THE EFFECT OF CROPPING ON SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A SPHAGNUM PEAT SOIL

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Townsend ◽  
D. C. MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Chemical analysis, including a conventional scheme of proximate analysis as well as pre-treatment with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, were used to assess changes occurring in the chemical properties of a strongly acid sphagnum peat when it was limed, fertilized and cropped for 3- and 5-year periods. Pre-treatment was necessary to remove the large quantities of added fertilizer and limestone which were found to neutralize substantial amounts of the hydrochloric acid required for the hydrolysis of hemicellulose.In comparison with raw peat the percentages of hemicellulose and cellulose and the carbon-nitrogen ratio decreased in the cropped peat. The situation was reversed in the case of bitumen, the lignin-humic substances complex and cation-exchange capacity. The results indicated further that with cropping the composition of the peat tended towards the composition of an adjacent muck.

Soil fertility changes in a red-brown earth under irrigated pastures. I. Changes in organic carbon/nitrogen ratio, Cation exchange capacity and pH

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Rixon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

Organic matter and soil fertility changes under irrigated pastures were followed for 5 years at Deniliquin, N.S.W. The effects of three annual pastures and of three perennial pastures were studied. Four years after their establishment an organic matter layer (mat) had formed under all pastures, and after its formation there was no further accumulation of organic carbon in the 0–3 in. soil horizon. The mean annual increase in organic carbon was 625 lb/acre under annual pastures and 1146 lb/acre under perennial pastures. The carbon/nitrogen ratios of both soil and mats, and the relationships of both organic carbon and nitrogen to the cation exchange capacity of the mats, were similarly affected by the annual and perennial pastures. The heterogeneous nature of the mats obscured any differences in their carbon/nitrogen ratios, which ranged from 12.8 to 22.0. The cation exchange capacity of the 0–3 in. soil horizon remained unchanged. The cation exchange capacity of the organic matter of the mats was approximately 100 m-equiv./100 g. After mat formation the underlying soil had a pH of approximately 6.0 under clovers and 6.5 under ryegrasses. The pH values of the mats ranged from 5.9 to 6.6.

Proximate Analysis and Bio-Digestion of Cattle Abdominal Waste for the Production of Organic Fertilizer

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Balogun ◽  
E. E. Nkwocha ◽  
T. O. Balogun ◽  
D. H. Ogbuagu ◽  
I. L. Ibegbule
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Homogeneity Of Variance ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

Biodigestion of cattle abdominal waste from a slaughterhouse in Owerri West Local Government Area Imo state was studied. It was stabilized in a mobile biodigester for the production of quality fertilizer through the activities of microorganisms. Clean plastic bags were used to collect influent and effluent samples in replicate, stored and transported in iced coolers to the laboratory for analyses. Standard laboratory methods were used for sample analyses which focused on Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, pH, Organic matter, Moisture content, Organic carbon, and Carbon/Nitrogen ratio from pre-digested and digested samples as parameters of interest. Periodic sampling from biodigester was carried out at interval of 0 week (pre-digested samples- PDS), 2 weeks (digested samples1- DS1) and 5 weeks (digested samples 2 -DS2) for parameters investigated. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM- SPSS(C)) version 19.0, statistical package for windows and MS Excel was used in the analysis of data. The test of homogeneity of variance in means of the variables was carried out using the one-way ANOVA. Further structure detection was made with means plot. Results obtained on pre-digested influent show that Nitrogen varied between 2.03-2.06% (2.01±0.05), Potassium varied between 1.25-1.32mg/kg (1.28± 0.02), and Phosphorus varied between 1.45-1.54mg/kg (1.50±0.02). Carbon/Nitrogen ratio was constant at 20, Moisture content varied between 73.50-80.50% (78.00±1.56), Organic matter varied between 67.42-70.86% (69.05±0.70), Total organic carbon varied between 39.20-41.20% (40.15 ±0.46), and pH varied between 6.30–6.50 (6.41±0.04) respectively. In the digested effluent, Nitrogen varied between 1.40-1.66% (1.53±0.04), Phosphorus varied between 1.20–1.26mg/kg (1.23±0.01), Potassium varied between 1.10-1.17 mg/kg (1.13±0.01), pH varied between 7.20–7.45 (7.32±0.04), Total organic carbon varied between 25.20-29.88% (27.60±0.66), Carbon/Nitrogen ratio was constant at 18, Organic matter 43.34-51.39% (47.48±1.14), and Moisture content varied between 86.10-95.36% (90.88±1.23) respectively. General results show that there was significant inequality among the variables examined [F(12.50) > Fcrit (4.03)] at P=0.05. Total organic carbon, Organic matter and Moisture content were most responsible for the observed heterogeneity.

Torrefaction of Empty Fruit Bunch as Fibrous Biomass Pre-Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 964 ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Endah Laksmi Nugraha ◽  
Ridho Hantoro
Keyword(s):  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
High Water ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The utilization of empty bunches (EFB) as biomass still limited. EFB is used as additional fuel in palm oil mills where the combustion process is directly used. This process has deficiencies due to the characteristics of empty bunches which tend to have high water content. To achieve good combustion results, EFB required pre-treatment technique. In this study, experimental studies of EFB pre-treatment is proposed by torrefaction to improve EFB energy quality. Torrefaction of EFB is performed in several temperature variations with a range between 150-300 °C (150,200,250,300) and a certain duration (15,20,25,30,45 minutes). An investigation is done by using a calorimetric bomb, proximate analysis to find the moisture and ash content and ultimate analysis, which determined the chemical properties of the pre-treatment process. The physical properties of EFB, which fibrous and tough makes EFB size reduction difficult to reach homogenous state. Mass yield of torrefied EFB decreased with increasing temperature as well as with increasing times of torrefaction. Fundamentally, the study has highlighted the effects of torrefaction on solid fuel properties of EFB and its potential as a solid fuel for future thermal applications.

A Study on the Improvement of Nitrogen Removal Efficiency in Small Size Sewage Treatment Facility Utilizing Zeolite Carrier

2012 ◽  
Vol 724 ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Hyun Jong Joo ◽  
Jung Soo Choi ◽  
Kwang Hyun Lee ◽  
Sung Chul Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Isotherm Equation ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Pre Treatment

The aim of this research was to develop a zeolite carrier for wastewater treatment in a small-size sewage treatment facility. To evaluate the ion-exchange characteristic of zeolite medium, the isotherm equation of both Langmuir and Freundlich model were examined. It was found that the maximum absorption amount (qm) and adsorption strength (1/n) were about 2.94 mg NH4+-N/g and 0.3854, respectively. In order to validate the adsorption performance by applying the zeolite carrier to the in-situ field, nitrogen removal efficiency was evaluated by a retrofitted process in the small sewage treatment where carbon-nitrogen ratio was especially low in influent. By the application of this proposed method, the effluent TN concentration was in the range of 6.5-20 mg/L (average of 12.9 mg/L) which may satisfy sufficient discharge standard limit. The zeolite medium had ion-exchange capacity of 30-40% of influent NH4+-N concentration, and TN removal efficiency improved about 40% compared to the existing process. Therefore, the renovation of the carrier utilization shows the possibility of pre-treatment of NH4+-N in influent and thus improves the TN removal efficiency of wastewater treatment.

Environmental significance of atrazine in aqueous systems and its removal by biological processes: an overview

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-178 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Environmental Significance ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Living Organisms

Atrazine, a chlorinated s-triazine group of herbicide is one of the most widely used pesticides in the World. Due to its extensive use, long half-life and various toxic properties, it has very high environmental significance. Up to 22 mg l-1 of atrazine was found in ground water whereas permissible limit of atrazine is in ppb level in drinking water. As per Indian standard there should not be any pesticide present in drinking water. Among many other treatment processes available, Incineration, adsorption, chemical treatment, phytoremediation and biodegradation are the most commonly used ones. Biological degradation of atrazine depends upon various factors like the operating environment, external carbon and nitrogen sources, carbon/ nitrogen ratio (C/N), water content and the bacterial strain. Although, general atrazine degradation pathways are available, the specific pathways in specific conditions are not yet clearly defined. In this paper extensive review has been made on the occurrence of atrazine in surface and ground water bodies, probable sources and causes of its occurrence in water environment, the toxicity of atrazine on various living organisms and its removal by biological processes.

Enzyme-assisted Extraction for Optimized Recovery of Phenolic Bioactives from Peganum hermala Leaves Using Response Surface Methodology

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-354
Author(s):  
Qadir Rahman ◽  
Anwar Farooq ◽  
Amjad Gilani Mazhar ◽  
Nadeem Yaqoob Muhammad ◽  
Ahmad Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Enzyme Complexes ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Central Composite

This study investigates the effect of enzyme formulations (Zympex-014, Kemzyme dry-plus and Natuzyme) on recovery of phenolics from Peganum hermala (harmal) leaves, under optimized conditions using response surface methodology. As compared to the other enzyme complexes, the yield (34 g/100g) obtained through Zympex-014-assisted extraction was higher under optimized conditions such as time (75 min), temperature (70°C), pH (6.5) and enzyme concentration (5 g/100 g) using central composite design (CCD). Effectiveness of Zympex-014 towards hydrolysis of P. hermala leaves cell wall was examined by analyzing the control and enzyme-treated leave residues using scanning electron microscope (SEM). GC/MS characterization authenticated the presence of quercetin (1.44), gallic acid (0.23), caffeic acid (0.04), cinnamic acid (0.05), m-coumaric acid (0.23) and p-coumaric acid (0.37 μg/g) as the potent phenolics in Zympex-014 based extract. It can be concluded from the findings of the current work that pre-treatment of P. hermala leaves with Zympex-014 significantly enhanced the recovery of phenolics that supports its potential uses in the nutra-pharamaceutical industry.

scholarly journals Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Bok Choy Growth and Quality in Hydroponic Cultures

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Kazuki Kano ◽  
Hiroaki Kitazawa ◽  
Keitaro Suzuki ◽  
Ani Widiastuti ◽  
Hiromitsu Odani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Steep Liquor

Effects of corn steep liquor (organic fertilizer, OF) and conventional chemical fertilizer (CF) on the growth and yield of bok choy (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) in summer and autumn hydroponic growing systems were compared. When OF and CF were applied with the same amount of total nitrogen in summer cultivation, there was no significant difference between yields; however, the growth rate in OF was slower than in CF. When OF was applied with twice the amount of nitrogen in CF (OF2), bok choy growth and yield were significantly inhibited in summer cultivation, likely owing to dissolved oxygen deficiency and different rates of nitrification and nitrogen absorbance by the plant root. Although the contents of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in bok choy showed no difference among the three treatments in both cultivation seasons, the carbon/nitrogen ratio tended to be higher in OF and OF2 than in CF. Lower nitric acid and higher ascorbic acid content was found in OF and OF2 than in CF. Overall, our results suggest that a comparable yield is expected by using the same nitrogen amount with a conventional recipe of chemical fertilization in autumn cultivation. However, further improvement of hydroponic management is needed in summer cultivation.

scholarly journals Influence of the Bottom Color Modification and Material Color Modification Process on the Performance of Modified Poplar

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Qingqing Liu ◽  
Di Gao ◽  
Wei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Target Color ◽  
Modification Process ◽  
Red Color ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Surface Differentiation ◽  
Color Modification ◽  
And Chemical Properties

According to the old surface coating process of European and American furniture, the surface of modified poplar is first differentiated pre-treatment, and then the bottom color modification and material color modification are respectively applied to the modified poplar after the surface differentiation treatment. The visual physical quantity and physical and chemical properties were measured and compared with mahogany, which is commonly used in old furniture in Europe and America to explore the effect of colorants and coloring steps, as well as different surface pretreatments on the coloring effect. Finally, it is concluded that continuous coloring operations can narrow the difference in brightness and red color value in the coloring layer of modified poplar and mahogany. Continuous coloring operations increase the difference between the yellow-green color values of modified poplar and mahogany. Therefore, the coloring difference between modified poplar and mahogany was affected by the colorant and coloring steps. Through color accumulation, the gap between the two in the target color coloring effect can be reduced, thereby reducing the difference between the coloring effect of modified poplar and mahogany.

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