THE EFFECTS OF THE STRESS OF WEANING AND TRANSIT ON PERFORMANCE AND METABOLIC PROFILE OF BEEF CALVES OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. PHILLIPS ◽  
P. E. JUNIEWICZ ◽  
M. T. ZAVY ◽  
D. L. VON TUNGELN
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Metabolic Factors ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Response To Stress

Feeder calves of Bos indicus or Bos taurus breeding, reared under the same management and environmental conditions, were subjected to the stressors of weaning, assembly and transport to determine if genotype of the calf had a significant impact on stress responsive parameters. These responses were measured by monitoring changes in body weight, poststress dry matter intake and selected metabolic factors. Calves lost 11 kg or 8.1% of their weaning body weight during assembly and transit. Genotype was not related to weight changes during assembly and transit; however, Hereford × Brahman calves gained less (P < 0.05) weight during the 28-d post-transit period than Angus × Brahman or Angus × Hereford calves. Serum glucose, urea nitrogen, total protein, potassium and sodium concentrations were altered (P < 0.05) by weaning or transport and were generally higher (P < 0.05) in the half Brahman calves than the Angus × Hereford calves. Within the context and conditions of this experiment, genotype was not related to the metabolic response of the beef calf to the stresses associated with weaning and transport. However, genotype was found to influence basal nonstressed metabolic values indicating that poststress metabolic measurements alone may be misleading as an indication of the physiological response to stress. Key words: Cattle, stress, genotype, glucose, protein, urea

Temperature-Induced Changes in Metabolism and Body Weight of Cattle (Bos taurus)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 947-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Induced Changes

The metabolic and body weight changes in two non-pregnant beef cows were studied during prolonged exposure to warm (20 ± 3 °C, relative humidity 50–70%) and cold (−10 ± 2 or −25 ± 4 °C) temperatures. Other factors including daily food intake were held constant throughout each 8-week exposure. During cold exposures, metabolic rate, blood hematocrit, and plasma concentrations of glucose and free fatty acid were elevated and respiratory frequencies and skin temperatures decreased. Resting metabolic rates measured at 20 °C, i.e., without the direct influence of cold, were 83.4–95.3 litres O2 per hour when the cows were cold acclimated, at either −10 or −25 °C, and 30–40% greater than when the cows were warm acclimated. The resting metabolic response and the concomitant reduction in intensity of shivering is indicative of metabolic acclimation to cold in these animals of greater than 500 kg body weight.As well as the expected changes in body weight with changes in energy metabolism there were losses in weight (13–24 kg) during the first 3 days of each cold exposure. Weight gains occurred when the cold stress was abruptly removed. These short term weight changes were associated with changes in water intake and apparent shifts in body fluid content.

Treated sugarcane bagasse for maintenance of sheep in Brazil

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 172-172
Author(s):  
A.L. Abdalla ◽  
D.M.S.S. Vitti ◽  
N.L. del Mastro ◽  
M.S. Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Microbial Synthesis ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Wool Production

Several treatments for increasing digestibility of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) have been studied in Brazil for many years (Abdalla et al., 1990). Despite some improvements in in situ digestibility obtained with steam and pressure treatments, the SCB has not performed well when given to cattle (Mello Junior, et al., 1989). More recently, irradiation and ammonia has been tested in studies to improve the digestibility of SCB, rice and corn straw, rice and soybean hulls and others rough feed. The purpose of the present experiment was aimed to determine the intake, body weight changes, wool production and microbial synthesis in sheep fed with grass hay (Cynodon dactilon) or SCB treated with 600kGy of radiation and ammonia (20g/kg dry matter (DM)).

The utilization of roughage by sheep and the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus (Desmarest)

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
JZ Foot ◽  
B Romberg
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Food Residues

Two roughage diets, lucerne hay and oat straw, were given to three Corriedale sheep and three red kangaroos. Dry matter intakes, nitrogen balances, and body weight changes of the animals were compared, and the digestibilities of each diet by each species and the retention times of the food residues in their alimentary tracts were estimated. The kangaroos were less affected by the quality of the diet than were the sheep. The sheep ate nearly the same amount of lucerne hay and less oat straw than the kangaroos, after adjustment for body weight differences. Digestibility coefficients were higher for the lucerne hay when fed to the sheep, but apparent dry matter digestibility coefficients for oat straw were about the same for sheep and kangaroos. The mean retention times of food residues were lower in the kangaroos, and dietary nitrogen was retained to the same or a slightly lesser extent than in the sheep. The kangaroos maintained weight on the poor quality diet and appeared to be even better adapted to utilize this type of roughage than the sheep.

Comparative drought resistance of Bos indicus and Bos taurus crossbred herds in central Queensland. 2. Relative mortality rates, calf birth weights, and weights and weight changes of breeding cows

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Frisch
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mature Weight

The mortality rates, weight changes and associated effects of a. draught in 1969 were observed in a herd of Shorthorn x Hereford (SH), Brahman x SH (BX) and Africander x SH (AX) crossbred cows and small herds of purebred Brahman and Africander cows at 'Belmont', Queensland. About half of the cows calved over a two month period from mid-October 1969. All the cows were weighed in February 1968, February and October 1969 and in January 1970 and the data from the crossbreds analysed by the method of least squares. The weights and weight changes of both the calving and non-calving groups followed a similar pattern though the weight changes of the non-calving group were of greater magnitude. The weights showed that the three crossbreds reached the same mature weight but at different rates. The SH cows reached mature weight least rapidly, had the highest mean weight loss during the drought and had the lowest mean gains after the season broke. Weight changes both during and after the drought were however dependent on lactational status in February 1969. The mean weight loss of cows that weaned a calf in 1969 (wet) was similar for all breeds. However, the mean loss of the dry SH cows was significantly greater than that of the dry BX and AX cows. Previously wet cows exhibited compensatory gains after calving but the gain of the wet SH cows was the lowest of the crossbred means. The mean birth weight of the SH calves was reduced below the long term mean by about 4 kg but birthweights of BX and AX calves were similar to those in other years. During the drought the purebred Brahmans lost the least and the purebred Africanders lost the most weight of all breeds. However, the nature of the data precludes any strict comparisons from being drawn. Mortality rates of breeding cows were recorded from 1960 to 1969. Rates were generally highest for the SH, particularly in the drought years of 1965 and 1969. Some reasons are advanced which may explain the differences in performance of the breed types.

scholarly journals Utilization of low-quality roughage byBos taurusandBos indicuscattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Hunter ◽  
B. D. Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

1. In a number of experiments voluntary food intake of three low-quality roughages, either alone or supplemented with rumen-degradable nitrogen and sulphur and minerals, was measured in Brahman (Bos indicus) and Hereford (Bos taurus) steers. The chaffed hays were Spear grass (Heteropogon conform) (6.2 g N/kg organic matter (OM)), Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) (7.9 g N/kg OM), and Pangola grass (12.0 g N/kg OM). Rumen characteristics relating to rate of fluid outflow from the rumen were also determined.2. There was no significant difference between breeds in the dry-matter intakes of the unsupplemented diets which ranged from 11.3 to 17.8 g/kg body-weight (BW) by Herefords and from 11.8 to 16.1 g/kg BW by Brahmans.3. Supplementation of Spear grass with N and S significantly (P < 0.05) increased intake by Herefords (24%) but not by Brahmans. When the lower-N Pangola grass was supplemented there was a significant increase in intake by both breeds with the magnitude of the response in Herefords (42%) (P < 0.001) being greater than that in Brahmans (15%) (P < 0.05). The intakes of both the supplemented Spear grass and the lower-N Pangola diets were significantly (P < 0.05) greater by Herefords than Brahmans. There was no breed difference in intake when the higher-N Pangola grass was supplemented. Both breeds recorded an 8% intake response to supplementation, although the increase was only significant (P < 0.05) in Herefords.4. The mean retention time of fluid in the rumen on the unsupplemented Pangola grass diet of lower N content was 12.7 h in Brahmans compared with 17.5 h in Herefords (P < 0.01). When the higher-N Pangola was fed, both alone and supplemented, the mean retention times were similar on both diets (10.5 and 9.9 h for Herefords; 9.5 and 8.1 h for Brahmans for unsupplemented and supplemented diets respectively).5. Plasma urea concentrations were higher in Brahmans than in Herefords on all diets. Rumen ammonia concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in Brahmans than Herefords when the lower-N Pangola grass diet was unsupplemented.6. The intakes and the variable intake responses to supplementation between breeds and diets are discussed in relation to a number of animal and dietary factors.

scholarly journals A comparison of the excretion rate of endogenous purine derivatives in the urine of Bos indicus and Bos taurus steers

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
V. J. Doogan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Estimates of microbial crude protein (MCP) production by ruminants, using a method based on the excretion of purine derivatives in urine, require an estimate of the excretion of endogenous purine derivatives (PD) by the animal. Current methods allocate a single value to all cattle. An experiment was carried out to compare the endogenous PD excretion in Bos taurus and high-content B. indicus (hereafter, B. indicus) cattle. Five Holstein–Friesian (B. taurus) and 5 Brahman (> 75% B. indicus) steers (mean liveweight 326 ± 3.0 kg) were used in a fasting study. Steers were fed a low-quality buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris; 59.4 g crude protein/kg dry matter) hay at estimated maintenance requirements for 19 days, after which hay intake was incrementally reduced for 2 days and the steers were fasted for 7 days. The excretion of PD in urine was measured daily for the last 6 days of the fasting period and the mean represented the daily endogenous PD excretion. Excretion of endogenous PD in the urine of B. indicus steers was less than half that of the B. taurus steers (190 µmol/kg W0.75.day v. 414 µmol/kg W0.75.day; combined s.e. 37.2 µmol/kg W0.75.day; P < 0.001). It was concluded that the use of a single value for endogenous PD excretion is inappropriate for use in MCP estimations and that subspecies-specific values would improve precision.

Ascophyllum nodosum Supplementation: A Preharvest Intervention for Reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in Feedlot Steers

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 1824-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. BRADEN ◽  
J. R. BLANTON ◽  
V. G. ALLEN ◽  
K. R. POND ◽  
M. F. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Matter Basis

Ascophyllum nodosum (Tasco-14) decreased the prevalence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in animals fed prior to harvest. Tasco-14 was supplemented on a 2% dry matter basis 14 days prior to harvest to determine its effects on EHEC and Salmonella spp. prevalence. Two hundred mixed crossbred steers and heifers (Bos indicus × Bos taurus), in a large commercial finishing facility, served as experimental units. Treatment (TRT, n = 100) animals received a steam-rolled corn-based diet containing 2% Tasco-14 on a dry matter basis, and control (CON, n = 100) animals received only the steam-rolled corn-based diet. Hide swabs and fecal samples were obtained for EHEC and Salmonella spp. evaluations. Animals were sampled 1 day prior to (d − 1) the feeding of Tasco-14 and immediately following exsanguinations. The prevalence of EHEC O157 on hide swabs and in fecal samples (P = 0.0001 and P &lt; 0.0001, respectively) and the prevalence of EHEC O157:H7 on hide swabs and in fecal samples (P &lt; 0.0001 and P &lt; 0.0001, respectively) was reduced by 33 and 36% from d − 1 levels on TRT hide swabs and by 9 and 11% in TRT fecal samples. The prevalence of EHEC O157 and EHEC O157: H7 was reduced by 33 and 36% from d − 1 levels on TRT hide swabs and by 9 and 11% in TRT fecal samples. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. on hide swabs did not change for TRT animals (P = 0.64). CON animals showed an increase in Salmonella spp. prevalence (P &lt; 0.0001) from d − 1 feeding levels on hide swabs. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. increased in both TRT and CON fecal samples when compared to d − 1 levels (P = 0.002). However, TRT samples exhibited a lower (P &lt; 0.05) postfeeding prevalence of Salmonella spp. in fecal samples than did CON samples. Results from this study indicate that 2% Tasco-14 supplementation in feedlot cattle diets reduces EHEC O157 and EHEC O157:H7 prevalence on hide swabs and in fecal samples and may suppress increases in Salmonella spp.

Treated sugarcane bagasse for maintenance of sheep in Brazil

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 172-172
Author(s):  
A.L. Abdalla ◽  
D.M.S.S. Vitti ◽  
N.L. del Mastro ◽  
M.S. Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Microbial Synthesis ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Wool Production

Several treatments for increasing digestibility of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) have been studied in Brazil for many years (Abdalla et al., 1990). Despite some improvements in in situ digestibility obtained with steam and pressure treatments, the SCB has not performed well when given to cattle (Mello Junior, et al., 1989). More recently, irradiation and ammonia has been tested in studies to improve the digestibility of SCB, rice and corn straw, rice and soybean hulls and others rough feed. The purpose of the present experiment was aimed to determine the intake, body weight changes, wool production and microbial synthesis in sheep fed with grass hay (Cynodon dactilon) or SCB treated with 600kGy of radiation and ammonia (20g/kg dry matter (DM)).

Effect of undernutrition and refeeding on digestion in Bos taurus and Bos indicus in a tropical environment

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Grimaud ◽  
D. Richard ◽  
A. Kanwé ◽  
C. Durier ◽  
M. Doreau
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Particle Retention ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Energy Maintenance

AbstractThe effect of underfeeding and ref eeding on digestion was studied in Bos taurus and Bos indicus cows. Eight nonlactating cows, four B. taurus and four B. indicus (live weight 156 kg and 207 kg respectively) were first given a forage-based diet at a level above energy maintenance requirements for 4 weeks (3·65 and 4·66 kg dry matter (DM) per day respectively for B. taurus and B. indicus). They were then restricted at a low level of intake for 2 months (1·83 and 2·33 kg DM per day respectively for B. taurus and B. indicus) and finally refed at the first level for 2 months. Digestion measurements were made before the underfeeding period, at 3 and 8 weeks of underfeeding and at 3 and 8 weeks ofref eeding. Organic matter apparent digestibility decreased with underfeeding and increased with refeeding (0·637, 0·591, 0·652, 0·692 and 0·669 in B. taurus and 0·674, 0·560, 0·580, 0·698 and 0·692 in B. indicus, respectively 1 week before, 3 and 8 weeks after underfeeding, and 3 and 8 weeks after refeeding). This lower apparent digestibility at low level of intake was not expected either by ruminal particle retention time, which increased when intake decreased, or by measurements ofmicrobial activity: DM degradability measured in situ and ruminal particle size did not vary with level of intake. An effect of the length of underfeeding and refeeding was seen: the apparent digestibility tended to increase after several weeks of undernutrition and was higher after refeeding than before underfeeding. No difference was observed between the two genotypes.

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