COMPETITION OF SAPONARIA VACCARIA AND SINAPIS ARVENSIS IN WHEAT

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. ALEX
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Sinapis Arvensis ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Intraspecies Competition

Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard) competed strongly with Saponaria vaccaria L. (cow cockle) in wheat on heavy clay soil. Seed and dry weight production by S. vaccaria were reduced about half by 190 S. arvensis plants/m2. S. vaccaria at 314 plants/m2 had little effect on S. arvensis. Support was obtained for the hypothesis that populations of S. vaccaria increased after 2,4-D came into general use and this species was no longer suppressed by S. arvensis. S. arvensis at 190 plants/m2 reduced grain yield 38% and 314 S. vaccaria/m2 reduced it 36%. Competitive effects of both species together were not fully additive because the effects of one species tended to obscure the effects of the other. Intraspecies competition was demonstrated in each weed species by its decrease in productivity per plant as its density increased.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of semi-dwarf and tall varieties of winter wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pearman ◽  
S. M. Thomas ◽  
G. N. Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Dwarf Variety

SummaryEight amounts of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 210 kg N/ha were applied to two tall and one semi-dwarf variety of winter wheat in the spring of 1975 and 1976. The tall varieties were Cappelle-Desprez and Maris Huntsman; the semi-dwarf variety was Maris Fundin in 1975 and Hobbit in 1976. Interactions between varieties and nitrogen were few and small compared with the main effects. All varieties produced their maximum grain yields with 180 kg N/ha. The yield of the semi-dwarf varieties, but not the others, decreased slightly with more nitrogen.Cappelle-Desprez yielded less grain than the other varieties in both years. In 1975 the yields of Maris Fundin and Maris Huntsman were similar and in 1976 Hobbit yielded more than Maris Huntsman. The varieties had similar numbers of ears at maturity and similar patterns of tillering. The semi-dwarf varieties had most grains per spikelet, and hence grains per ear, and Cappelle-Desprez had least. The semi-dwarf varieties had the smallest grains. The semi-dwarf varieties had less straw than the other varieties and hence the largest ratios of grain to total above-ground dry weight. The decrease in dry weight of stem and leaves between anthesis and maturity was similar for all varieties. In 1975 the efficiency of the top two leaves plus top internode in producing grain was the same for all varieties, but in 1976 Hobbit was more efficient than the other two. There were some small differences between varieties in nutrient uptake that were not related to differences in growth. Maris Fundin tended to have a greater phosphorus and potassium content than the tall varieties. Hobbit contained slightly less nitrogen than the tall varieties at maturity, and had a smaller concentration of nitrogen in the grain.Applying 210 kg N/ha doubled grain yield in 1975. Applying nitrogen resulted in a largeincrease in number of ears and a small increase in number of grains per ear due to the development of more fertile spikelets per ear. Nitrogen decreased dry weight per grain, especially of the semi-dwarf varieties. With extra nitrogen, straw dry weight at maturity, shoot dry weight atanthesis and leaf area were all increased relatively more than grain yield, and stems lost moredry weight between anthesis and maturity than without nitrogen. The year 1976 was exceptionallydry and nitrogen had only small effects in that it affected neither straw dry weight nor numberof ears but slightly increased grain yield by increasing the number of spikelets and number of grains per spikelet. It also increased leaf area proportionately to grain yield. In 1975 nitrogen increased evaporation of water from the crop before anthesis but decreased it after anthesis, even though it continued to increase the extraction of water from below 90 cm.

Continuous Use of Tribenuron-Methyl Selected for Cross-Resistance to Acetolactate Synthase–inhibiting Herbicides in Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis)

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javid Gherekhloo ◽  
Zahra M. Hatami ◽  
Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz ◽  
Hamid R. Sadeghipour ◽  
Rafael De Prado
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Sinapis Arvensis ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Golestan Province ◽  
Tribenuron Methyl

AbstractWild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) is a weed that frequently infests winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields in Golestan province, Iran. Tribenuron-methyl (TM) has been used recurrently to control this species, thus selecting for resistant S. arvensis populations. The objectives were: (1) to determine the resistance level to TM of 14 putatively resistant (PR) S. arvensis populations, collected from winter wheat fields in Golestan province, Iran, in comparison to one susceptible (S) population; and (2) to characterize the resistance mechanisms and the potential evolution of cross-resistance to other classes of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in three populations (AL-3, G-5, and Ag-Sr) confirmed as being resistant (R) to TM. The TM doses required to reduce the dry weight of the PR populations by 50% were between 2.2 and 16.8 times higher than those needed for S plants. The ALS enzyme activity assays revealed that the AL-3, G-5, and Ag-Sr populations evolved cross-resistance to the candidate ALS-inhibiting herbicides from the sulfonylureas (SU), triazolopyrimidines (TP), pyrimidinyl-thiobenzoates (PTB), sulfonyl-aminocarbonyl-triazolinone (SCT), and imidazolinones (IMI) classes. No differences in absorption, translocation, or metabolism of [14C]TM between R and S plants were observed, suggesting that these non-target mechanisms were not responsible for the resistance. The ALS gene of the R populations contained the Trp-574-Leu mutation, conferring cross-resistance to the SU, SCT, PTB, TP, and IMI classes. The Trp-574-Leu mutation in the ALS gene conferred cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in S. arvensis from winter wheat fields in Golestan province. This is the first TM resistance case confirmed in this species in Iran.

Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) Resistance to Ethametsulfuron But Not to Other Herbicides

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mark Jeffers ◽  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
Linda M. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Initial Frequency ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides ◽  
Brassica Kaber ◽  
Very High

In 1993, a wild mustard population growing in a canola crop near Wetaskiwin, AB was poorly controlled by ethametsulfuron after only one previous use of the herbicide. Controlled environment experiments were conducted to compare the response of this suspected resistant population (R) with that of a known susceptible population (S) collected near Vegreville, AB to increasing rates of ethametsulfuron, metsulfuron, chlorsulfuron, thifensulfuron, HOE 075032, imazamethabenz, imazethapyr, metribuzin, and 2,4-D. The R wild mustard population was highly resistant to ethametsulfuron, slightly resistant to low rates of metsulfuron but not resistant to any of the other herbicides tested. This suggests that the mechanism of resistance may differ from that reported for other sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Since resistance was documented after only 2 yr of ethametsulfuron use, the initial frequency of resistance to this herbicide in wild mustard populations may be very high. Dry weight of untreated plants did not differ significantly between the S and R populations suggesting little or no differences in competitiveness between them.

Response of strains of Rhizobium on nodulation, grain yield, protein and amino acids content of chick pea (Cicer arietinum Linn.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rai ◽  
S. N. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chick Pea ◽  
Alkali Soil ◽  
Nodulation Capacity

SummaryNine strains of Rhizobium sp. were studied in vivo for their nodulation capacity, leghaemoglobin content, grain yield, crude protein and 16 amino acids content, in the chick pea variety C 235 grown on a calcareous saline alkali soil. There was no significant correlation between grain yield and number of nodules (r = 0·37) or dry weight of nodules (r = 0·29), but grain yield was significantly correlated with leghaemoglobin content of nodules (r = 0·95). Of the 16 amino acids analysed in seed samples, aspartic, glutamic, proline and histidine were greatest with strain H 45; glycine, leucine and arginine with strain F 6; norleucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine with strain KG 38; and alanine and valine were greatest with strain KG 41. Strain KG 38 led to significantly higher grain yield than the other strains.

Effect of cultivar selection on metribuzin efficacy in field pea (Pisum sativum)

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Sinapis Arvensis ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Cultivar Selection

Field studies were conducted at Morden, Manitoba from 1993 to 1995 to investigate the effect of cultivar selection on the effectiveness of metribuzin {4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one} for wild mustard control in field pea. In check plots, Titan, a cultivar with long vines, suppressed wild mustard growth more than Trump, a cultivar with short vines Wild mustard control with metribuzin was more consistent in Titan than in Trump. Metribuzin at 140 g ha−1 (half the full label rate) reduced wild mustard dry weight by 75 to 99% in plots seeded to Titan and by 38 to 88% in plots seeded to Trump. Results suggest that less herbicide is required for weed management in more competitive field pea cultivars. Key words: Cultivars, competitiveness, metribuzin, wild mustard, Sinapis arvensis, yield

scholarly journals Effects of weed control through cowpea intercropping on mayze morphology and yield

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K.O. Gomes ◽  
P.S.L. Silva ◽  
K.M.B. Silva ◽  
F.F. Rodrigues Filho ◽  
V.G. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Poaceae Family ◽  
Maize Yields ◽  
Hand Weeding

Intercropping combined with competitive maize cultivars can reduce the use of herbicides to control weeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of intercropping cowpea and maize, as well as hand-weeding on maize morphology and yield. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks, with treatments arranged in split-plots and five replications. The plots consisted of four maize cultivars (BA 8512, BA 9012, EX 4001, EX 6004) and the split-plots consisted of the following treatments: no-weeding; twice hand-weeding (20 and 40 days after sowing); and intercropping with cowpea ('Sempre Verde' cultivar), both maize and cowpea sown at the same time. The variables evaluated were: maize fresh green ears and grain yield; characteristics of internodes, leaves, tassels, ears, grains; plant height and ear insertion height; number of weed plants and species; fresh and dry biomass of weed species and cowpea. Ten weed species were outstanding during the experiment, many of them from the Poaceae family. No interactions were found between weed control method and maize cultivars for most variables evaluated; and plants from hand-weeded split-plots showed superior mean values compared to plants from non-weeded and intercropped split-plots, both not differing from each other. The cowpea was inefficient in controlling weed, reducing the maize yields and not producing any grain. The maize cultivars 'BA 8512' and 'BA 9012 showed the highest mean green ear yield, and the highest grain yield in hand-weeded, no-weeded and intercropped split-plots. On the other hand, the maize cultivar 'EX 6004' showed such high means only in no-weeded and intercropped split-plots. 'EX 4001 presented the worst means in these variables for hand-weeded, no-weeded ant intercropped split-plots.

scholarly journals Herbicidal activities of wheat residues in transplant Aman rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-261
Author(s):  
S Ferdousi ◽  
MR Uddin ◽  
M Begum ◽  
UK Sarker ◽  
MN Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Percent Inhibition ◽  
Weed Growth

Allelopathic potentiality of crop residues may be helpful to minimize the serious problems in the present agricultural production such as environmental pollution, unsafe products, human health concerns, depletion of crop diversity, soil sickness and reduction of crop productivity. In this phenomenon an experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during June to November, 2015 to evaluate the effect of crop residues of wheat on weed management and crop performance of T. Aman rice. The experiment consisted of three varieties (cv. BRRI dhan32, BRRI dhan33 and BRRI dhan49) and five different treatments (viz. no crop residues, wheat crop residues @ 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 t ha-1). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Five weed species belonging to three families infested the experimental plots. Weed population, weed dry weight and percent inhibition of weed were significantly influenced by wheat crop residues and cultivar. The maximum weed growth was noticed where no crop residues was incorporated and the minimum was found where @ 2.0 tha-1 wheat crop residues was incorporated. The grain yield as well as the other yield contributing characters produced in BRRI dhan49 was the highest among the studied varieties. The highest percent inhibition of 75.32, 58.24, 72.60, 57.45 and 82.24 was in Shama, Panishapla, Pani chaise, Panikachu and Susnishak, respectively which was caused by the application of wheat crop residues @ 2 t ha-1. The highest loss of grain yield was obtained where no crop residues were incorporated. The highest numbers of tillers hill-1, numbers of grains panicle-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield were observed where wheat crop residues were incorporated @ 2.0 t ha-1. The results of this study indicate that different amount of wheat crop residues showed potential activity to suppress weed growth.Progressive Agriculture 28 (4): 253-261, 2017

scholarly journals Competitive Effects of Weeds on the Growth of Container-grown Plants

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana L. Berchielli-Robertson ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Berberis Thunbergii ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Eclipta Alba ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

A 2-year study evaluated the effects of three weed species: eclipta [Eclipta alba (L.) Hasskarl], prostrate spurge (Euphorbia supina Raf.), and wood sorrel (Oxalis stricta L.) on growth of container-grown `Gumpo White Sport' azalea (Rhododendron eriocarpum), R. x `Fashion', and Berberis thunbergii DC. var. atropurpurea `Crimson Pigmy'. Competitiveness among weed species as ranked from greatest to least was eclipta, prostrate spurge, and wood sorrel. Greater populations of eclipta and prostrate spurge resulted in decreased shoot dry weight of `Fashion' and `Gumpo White Sport' azalea. Prostrate spurge had a similar effect on `Crimson Pigmy' barberry in both small (3.8-liter) and large (15.2-liter) containers, while eclipta reduced shoot dry weight of barberry only in large containers. Wood sorrel had little effect on shoot dry weight of `Fashion' and `Gumpo White Sport' azalea.

Grain yield and flowering of some introduced grain legumes in South Australia

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (75) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Lathyrus Cicera ◽  
Genotype A

Data are presented for time of flowering, total shoot dry weight and grain yield of White Brunswick pea (Pisum sativum), six introduced peas and one introduction each of Lathyrus sativus and Lathyrus cicera from ten plot experiments conducted in South Australia over the period 1955-1 960.None of the introduced legumes flowered earlier than White Brunswick peas and only one, possibly, has a greater capacity for higher grain yield. L. cicera on the other hand gave 25 per cent greater yield over all sites and seasons with an average of 2.84 tonne ha-1.The ratio between grain yield and total shoot dry weight varied with genotype and between seasons with a genotype. A low ratio was not always associated with low dry matter production.

scholarly journals Weed-Competitive Ability of Teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) Varieties

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haftamu Gebretsadik Gebrehiwot ◽  
Jens Bernt Aune ◽  
Jan Netland ◽  
Ole Martin Eklo ◽  
Torfinn Torp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
Hand Weeding

Teff is a staple and well adapted crop in Ethiopia. Weed competition and control have major effects on yields and economic returns of the crop in the country. Among the weed management methods, development and use of weed competitive teff varieties remain the cheapest and most sustainable weed management option. Ten teff varieties were tested for their weed competitive ability in two locations. Treatments were applied using a split plot design with three blocks at each location for two consecutive seasons. Hand weeding and non-weeded treatments were applied to whole plot treatments with teff varieties assigned as split plots within the whole plot. The main objective was to determine relative competitive ability among teff varieties. Results showed that teff varieties showed significant variation in their weed competitive abilities. The varieties ‘Kora’ and ‘DZ-Cr-387’ significantly reduced weed density, dry weight, and cover more than the other teff varieties. They also had the lowest yield losses with a loss of 6% in biomass yield and 18% in grain yield recorded from ‘Kora’ and a loss of 17% in biomass yield and 21% in grain yield recorded from ‘DZ-Cr-387’. Therefore, they showed the highest weed competitive ability compared to the other varieties.

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