corn ration or the lower energy wheat ration resulted in significantly less feed required to produce a dozen eggs than when the rations were fed ad libitum. Some variability in hatchability of fertile eggs and in egg size between years was noted but the differences did not appear to be related to the dietary treatments. The Hubbard stock produced significantly larger eggs than the Shaver strain on both the restricted and full-feeding programs. In the Hubbard strain, egg size in the restricted groups was significantly lower than in the full-fed groups. Final body weights were higher in the groups fed either the corn- or wheat-based rations on a free-choice basis than in the groups in which feed intake was restricted.

scholarly journals Xylanase, and the role of digestibility and hindgut fermentation in pigs on energetic differences among high and low energy corn samples1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 4293-4297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Helen V Masey O’Neill ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The experimental objective was to evaluate the digestibility and fermentation differences between high and low energy corn samples and their response to xylanase supplementation. Four corn samples, 2 with higher DE content (HE-1 and HE-2; 3.74 and 3.75 Mcal DE/kg DM, respectively) and 2 with a lower DE content (LE-1 and LE-2; 3.63 and 3.56 Mcal DE/kg DM, respectively) were selected based upon a previous digestibility trial. Sixteen individually housed barrows (PIC 359 × C29; initial BW = 34.8 ± 0.23kg) were surgically fitted with an ileal T-cannula and randomly allotted to treatments in an 8 × 4 Youden square design. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 4 × 2 factorial: HE-1, HE-2, LE-1, and LE-2, with and without xylanase supplementation. Diets were formulated using one of the 4 corn samples, casein, vitamins, minerals, and 0.4% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Feed intake was established at approximately 3 times the estimated energy required for maintenance (NRC 2012) based upon the average initial BW of the pigs at the start of each collection period, which consisted of 9 d adaptation, 2 d of fecal, and 3 d of ileal collections. Diets, ileal, and fecal samples were analyzed for DM, GE, and total dietary fiber (TDF), to determine apparent total tract (ATTD), hindgut fermentation (HF), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) coefficients. A diet × enzyme interaction was not observed for any of the measured variables (P > 0.10). The HE-1 and HE-2 diets had greater ATTD of GE, and HE-2 diet had greater ATTD of DM (P < 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). Xylanase, independent of diet, improved the ATTD of GE and DM (84.8 vs. 83.6% for GE with and without enzyme, respectively, P = 0.008; and 84.2 and 83.0% with and without enzyme, respectively, P = 0.007). The energetic differences among these corn samples appeared to be driven by fermentability in the hindgut. Supplementing xylanase improves digestibility irrespective of the digestibility energy content of corn.

The effect of different proportions of carob pod meal in the diet on the performance of calves and goats

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avraam Louca ◽  
Andreas Papas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Carob Pod

SUMMARYFour trials with 24 and 38 British Friesian male calves, 39 male Damascus kids and 36 lactating Damascus goats were conducted over a period of 9 months, 6·5 months, 3 months and 12 weeks respectively to study the effects of carob pod meal on growth rate or milk yield. Carob pod meal was used to replace barley at rates from 0 to 30% of the diet. Urea was added to the diets of some of the treatments as a source of supplementary nitrogen.The final weights and average daily gains of the calves and kids fed on carob pod meal were as good as those of the controls but their feed intakes and feed conversion ratios were higher. The differences in fat-corrected milk between the goats fed on carob pod meal and the controls were not significant. The results showed that carob pod meal constituting up to 30% of the diet had no depressing effects on the growth rate of calves and kids or on the performance of dairy goats, and that the calves and kids could compensate for the lower energy content of carob pod meal by increasing their feed intake.

scholarly journals Defense of body weight depends on dietary composition and palatability in rats with diet-induced obesity

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (1) ◽  
pp. R46-R54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry E. Levin ◽  
Ambrose A. Dunn-Meynell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Selective Reduction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Background Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Body Weights

Sprague-Dawley rats selectively bred for diet-induced obesity (DIO) or diet resistance (DR) were characterized on diets of differing energy content and palatability. Over 10 wk, DR rats on a high-energy (HE) diet (31% fat) gained weight similarly to DR rats fed chow (4.5% fat), but they became obese on a palatable liquid diet (Ensure). DIO rats gained 22% more weight on an HE diet and 50% more on Ensure than chow-fed DIO rats. DIO body weight gains plateaued when switched from HE diet to chow. But, Ensure-fed DIO rats switched to chow spontaneously reduced their intake and weight to that of rats switched from HE diet to chow. They also reduced their hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin and dynorphin but not neuropeptide Y mRNA expression by 17–40%. When reexposed to Ensure after 7 wk, they again overate and matched their body weights to rats maintained on Ensure throughout. All Ensure-fed rats had a selective reduction in dynorphin mRNA in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Thus genetic background, diet composition, and palatability interact to produce disparate levels of defended body weight and central neuropeptide expression.

scholarly journals Effect of replacing maize with raw Chrysophyllum albidum seed kernels on performance of broiler chicken

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
S. O. Ajide ◽  
A. A. Annongu ◽  
J. O. Atteh ◽  
J. Izebere ◽  
O. O. Alabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Kernel Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Maize most often, constitutes the highest proportion of ingredients in diet formulation of any poultry ration and this high inclusion rate translates to high cost of feed because of seasonality in its production and competition for it by man. Thus, an experiment was conducted using 210 unsexed one week old Marshall broiler chicks with an average initial weight of 99.38g to determine the effect of replacing maize with graded levels of raw Chrysophyllum albidum kernel meal (RCKM) on the performance of broiler chickens. The chicks were assigned into seven dietary treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% graded levels of RCKMfor replacingmaize in the diets of the birds. The dietary treatments contained three replicates with 10 chicks per replicate. The proximate composition and phytochemical contents (saponins, phytate, tannins, oxalate, flavonoids, terpenoids and total phenolics) of the RCKMwere determined using the procedures of the AOAC (1990) and Sofowora (1993), respectively. The birds were given feed and water ad-lib and weighed weekly. Routine vaccinations and medications were carried out as at when due. In the course of the experiment, data were collected on the initial weight, feed intake, daily weight gain feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality rate, final live weights and analysed in a completely randomized design. The proximate composition of the RCKM is shown to contain valuable nutrients (high energy, low protein and appreciable mineral contents). The phytochemical content of the C. albidum revealed that, it contains very high amount of phytate, tannins, flavonoids and total phenolics. Results obtained on the performance characteristics revealed that, there was a very highly significant (p<0.001) decrease in the final live weights, average daily weight gains, feed intake values as the dietary inclusion of the RCKM increased in the diets of the birds. The values obtained for the final live weights were 1,910.16g, 1,255g, 885.00g, 479.24g, 474.11g, 395.00g and 388.83g for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively. The average daily weight gains were 32.34g, 20.66g, 14.04g, 6.78g, 6.69g, 5.29g and 5.15g, the feed intake valueswere 116.87g, 99.37g, 91.32g, 71.40g, 69.90g, 68.36g, 65.23g, respectively for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively. This was accompanied by poor feed conversion ratios and high cost per kg weight gains. In conclusion, though Chrysophyllum albidum kernel meal has potentials for animal feeding due to its high energy levels but there is the need to adequately detoxify the antinutritional factors in the kernels before inclusion in the broilers diet.

scholarly journals Development of a Group-Adapted Housing System for Pregnant Sows: A Field Study on Performance and Welfare Aspects

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Eva Angermann ◽  
Camille M. C. Raoult ◽  
Monika Wensch-Dorendorf ◽  
Stephanie Frenking ◽  
Nicole Kemper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Liquid Feeding ◽  
Behavioral Needs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Dry Diet ◽  
Functional Areas

A Sow-Welfare-Optimized-Feeding (SWOF) system with group-adapted ad libitum liquid feeding was developed to ensure that both optimal nutritional and behavioral needs are met in group-housed pregnant sows. This system comprises functional areas and allows sows to have either a low- or high-energy diet according to their current weight in relation to their parity. This field study aimed to investigate how this new system influences sows’ body weight, health status (lameness), aggression parameters (integument injuries, vulva injuries, and displacements at the trough), feed intake rhythm, and litter performance. In parallel, these parameters were also recorded in the existing system (group-housed sows restrictively fed a dry diet). In the SWOF system, the probability of displacements at the trough and occurrence of vulva injuries were reduced, whereas sows could follow a natural biphasic feed intake rhythm. Though lameness scores and litter performance were not affected, lower body weights and more integument injuries were, however, observed. Yet, results can only partially be attributed to the feeding system per se due to confounding effects such as management practices and group size differences (larger dynamic group vs. stable group). Hence, the SWOF system seems promising with regard to animal welfare but remains to be further validated.

The effects of adding oil to liquid feed supplements on feed intakes and milk production of high yielding Holstein cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 193-193
Author(s):  
R.E. Lawson ◽  
R. Derrick ◽  
J.S. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Liquid Feed ◽  
Feed Supplements

The feed intake of high yielding, early lactation Holstein cows is often inadequate to meet the animal’s requirements for energy and a more concentrated energy source is essential. Oil has a high energy content, so feeds containing oil can help increase the overall concentration of energy in the diet. However, high oil inclusions can lower milk fat and protein level.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the addition of increasing levels of oil to a molasses blend (4 kg/cow/day) on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows.

THE PERFORMANCE OF ONE NORMAL AND TWO DWARF MEAT MATERNAL GENOTYPES AND THEIR PROGENY AS AFFECTED BY REARING AND ADULT DIETARY TREATMENTS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. PROUDFOOT ◽  
H. W. HULAN
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Mortality Incidence ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The performances of one normal and two dwarf meat maternal genotypes were compared in a factorial experiment designed to estimate the combined effects of feeding two juvenile diets (low protein (LP) high energy (HE) versus high protein (HP) low energy (LE)) from 106 to 140 days and four adult dietary treatments (LPHE, HPHE, HPLE and an HPLE excluding canola meal) fed from 141 to 420 days. The performance of the three genotypes differed significantly (P < 0.05) for egg production, egg fertility at 322 days, feed efficiency, live body weights and monetary returns less the cost of chicks and feed. One of the dwarf gentoypes exhibited the highest monetary returns. Juvenile dietary treatments had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the traits measured except age at sexual maturity and female body weights at 154 d. Several traits were affected by the adult dietary treatments including mortality, incidence of fatty liver syndrome, hen-day egg production, feed efficiency up to 322 and 420 days and live body weights. Mortality due to fatty liver syndrome was significantly (P < 0.01) lower among hens fed the high protein, low energy diet without canola meal compared with hens fed the other three adult diets, all of which included canola meal as a feed ingredient. Key words: Dwarf, meat breeders, hens, broilers, diets, fatty liver syndrome, genotypes

CANOLA MEAL FOR LAYING HENS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN D. SUMMERS ◽  
E. C. HUNT ◽  
S. LEESON
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Laying hens were fed a corn, barley, soybean meal control diet and similar diets in which 10% of canola meal replaced an equal amount of soybean meal protein. One of the canola diets was kept equal in energy to the control diet by the addition of extra dietary fat, while the energy content was allowed to fall for an alternate treatment. While there were slight differences in performance, the main effect noted was a reduction in egg size for birds fed the canola diets. Fatty acid composition of egg yolk, liver and abdominal fat did not differ significantly between the three dietary treatments. In a second trial 10% canola meal was substituted on an isocaloric basis, into a corn-soybean meal basal diet. Over a 48-wk laying period, birds fed canola meal consumed less feed than those fed the soybean meal control which resulted in fewer eggs and also smaller egg size (P < 0.05). Key words: Laying hens, canola meal, egg composition

scholarly journals Predicting the growth and feed intake of Boer goats in a feedlot system

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Brand ◽  
D.A. Van Der Merwe ◽  
E. Raffrenato ◽  
L.C. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Boer Goats ◽  
Low Energy Diet

This research sought to develop a mathematical model to predict the growth and feed intake of Boer goat kids destined for slaughter. Data were collected from castrated kids that were housed in individual pens and fed diets that varied in energy content (11.3, 12.0, and 12.7 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg feed). Growth and feed intake were monitored weekly for 20 weeks, from the time that the kids weighed 22.2 ± 3.5 kg until they were slaughtered at 48.3 ± 0.8 kg. The linear equation (bodyweight = 0.202 age – 5.241 (R2 = 0.84)) was found to predict the growth of kids between 126 and 266 days old. Correlations between expressions of intake and bodyweight were evaluated, cumulative feed intake and bodyweight being most highly correlated (r = 0.93). Linear models were developed to predict cumulative feed intake from bodyweight for goats fed each diet. Regression coefficients were compared between diets, with the slope of the equation for goats on the low energy diet (6.74 ± 0.25) being greater than that of the medium (5.80 ± 0.23) and high energy diets (5.82 ± 0.23). This indicates that goats on the medium and high energy diets gained weight more efficiently than those on the low energy diet. The results from this study can be used by goat producers to predict the growth and intake of goats and determine the ideal feedlot finishing period for optimal productivity.______________________________________________________________________________________Keywords: cumulative intake, dietary energy, modelling

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