THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES. II. AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THE PROTEIN AND NON-PROTEIN FRACTIONS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. JABBAR MUZTAR ◽  
S. J. SLINGER ◽  
J. H. BURTON
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Reference Pattern ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Leaf Protein Concentrate ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Method Of Extraction

The amino acid profile, crude protein (N × 6.25) and true protein (sum of all amino acids) levels were investigated in washed samples of several species of aquatic plants. There were differences of as much as 6% in the levels of crude protein and true protein of some of the species analyzed. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and glycine, among the non-essential amino acids, and leucine, lysine, arginine and valine among the essential amino acids were major contributors to proteins in these plants. Levels of essential amino acids in the plants under investigation compared favorably with the FAO reference pattern and leaf protein concentrate. The non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and free amino acids (FAA) remaining in solution following the precipitation of protein using 80% ethanol, 5% TCA or 10% TCA were also determined in four species. Less total NPN remained in solution following ethanol extraction than when either 5 or 10% TCA was used. In addition to amino acids normally occurring in protein, ornithine, citrulline, asparagine, glutamine and -γ-amino butyric acid were also present in the NPN fraction. The FAA content ranged from approximately 6.6 to 16.8% of the total NPN, depending upon species of plant and method of extraction. The analysis indicated that this fraction could be nutritionally utilized by monogastric animals.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of wonderful kola (Bucchlozia coriacea) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) seeds grown in south–south, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
MO Aremu ◽  
DB Passali ◽  
H Ibrahim ◽  
RO Akinyeye
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Artocarpus Altilis ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

The proximate and amino acid compositions of Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea were investigated using standard analytical techniques. The respective proximate composition (%) for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples were: Moisture (5.91 and 5.67); ash (4.39 and 5.13); crude fat (4.42 and 2.76); crude protein (12.27 and 14.78); crude fibre (7.10 and 6.27); carbohydrate (65.91 and 65.39). The calculated fatty acids and metabolizable energy for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples were 3.54 and 2.21 %; 1492.60 and 1465.01 kJ/100 g, respectively. The most abundant minerals in Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia were potassium (658.42 and 369.64 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (382.55 and 261.38 mg/100 g), respectively. The amino acid profile revealed that Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids. The total essential amino acids (TEAA) (with His) were 31.14 and 34.40 g/100 g crude protein for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples, respectively. The first limiting amino acid was Met + Cys (TSAA) for all the samples and calculated isoeletric points (ρl) were 3.52 and 4.05 for Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea, respectively.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(2), 125-132, 2018

scholarly journals The Proximate Composition, Amino Acid Profile and Chemical Indices in Five Freshwater Fishes from Tiga Dam Reservoir, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Audu Michael Elaigwu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dam Reservoir

Abstract The study assesses the proximate composition, amino acid profile and its content and chemical indices of the sun-dried Schilbe mystus, Bagrus bayad, Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias anguillaris and Petrocephalus bane bane from Tiga Dam Reservoir, Nigeria. The proximate composition varied significantly (p<0.05) in all five species of fish and these ranged as follows: Moisture (4.79 - 9.52 g/100 g), Crude Protein (42.20 - 57.71 g/100 g), Ash Content (0.90 - 12.51 g/100 g), Ether Extract (3.41 - 9.93 g/100 g), Crude Fibre (0.62 - 5.08 g/100 g), Nitrogen Free Extract (12.28 - 42.70 g/100 g) and Dry Matter (90.48 - 95.21 g/100 g). The amino acid also differed significantly (p<0.05). The nine essential amino acids found in the five species of fish were Lysine (4.21 - 6.34 g/100 g), Histidine (1.96 - 4.30 g/100 g), Arginine (5.80 - 8.21 g/100 g), Threonine (1.93 - 5.05 g/100 g), Valine (2.91 - 5.53 g/100 g), Methionine (1.74 - 3.80 g/100 g), Isoleucine (2.04 - 3.37 g/100 g), Leucine (3.64 - 7.18 g/100 g) and Phynylalanine (1.90 - 4.23 g/100 g). Whereas, the eight non-essential amino acids included: Serine (2.12 - 5.22 g/100 g), Glutamic acid (13.24 - 16.30 g/100 g), Proline (3.12 - 6.29 g/100 g), Glycine (4.20 - 9.08 g/100 g), Alanine (5.00 - 6.36 g/100 g), Cysteine (0.94 - 1.24 g/100 g), Tyrosine (2.33 - 3.33 g/100 g) and Aspartic acid (6.34 - 11.01 g/100 g). P. bane bane was first in terms of crude protein; S. mystus had the highest lipid and essential amino acid content. Also, C. anguillaris recorded the highest calorific value and best amino acid content. Thus, P. bane bane can serve as a source of animal protein to balance deficiencies in humans. Both S. mystus and C. anguillaris can be used as a nutrient base for high energy food and oil in the food industry.

Ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs given a barley-based diet with increasing inclusion of lucerne leaf meal

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reverter ◽  
J. E. Lindberg
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Leaf Meal

AbstractIleal digestibility of amino acids in barley-based diets with increasing inclusion of lucerne leaf meal (LLM; 0, 50, 100 and 200 g/kg) was studied in a change-over experiment with post-valve T-caecum cannulated growing pigs. The apparent Heal digestibility of crude protein, as well as of most of the essential (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) was not significantly affected by the dietary inclusion of LLM. The exceptions were cystine, methionine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid and serine, all of which showed a significant (P< 0·05) reduction in apparent Heal digestibility with increasing inclusion of LLM. In contrast, the calculated true Heal digestibility of all EAA (with the exception of arginine and lysine) and the NEAA glutamic acid and serine were significantly (P< 0·05) reduced with the inclusion of LLM. Associated with an increased crude protein intake, there was a significant (P< 0·05) increase in the amount of absorbed EAA when the proportion of LLM was increased in the diet. With increasing proportion of fibre in the diet, there was a significant (P< 0·05) increase in the Heal flow of glucosamine.It can be concluded from the present data that the inclusion of LLM in a barley-based diet for growing pigs will result in an improvement in the absorbed amino-acid profile due to a significant increase in the absorption of all of the EAA.

scholarly journals Progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Yun Liu ◽  
Shemil P. Macelline ◽  
Peter V. Chrystal ◽  
Peter H. Selle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein

AbstractThe prime purpose of this review is to explore the pathways whereby progress towards reduced-crude protein (CP) diets and sustainable chicken-meat production may be best achieved. Reduced-CP broiler diets have the potential to attenuate environmental pollution from nitrogen and ammonia emissions; moreover, they have the capacity to diminish the global chicken-meat industry’s dependence on soybean meal to tangible extents. The variable impacts of reduced-CP broiler diets on apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are addressed. The more accurate identification of amino acid requirements for broiler chickens offered reduced-CP diets is essential as this would diminish amino acid imbalances and the deamination of surplus amino acids. Deamination of amino acids increases the synthesis and excretion of uric acid for which there is a requirement for glycine, this emphasises the value of so-called “non-essential” amino acids. Starch digestive dynamics and their possible impact of glucose on pancreatic secretions of insulin are discussed, although the functions of insulin in avian species require clarification. Maize is probably a superior feed grain to wheat as the basis of reduced-CP diets; if so, the identification of the underlying reasons for this difference should be instructive. Moderating increases in starch concentrations and condensing dietary starch:protein ratios in reduced-CP diets may prove to be advantageous as expanding ratios appear to be aligned to inferior broiler performance. Threonine is specifically examined because elevated free threonine plasma concentrations in birds offered reduced-CP diets may be indicative of compromised performance. If progress in these directions can be realised, then the prospects of reduced-CP diets contributing to sustainable chicken-meat production are promising.

High protein wheats for poultry. 1. Use in broiler diets

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (53) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Turner ◽  
GG Payne
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Factor ◽  
Protein Diets

High protein wheat was the sole cereal in 20 and 25 per cent crude protein broiler starter diets. On the. 25 per cent protein diet, performance was maximized without amino acid supplementation. Using high protein wheat in 20 per cent protein diets, growth rate was improved by l-lysine supplementation of 0.3 per cent. However, this growth rate was not at a maximum level. Some other dietary factor was necessary, and this did not appear to be essential amino acids, singly or in combination.

Effect of diet and infusion of volatile fatty acids into the rumen on the concentration of plasma free amino acids in sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Mercer ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Post Infusion ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
The Mean

1. The effect of supplementing barley diets with urea (U), extracted decorticated groundnut meal (GNM) or Peruvian fish meal (PFM) on plasma free amino acid concentrations in sheep have been examined and the first limiting amino acid has been indicated by measuring the changes in the concentration of the plasma essential amino acids (PEAA) during a rumen infusion of a volatile fatty acid (VFA) mixture.2. Three wethers fitted with rumen and re-entrant duodenal cannulas were given isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets containing (g/kg dry matter (DM)) U 20, GNM 106 or PFM 78, the crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) contents being 139, 145 and 148 respectively. The sheep were fed hourly, the mean daily dm intake being 0.634 kg.3. Plasma concentrations of valine, threonine, lysine, isoleucine and leucine were linearly related to their concentrations in duodenal digesta.4. A VFA mixture was infused into the rumen for 6 h to supply (mmol/min) acetate 1.47, propionate 0.22 and n-butyrate 0.27. Blood samples were taken 6 h before, during and 12 h after the end of the infusion.5. The concentration of all PEAA decreased relative to the pre-infusion and post-infusion controls but there were no significant differences between diets.6. The mean decreases in concentration averaged over all three diets showed that the decrease in concentration of methionine (41.5%) was far greater than for any other essential amino acid suggesting that under these conditions methionine was the first limiting amino acid.

scholarly journals Proline as an essential amino acid for the young pig

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald O. Ball ◽  
James L. Atkinson ◽  
Henry S. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Arginine Concentration

1. The catabolism of L-[ l-14C]phenylalanine was used to indicate the effects of single amino acid supplementation of an inadequate protein diet (200 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg) on the utilization of dietary amino acids in pigs of 2.5 kg body-weight reared on an adequate protein diet (240 g crude protein/kg) containing skim milk and a mixture of free amino acids.2. The oxidation of phenylalanine was decreased by the addition of proline or arginine to the inadequate protein diet but not by the addition of threonine, methionine, lysine or a mixture of essential amino acids, indicating that proline and arginine were limiting the utilization of dietary amino acids in the inadequate protein diet.3. Dietary proline concentrations of 13.9 and 14.2 g/kg minimized phenylalanine oxidation in diets containing 200 or 260 g protein/kg. This indicates a dietary proline requirement of 14 g/kg.4. Increasing the dietary arginine concentration in a diet containing 240 g protein/kg showed that an arginine concentration of 5.1 g/kg minimized phenylalanine oxidation. However, increasing the arginine concentration in a diet containing 200 g protein/kg increased phenylalanine oxidation, suggesting an amino acid imbalance involving arginine at this lower level of protein.

scholarly journals Advantages and limitations of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) as a method for evaluating protein quality in human diets

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (S2) ◽  
pp. S333-S336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertjan Schaafsma
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Reference Pattern ◽  
Plant Protein Sources

PDCAAS is a widely used assay for evaluating protein quality. It is a chemical score, which is derived from the ratio between the first limiting amino acid in a test protein and the corresponding amino acid in a reference amino acid pattern and corrected for true faecal N digestibility. Chemical scores exceeding 100 % are truncated to 100 %. The advantages of the PDCAAS are its simplicity and direct relationship to human protein requirements. The limitations are as follows: the reference pattern is based on the minimum amino acid requirements for tissue growth and maintenance and does not necessarily reflect the optimum intake. Truncated PDCAAS of high-quality proteins do not give any information about the power of these proteins to compensate, as a supplement, for low levels of dietary essential amino acids in low-quality proteins. It is likely that faecal N digestibility does not take into account the loss from the colon of indispensable amino acids that were not absorbed in the ileum. Anti-nutritional factors, such as lectins and trypsin inhibitors, in several plant protein sources can cause heightened endogenous losses of amino acids, an issue which is particularly relevant in animal feedstuffs. The assumption that amino acid supplementation can completely restore biological efficiency of the protein source is incorrect since the kinetics of digestion and absorption between supplemented free amino acids and amino acids present in dietary proteins, are different.

scholarly journals Rumen degradability and ileal digestibility of proteins and amino acids of feedstuffs for cows

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-231
Author(s):  
Iveta Maskaľová ◽  
Vladimír Vajda ◽  
Marek Krempaský ◽  
Lukáš Bujňák
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Corn Gluten Feed ◽  
Gluten Feed

Knowledge of the profile of amino acids of the rumen-undegradable protein can help in the formulation of diets to provide amino acids that complement microbial protein as well as supply amino acids, which are most limiting for milk production. Three non-lactating cows fitted with rumen cannulas were used to determine the effect ofin siturumen degradation on crude protein and amino acid profile of rumen-undegraded protein of feedstuffs. The obtained values of rumen degradability of crude protein with significant difference (P< 0.001) between feeds ranged from 20.3 to 76.3% (mean 62.0 ± 17.9%) and values of total amino acids ranged from 30.9% in corn gluten meal to 83.8% in corn gluten feed (mean 67.5 ± 16.4%). Anin vitromodified 3-step method was used to determine intestinal digestibility. Intestinal digestibility of undegraded protein varied from 54.5 ± 1.4% in raw soybean to 95.2 ± 1.0% in corn gluten feed. The absorbable amino acid profile of rumen-undegraded protein for each feedstuff was compared with profiles of the original feedstuff and the rumen-exposed undegraded protein. Absorbable lysine (9.3 ± 1.1 g/kg of crude protein) was higher in products of soybean and sunflower cake. Corn gluten feed and meal supplied more absorbable methionine (3.6 ± 0.6 g/kg of crude protein). This study showed that the digestibility factor of crude protein and amino acid based onin situandin vitromethods for thermal treatment of protein feeds can be used in models to optimize the amino acid nutrition of dairy cows and expand knowledge about rumen degradability and ileal digestibility of amino acids in feedstuffs.

scholarly journals Connection of protein and amino acid content of forage and medium quality winter wheat varieties

2009 ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Zoltán Mezei ◽  
Ágnes Pongrácznl Barancsi ◽  
Péter Sipos ◽  
Zoltán Győri ◽  
János Csapó
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

We analysed the crude protein content, amino acid content, amino acid composition of four forage and milling III. quality winter wheat varieties (Magor, Hunor, Róna and Kondor) from their samples from five following years (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007). We found that quantity of essential and non-essential amino acids rose with increase in crude protein content. On examination of protein amino acid composition in relation to crude protein content we found that the crude protein content increased the quantities of the non-essential amino acids also rose, while those of the essential amino acids decreased as the lysine, the limiting amino acid of wheat. We also established that, as crude protein content increased, the biological value of the protein decreased.

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