Response of Kochia scoparia to nitrogen fertilization on a saline soil

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Steppuhn ◽  
D. G. Green ◽  
J. E. Knipfel ◽  
E. Coxworth ◽  
J. A. Kernan
Keyword(s):  
Saline Soil ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Safe Limit ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Disturbed Soils

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. naturally invades mechanically disturbed soils in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian Prairies and offers potential as a forage crop in saline environments. A 3-yr study conducted on severely saline soil (~ 11 dS m−1) near Swift Current, Saskatchewan, evaluated the production of kochia forage and plant-N uptake following applications of 0, 56, 112 and 168 kg N ha−1 of ammonium nitrate. The yield response in aboveground, dried forage (Y) followed a curvilinear function based on the quantity of nitrogen applied (N): Y = 4740 + 38.5N − 0.121N2. The N-fertilizer requirement to produce 7500 kg ha−1 of dried forage (96% of the function maximum) equalled 110 kg N ha−1 and reflected average growing conditions at the study site during 1987–89. The kochia assimilated protein N (Kjeldahl) within its tissue in direct proportion to the fertilizer dosage applied, reaching theoretical maxima which varied yearly: 18 g kg−1 in 1987, 12 g kg−1 in 1988 and 22 g kg−1 in 1989. Although NO3-N concentrations increased with each addition of fertilizer N, the maximum accumulation of NO3 N (0.5 g kg−1) among all the tests and treatments was within the safe limit of 1.1 g kg−1 to avoid livestock poisoning. The efficiency with which the fertilizer N was assimilated by the kochia ranged between 44 and 69% over the test years and fertilizer treatments. Key words: Saline soil, N fertilization, kochia forage, soil fertility, salinity

Comparing fall and spring seeding of Kochia scoparia on saline soil

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1055-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Steppuhn ◽  
D. G. Green ◽  
G. Winkleman ◽  
J. A. Kernan ◽  
E. Coxworth
Keyword(s):  
Saline Soil ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Growing Conditions

Kochia scoparia naturally invades distributed soils in the Brown soil zone of the Canadian Prairies and offers potential as a forage crop in saline environments. A 3-yr study conducted on severely saline soil near Swift Current, Saskatchewan, compared kochia production resulting from fall (natural- and implement-seeded) and spring (early- and late-seeded) treatments. Late spring-seeded crops produced, on average, 5.4 t of dry, shoot biomass per ha per yr. Early spring and fall-seeded kochia (naturally or implement-placed) yielded between 5.4 and 10.9 t ha−1. Of the nine comparisons between forage yields from fall and spring seedings, six favored fall over spring, two were equal, and one produced more forage from early spring seedings than from the naturally-seeded fall treatment. The late spring treatment consistently produced the least forage. Fall seedings exhibited a greater potential for forage production because fall-seeded plants usually established early in the growing season and in sufficient number to fully exploit soil and water resources when conditions became favorable and effective rooting depths were not restricted by concentrated salt layers. When drier growing conditions prevailed, the lower plant densities associated with early spring seedings tended to minimize plant competition and foster greater forage production. Key words: Kochia forage, seeding dates, salinity, Kochia establishment, Kochia agronomy

scholarly journals Yield, Nitrogen Dynamics, and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Machine-harvested Cucumber

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1712-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Van Eerd ◽  
Kelsey A. O'Reilly
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Budget ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Use Efficiency

The increase in fertilizer costs as well as environmental concerns has stimulated growers to re-evaluate their fertilizer applications to optimize nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) while maintaining crop yields and minimizing N losses. With these objectives, field trials were conducted at seven sites with five N rates (0 to 220 kg N/ha) of ammonium-nitrate applied preplant broadcast and incorporated as well as a split application treatment of 65 + 45 kg N/ha. In three contrasting years (i.e., cool/wet versus warm/dry versus average), N treatment had no observable effect on grade size distribution or brine quality. Based on the zero N control treatment, the limited yield response to fertilizer N was the result of sufficient plant-available N over the growing season. In the N budget, there was no difference between N treatments in crop N removal, but there was a positive linear relationship between N applied and the quantity of N in crop residue as well as in the soil after harvest. As expected, apparent fertilizer N recovery and N uptake efficiency were lower at 220 versus 110 kg N/ha applied preplant or split. The preplant and split applications of 110 kg N/ha were not different in yield, overall N budget, or NUE. Considering the short growing season, planting into warm soils, and the generally productive, nonresponsive soils in the region, growers should consider reducing or eliminating fertilizer N applications in machine-harvested cucumber.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilization of Radishes on Histosols: Response and 15N Recovery

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 865-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Sanchez ◽  
H.Y. Ozaki ◽  
K. Schuler ◽  
M. Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
15N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
The One

Experiments were conducted from 1985 to 1989 to evaluate the response of radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) to N fertilization on Histosols. Three of these experiments used 15N-labeled fertilizer to evaluate the recovery of N by radishes. There was no response to N fertilization in seven of the eight experiments, even though some of them were conducted under conditions of high rainfall. The one experiment in which radish yields increased with N was conducted in a poorly drained, waterlogged field that was atypical of normal radish production fields. Recoveries of fertilizer N in the marketable radish roots averaged 19%. The results of N and 15N analysis showed that although fertilizer N was available for uptake, so was an ample amount of soil mineralized N. These results indicate that under typical growing conditions, radishes produced on Florida Histosols do not respond to N fertilization.

The effect of stubble management and N-fertilization practices on the nitrogen economy under intensive rice cropping

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Bacon ◽  
LG Lewin ◽  
JW McGarity ◽  
EH Hoult ◽  
D Alter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N

The fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to rice (Oryza sativa L) was studied in microplots established within two field experiments comprising a range of stubble levels, stubble management techniques, N application rates and times. The first experiment investigated uptake of soil and fertilizer N in plots where application of 0 or 100 kg N ha-1 to the previous rice crop had produced 11.5 and 16.1 t ha-1 of stubble respectively. The stubble was then treated in one of four ways-burn (no till); burn then cultivated; incorporated in autumn or incorporated at sawing. Microplots within these large plots received 60 kg ha-1 of 5% 15N enriched urea at sowing, just prior to permanent flood (PF), or just after panicle initiation (PI) of the second crop. The second experiment was undertaken within a field in which half of the plots had stubble from the previous three rice crops burned, while the other plots had all stubble incorporated. In the fourth successive rice crop, the two stubble management systems were factorially combined with three N rates (0, 70 or 140 kg N ha-1) and three application times (PF, PI or a 50 : 50 split between PF and PI). Nitrogen uptake and retention in the soil were studied within 15N-labelled microplots established within each of these large plots. Only 4% of the 15N applied at sowing in the first experiment was recovered in the rice crop, while delaying N application to PF or PI increased this to an average of 20% and 44% respectively over the two experiments. The doubling of N application rate doubled fertilizer N uptake and also increased uptake of soil N at maturity by 12 kgN ha-1. Three years of stubble incorporation increased average uptake of fertilizer and soil N in the second experiment by 5 and 12 kg N ha-1 respectively. In both experiments, the soil was the major source of N, contributing 66-96% of total N uptake. On average, in the fourth crop, 20% of fertilizer N was in the grain, 12% in the straw and 3% in the roots, while 23% was located in the top 300 mm of soil. A further 3% was in the soil below 300 mm. The remaining 39% was lost, presumably by denitrification.

scholarly journals Growth and Nitrogen Partitioning, Recovery, and Losses in Bermudagrass Receiving Soluble Sources of Labeled 15Nitrogen

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Picchioni ◽  
Héctor M. Quiroga-Garza
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Source ◽  
Total Plant

Two greenhouse studies were conducted to trace the fate of fertilizer N in hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy `Tifgreen'], and to estimate total plant N recovery and losses. The first experiment was performed during winter, with artificial light supplementing natural light to provide a photoperiod of 13.6 to 13.8 hours. The second experiment was conducted during summer and fall under only natural light conditions, with a progressively decreasing photoperiod of 13.7 to 11.1 hours. Urea (UR), ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were labeled at 2 atom% 15N, and applied at N rates of 100 or 200 kg·ha-1 for 84 days (divided into six equal fractions and applied every 14 days). Fertilizer N source did not affect total dry matter (DM) accumulation by the plant components, but the high N rate increased clipping DM production under the longer photoperiod. Under the decreasing photoperiod, overall DM production was reduced, and clipping DM production was unaffected by increased N rate. Average N concentration of clippings varied between N sources, ranging from a high of 38.6 g·kg-1 DM with AS to a low of 34.7 g·kg-1 for UR. In Expt. 1, the greatest total plant N recovery [clippings, verdure (shoot material remaining after mowing), and thatch plus roots] occurred with AS (78.5%) and the lowest with UR (65.9%). In Expt. 2, these values declined to 53.0% and 38.0%, respectively. Urea fertilization resulted in the greatest N losses as a fraction of the N applied (33.6% to 61.5%) and AS fertilization the lowest (20.7% to 46.3%). In view of the greater N losses, UR may be a less suitable soluble N source for bermudagrass fertilization within the conditions of this study. In addition, late-season N fertilization may result in a significant waste of fertilizer N as bermudagrass progresses into autumnal dormancy when temperature, photoperiod, and irradiance decline and cause reduction in growth and N uptake.

NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOIL-PLANT SYSTEMS IN THREE YEARS OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS USING TRACER AND NON-TRACER METHODS ON AN AMMONIUM-FIXING SOIL

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. KOWALENKO ◽  
D. R. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Mineralization Rate ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N

Three years of field experiments showed the interplay of plant uptake of N, N movement, denitrification, fixation of fertilizer NH4+ and its release, and N mineralization in soil–plant systems. The N uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), averaged over the growing season, ranged between 0.97 and 2.02 kg N/ha/day and the rate depended on initial extractable inorganic N in the soil, and form and timing of N fertilization. The net mineralization rate of this soil, averaged over the growing season, ranged between 0.16 and 1.80 kg N/ha/day and varied with year and N fertilization practices. However, detailed monitoring of plant uptake showed that a maximum rate of uptake occurred early in its growth, decreasing to a negligible rate later in the season. The N mineralization rate was more uniform over the growing season. A pool of inorganic N in the soil at seeding or within the first half of the growing season overcame the seasonal deficit in N supply and resulted in increased crop growth and/or N uptake. Fertilizer N movement was small and never beyond the maximum (75-cm) sampling depth. This supported the assumption that unrecovered fertilizer N in this study was largely due to denitrification. Denitrification was shown to be greatly influenced by the season, with a maximum rate occurring in the spring or early summer, and concurred with the period of maximum rate of plant uptake of N. Denitrifiers were capable of competing with high rates of plant uptake since the rate of denitrification was similar in fallow and cropped systems. The form of N application (NO3−, NH4+, NH4+ plus N-serve) did not significantly affect the denitrification rate. The soil used in this study fixed 34–60% of the 150 kg NH4+/ha fertilizer immediately upon application. The fixed fertilizer N was available to barley, with 71–96% of the recently fixed NH4+ being released over the growth period. The presence of N-serve resulted in less fixed fertilizer NH4+ being released during crop growth.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Use and Uptake Efficiency and Crop Performance of Baby Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and Lamb’s Lettuce (Valerianella locusta L.) Grown under Variable Sub-Optimal N Regimes Combined with Plant-Based Biostimulant Application

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Di Mola ◽  
Eugenio Cozzolino ◽  
Lucia Ottaiano ◽  
Sabrina Nocerino ◽  
Youssef Rouphael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Crop Performance ◽  
Use Efficiency

An optimized nitrogen (N) fertilization may have a positive effect on leafy vegetables by increasing growth, yield and nutrient content of plants. Nevertheless, crop performance must be coupled with an increase in Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in order to limit external N inputs and to avoid N surpluses associated with environmental and health problems. The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of a legume-derived plant hydrolysates (LDPH; Trainer®) and N fertilization levels (0, 2.25 and 4.5 g N m−2 for spinach and 0, 2.5 and 5.0 g N m−2 for lamb’s lettuce; N0%, N50%, N100%, respectively) on agronomical, biochemical, qualitative responses and NUE of these two important greenhouse leafy vegetables. Spinach and lamb’s lettuce were sprayed four times during the growing period (at a concentration of 4 mL L−1 of LDPH). In baby spinach, the LDPH application elicited a significant increase at the three levels of N fertilization: +16.8%, +14.2%, and 39.4% at 0, 2.25 and 4.5 g N m−2, respectively. Interestingly, in lamb’s lettuce, the N50% plants treated with LDPH reached similar values of marketable yield in comparison to treated and non-treated plants under N100% conditions. The presumed mechanism involved in the enhancement of yield response in the two leafy greens could be associated to a better activity of the photosystem II (higher SPAD index), biochemical (higher content of chlorophyll a, b and total) and leaf nitrate status. The foliar application of LDPH produced a major fortification in lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant activities (+11.6 and 6.3% for spinach and lamb’s lettuce, respectively). The biostimulant application also improved N-use efficiency and N-uptake efficiency compared to untreated plants: +17.8% and +18.8%, and +50% and +73.3%, for spinach and lamb’s lettuce, respectively.

scholarly journals Improving wheat grain yield via promotion of water and nitrogen utilization in arid areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Tan ◽  
Qiang Chai ◽  
Guang Li ◽  
Cai Zhao ◽  
Aizhong Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Local Practice ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
N Rates

AbstractCrop yield is limited by water and nitrogen (N) availability. However, in Hexi Corridor of northwestern China, water scarcity and excessive fertilizer N in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production causes serious conflicts between water and N supply and crop demand. A field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2018 to evaluate whether reducing of irrigation and fertilizer N will reduce grain yield of wheat. There were two irrigation quotas (192 and 240 mm) and three fertilizer N rates (135, 180, and 225 kg N ha−1). The results showed that reducing irrigation to 192 mm and N rate to 180 kg N ha−1 reduced water uptake, water uptake efficiency, and N uptake of spring wheat as compared to local practice (i.e., 240 mm irrigation and 225 kg N ha−1 fertilizer). Whereas, it improved water and N utilization efficiency, and water and N productivity. Consequently, the irrigation and N rate reduced treatment achieved the same quantity of grain yield as local practice. The path analysis showed that interaction effect between irrigation and N fertilization may attributable to the improvement of grain yield with lower irrigation and N rate. The enhanced water and N utilization allows us to conclude that irrigation quota at 192 mm coupled with fertilizer N rate at 180 kg N ha−1 can be used as an efficient practice for wheat production in arid irrigation areas.

Yield, N uptake, and apparent N-use efficiency of winter wheat and winter barley grown in different cropping systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. SIELING ◽  
H. SCHRÖDER ◽  
M. FINCK ◽  
H. HANUS
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

Increasing the efficiency with which crops use supplied nitrogen (N) can minimize the impact on the environment. In the growing seasons 1990/91 to 1992/93, the effects of different cropping systems on yield, N uptake by the grain and apparent N-use efficiency (NUE) of the grain of winter wheat and winter barley were investigated in a factorial field experiment at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel in NW Germany. The crop rotation was oilseed rape–winter wheat–winter barley, and soil tillage (conservation tillage without ploughing, conventional tillage), application of pig slurry (none, autumn, spring, autumn+spring), mineral N fertilization (0–240 kg N ha−1) and application of fungicides (none, applications against pathogens of the stems, leaves and ears) were all varied. Each year, the treatments were applied to all three crops of the rotation and were located on the same plots.Averaged over all factors, wheat yield was >7 t ha−1 dry matter in all years and N uptake of the harvested grain varied between 140 and 168 kg N ha−1. Pig slurry application in autumn increased grain yield and N uptake more than spring slurry in two out of three years. Mineral N unfertilized wheat yielded only 5·3–6·3 t ha−1 depending on the year, mineral N fertilization increased wheat yield up to 8 t ha−1. Barley yield was lower than wheat yield, ranging from 4·5 t ha−1 in 1993 to 6·3 t ha−1 in 1992. Unlike wheat, spring slurry N affected barley yield and N uptake more than autumn slurry.Wheat apparently utilized 12–21% and barley up to 13% of the applied slurry N for its grain development. In 1991, the highest apparent slurry N-use efficiency (SNUE) of wheat and barley occurred after the late spring slurry application. However, in the following years, autumn SNUE of wheat was similar to (1992) or higher than (1993) spring SNUE, presumably because of vigorous tiller growth before winter. Additionally applied mineral fertilizer N decreased SNUE.Apparent mineral fertilizer N-use efficiency (FNUE) was higher than SNUE and ranged in wheat from 40 to 59% and in barley between 19 and 37% of the applied mineral fertilizer N. FNUE decreased with increasing N fertilization.To improve the N-use efficiency of both slurry N and mineral fertilizer N, more information is needed about the combined use of both N sources, with special emphasis on split applications of slurry as is common practice for mineral N fertilizer.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER N AND SOIL MOISTURE ON YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS, PROTEIN CONTENT AND N ACCUMULATION IN THE ABOVEGROUND PARTS OF SPRING WHEAT

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
H. R. DAVIDSON ◽  
F. G. WARDER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Plant Parts

The accumulation of aboveground dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) by spring wheat (T. aestivum L. cv. Manitou) grown on stubble land in lysimeters at two moisture levels (irrigation and natural rainfall) and seven rates of N was measured at five sampling dates. With irrigation, DM increased exponentially with time and N fertilization. This also occurred on dryland except between shot blade and anthesis when DM accumulated more slowly and plants lost 20% of their N at application rates > 61.5 kg N/ha. Rainfall after anthesis increased grain yields of dryland crops fertilized with > 61.5 kg N/ha more than those receiving less N because the former plants still had residual fertilizer N available to them. Grain yield response to N fertility followed the law of diminishing returns on irrigated land, but on dryland the relationship fitted a logarithmic growth curve. Grain yield when neither water nor N was added was 1,600 kg/ha; it increased by 71, 47 and 300% when water, 164 kg N/ha, and water plus 164 kg N/ha, respectively, were applied. On dryland, grain protein was 15.4% with no N applied and 17.0% at rates > 61.5 kg/ha; on irrigation, it increased from 14.1 to 15.7% with increasing N levels. Number of heads and kernels and kernel weight were increased by irrigation but only the two former parameters were increased by N. Dry matter accumulation was related to N concentration in plants by: DM = (%N)−k where k was < 1. N accumulated in plants at a faster rate than DM. The maximum rate of N accumulation was not affected by moisture; it was highest (4.7 kg N/ha/day) at a fertilizer rate of 123 kg N/ha. Irrigated plants recovered one-half or more of the fertilizer N, and dryland plants recovered one-quarter to one-third. Fertilizer recovery decreased with increasing fertilizer N. At maturity more than 70% of the N in the aboveground plant parts was located in the grain; N fertilizer had little effect on this porportion but drought during flowering retarded translocation of assimilates to the grain.

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