Economic benefits of integrated weed management systems for field crops in the Dark Brown and Black soil zones of western Canada

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1273-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Smith ◽  
B. M. Upadhyay ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
H. J. Beckie ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Common Practices

Integrated weed management (IWM) systems that combine seeding date, seeding rate, herbicide rate, and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application were assessed for their economic performance in the Dark Brown and Black soil zones. A barley-field pea IWM system in the Black soil zone at Lacombe, Alberta, and a wheat-canola IWM system in the Dark Brown soil zone at Lethbridge, Alberta, and Scott, Saskatchewan, were used to assess contributions of seeding date (April or May), seeding rate (recommended or 150% of recommended), fertilizer timing (fall or spring), and in-crop herbicide rate (50% or 100% of recommended). The factorial set of treatments was applied in 4 consecutive years at each site. For barley-field pea production, the highest contribution margin (CM) (returns over variable production costs) was earned with 50% of the recommended herbicide rate, spring application of N fertilizer, seeding barley later at the high seeding rate, and seeding field pea early at the recommended seeding rate. This IWM system had a CM benefit of at least $51 ha-1 compared with current common practices. The wheat-canola system results were site specific. At Lethbridge, it was more profitable to use 50% of recommended herbicide rates and to seed both crops early, with an early seeding date being very important for canola. The CM of this IWM system was $48 ha-1 higher than current common practices. At Scott, the wheat-canola system was more profitable with spring fertilizer application, 50% of the recommended herbicide rate, and an early seeding date for canola. The best IWM system had a CM $15 to $75 ha-1 higher, depending on the year, than common practices. Our results confirmed the economic merits of using IWM practices for cereal-oilseed and cereal-pulse cropping systems in these regions of western Canada. Key words: Economic, integrated weed management, contribution margin, canola, wheat, field pea, barley

scholarly journals Evaluating the Competitive Ability of Semileafless Field Pea Cultivars

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory E. Jacob ◽  
Eric N. Johnson ◽  
Miles F. Dyck ◽  
Christian J. Willenborg
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Cultivar Selection

The inclusion of competitive crop cultivars in crop rotations is an important integrated weed management (IWM) tool. However, competitiveness is often not considered a priority for breeding or cultivar selection by growers. Field pea (Pisum sativumL.) is often considered a poor competitor with weeds, but it is not known whether competitiveness varies among semileafless cultivars. The objectives of this study were to determine if semileafless field pea cultivars vary in their ability to compete and/or withstand competition, as well as to identify aboveground trait(s) that may be associated with increased competitive ability. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 at three locations in western Canada. Fourteen semileafless field pea cultivars were included in the study representing four different market classes. Cultivars were grown either in the presence or absence of model weeds (wheat and canola), and competitive ability of the cultivars was determined based on their ability to withstand competition (AWC) and their ability to compete (AC). Crop yield, weed biomass and weed fecundity varied among sites but not years. Cultivars exhibited inconsistent differences in competitive ability, although cv. Reward consistently exhibited the lowest AC and AWC. None of the traits measured in this study correlated highly with competitive ability. However, the highest-yielding cultivars generally were those that had the highest AC, whereas cultivars that ranked highest for AWC were associated with lower weed fecundity. Ranking the competitive ability of field pea cultivars could be an important IWM tool for growers and agronomists.

An Integrated Weed Management Approach to Managing Foxtail Barley (Hordeum jubatum) in Conservation Tillage Systems

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
Greg Semach ◽  
Xiangju Li ◽  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
K. Neil Harker
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Perennial Plants

A 4-yr field experiment was conducted to determine the merits of combining cultural and chemical controls to manage foxtail barley in reduced-tillage systems. Factors studied were crop row spacing, seeding rate, and application rate and timing of glyphosate within a spring wheat-flax cropping sequence. Glyphosate applied preseeding at 400 or 800 g/ha killed foxtail barley seedlings but only suppressed established perennial plants. Glyphosate applied postharvest at 800 g/ha killed 60 to 70% of established plants. Combinations of preseeding and postharvest glyphosate gave the greatest reductions in foxtail barley biomass and seed production and resulted in the greatest increases in crop yield. Including flax in the rotation allowed use of grass herbicides such as quizalofop or sethoxydim that effectively controlled foxtail barley seedlings and provided some suppression of perennial plants. An increase in wheat seeding rate from 75 to 115 kg/ha reduced foxtail barley growth and increased wheat yield in 3 of 4 yr. Increasing the flax seeding rate from 40 to 80 kg/ha or reducing wheat and flax row spacing from 30 to 20 cm provided little benefit in managing foxtail barley or increasing crop yield. A multiyear approach combining agronomic practices and timely use of herbicides should allow growers to effectively manage foxtail barley in annual cropping systems using conservation tillage.

Effects of Seeding Date and Weed Control on Switchgrass Establishment

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Curran ◽  
Matthew R. Ryan ◽  
Matthew W. Myers ◽  
Paul R. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Broad Spectrum Treatment

We tested the effects of seeding date and weed control during switchgrass establishment in a field experiment that was conducted in central Pennsylvania in 2007 and repeated in 2008. Switchgrass was no-till seeded in early May, late May, and mid-June, and three postemergence weed management treatments were evaluated, including Mow (only a single mowing), Broadleaf (2,4-D + dicamba), and Broad Spectrum (2,4-D + dicamba + atrazine + quinclorac). Switchgrass density increased at later seeding dates, except in 2008, when the middle seeding date had the lowest density. In both years, weed biomass in late summer was lowest in the last seeding date of the Broad Spectrum treatment. In contrast, switchgrass biomass in late summer was greatest in the first seeding date of the Broad Spectrum treatment in both years. In the year after establishment (production year), plots were split to test the effects of supplemental weed control, composed of metsulfuron + 2,4-D applied in May, on total aboveground yield. Supplemental control in the production year increased total aboveground yield in the Mow treatment only, indicating that effective weed control during the establishment year might reduce the need for weed control in the following year. Although maximum aboveground yield was achieved when switchgrass was seeded in May and herbicides were used, results from our experiment suggest that seeding switchgrass at a relatively high seeding rate in June in our study region and mowing annual weeds to reduce competition and prevent seed production could be an effective strategy if minimizing herbicide use is a priority.

Seeding rate and row spacing affect flax yields and weed interference

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Stevenson ◽  
A. T. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
The Other ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Flax Seed ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Interference Study

Seeding rate and row spacing are management practices that affect flax seed yield. Two experiments were conducted from 1988 to 1990 to determine the influence of flax seeding rates (300, 600, and 900 seeds m−2) and row spacings (9, 18, and 27 cm). One was a flax-weed interference study (three sites) and the other was a weed-free study (13 sites). In the presence of weeds, increasing seeding rate from 300 to 900 seeds m−2 improved flax seed yield by 180 kg ha−1, and reduced broadleaf weed yields by 300 kg ha−1 and grassy weed yields by 180 kg ha−1. In weed-free conditions, seed yield was not affected by seeding rate. Row spacing did not affect flax yield and had minor effects on weed yields when weeds were not controlled. When weeds were controlled, seed yield in the 9-cm row spacing was 9% (15% in the flax-weed interference study) greater than in the two wider row spacings. Seeding rate and row spacing independently influenced flax yield, and their effect was consistent among sites with weeds present, but was not consistent when weeds were controlled. Our results showed that flax seeding rate was an important component of integrated weed management. Key words: Flax, seeding rate, row spacing, weed interference

Kaufmann oat

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kibite ◽  
J. Chong ◽  
J. G. Menzies ◽  
K. Turkington ◽  
B. McCallum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Loose Smut ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Milling Quality ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Quality Features ◽  
Better Than

Kaufmann is a high-yielding, disease-resistant spring oat ( Avena sativa L.) with improved kernel characteristics and milling quality features. It is resistant to >98% of the crown rust [ Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenea (W.P. Fraser & Ledingham)] isolates found in western Canada. It is also resistant to almost all prevalent races of stem rust (caused by P. graminis Pers. f. sp. avenae Eriks & Henn.), except race NA-67, and all races of loose smut (caused by Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr.) and covered smut (caused by U. kolleri Wille) found in western Canada Kaufmann is moderately susceptible to the PAV strain of BYDV. It has performed at a level equal to or significantly better than AC Medallion in agronomic and grain quality features. It is best adapted t o the Black Soil Zone of Manitoba and the Brown Soil Zone of Saskatchewan, where it has yielded significantly more than AC Medallion while having better lodging resistance and improved grain quality. Key words:

Impact of seeding rate and depth on mycosphaerella blight and seed yield of field pea

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 845-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
R. L. Conner ◽  
K. F. Chang ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
H. Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Foliar Fungicide ◽  
The Impact

Mycosphaerella blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes) occurs throughout western Canada and can severely reduce field pea (Pisum sativum) seed yield. Field trials were conducted at two sites (Edmonton, AB, and Morden, MB) from 2001 to 2003 to assess the impact of seeding rate and seeding depth on blight severity. Mycosphaerella blight severity in the canopy was greater at higher seeding rates; treatments seeded at 30 plants m-2 had lower levels of disease than those seeded at more than 100 seeds m-2. However, yield potential was reduced at low seeding densities. Depth of seeding did not affect seedling density, disease severity, yield or final seed weight. In addition, field trials were conducted at Edmonton to quantify yield losses associated with mycosphaerella blight in Alberta. In trials inoculated with M. pinodes, application of a foliar fungicide (chlorothalonil) increased yield by about 20% over the unprotected control. Key words: Pisum, Mycosphaerella, fungicide, crop management, yield loss

Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Method Affects Weed Growth and Competition with Wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
Louis J. Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Application Methods

Strategic fertilizer management is an important component of integrated weed management systems. A field study was conducted to determine the effect of various application methods of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on weed growth and wheat yield. Weed species were chosen to represent species that varied in their growth responsiveness to P: redroot pigweed (medium), wild mustard (medium), wild oat (medium), green foxtail (high), redstem filaree (high), and round-leaved mallow (high). P fertilizer application methods were seed placed at a 5-cm depth, midrow banded at a 10-cm depth, surface broadcast immediately before seeding, and surface broadcast immediately after seeding of wheat. An unfertilized control was included. P treatments were applied to the same plot in four consecutive years to determine annual and cumulative effects over years. Shoot P concentration and biomass of weeds were often lower with seed-placed or subsurface-banded P fertilizer compared with either surface-broadcast application method. This result occurred more frequently with the highly P-responsive weeds and was more evident in the latter study years. P application method had little effect on weed-free wheat yield but often had a large effect on weed-infested wheat yield. Seed-placed or midrow-banded P compared with surface-broadcast P fertilizer often resulted in higher yields when wheat was in the presence of competitive weeds. Seedbank determinations at the conclusion of the study indicated that the seed density of five of six weed species was reduced with seed-placed or subsurface-banded P compared with surface-broadcast P. Information gained in this study will aid development of more effective weed management systems in wheat.

Pre-emergence mechanical weed control in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
E N Johnson ◽  
F A Holm
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control ◽  
Similar Yield

Producers who wish to adopt organic or pesticide-free crop production are seeking alternatives to herbicides. A field experiment was conducted at Scott, SK, from 1999 to 2001 to determine the combination of seeding date (early-May, mid-May, and late-May) and weed management system (shallow-seeded untreated, shallow-seeded with pre-emergence tillage, shallow-seeded herbicide, deep-seeded untreated, deep-seeded with pre-emergence tillage, and deep-seeded herbicide) that would optimize yield of field pea grown without the use of herbicides. The shallow and deep seeded pre-emergence tillage treatments were a 2.5-cm seeding depth followed by two sequential harrow passes and a 7.5-cm seeding depth followed by two sequential rod-weeder passes, respectively. None of the weed management systems had a significant effect on field pea density. The herbicide treatments were the only treatments that had a significant effect on weed density as the application timing was more synchronous with weed emergence than were the tillage treatments. The pre-emergence tillage treatments reduced weed biomass when seeding was delayed until mid-May following weed emergence. Deep seeding followed by pre-emergence rod-weeding was more efficacious in reducing weed fresh weight than shallow seeding followed by pre-emergence harrowing; however, they both provided similar yield responses at the mid-May seeding date. Delayed seeding until late May resulted in a 30 to 35% reduction in field pea yield compared with early or mid-May seeding, respectively. Early-seeded field peas followed by an in-crop herbicide application resulted in the highest field pea yields with the best seeding date by pre-emergence tillage combination achieving 81% of these yields. A strategy for field pea producers who choose not to use herbicides would be to delay seeding until some weeds emerge and seed at a 7.5-cm depth followed by two sequential rod-weeding passes prior to crop emergence. Key words: Field pea, seeding date, seed depth, pre-emergence tillage

scholarly journals Stubble options for winter wheat in the Black soil zone of western Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Irvine ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
W. May ◽  
H. R. Kutcher ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Barley Silage

Irvine, B. R., Lafond, G. P., May, W., Kutcher, H. R., Clayton, G. W., Harker, K. N., Turkington, T. K. and Beres, B. L. 2013. Stubble options for winter wheat in the Black soil zone of western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 261–270. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has yet to reach its full potential in the Canadian prairies. Alternative stubble types are needed to help overcome the challenge of timely planting of winter wheat in late-maturing canola (Brassica napus L.) fields. A study was conducted in the prairie provinces of Canada to determine ideal stubble types for winter wheat and select spring cereals grown in the Black soil zone. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola, pea (Pisum sativum L.), barley grain or silage (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) stubbles were established at four locations in western Canada. A new study area was established at each location for 3 yr. In the year following establishment, winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, barley, and oats were grown on each stubble type at each study area. Winter wheat and spring cereal crops often yielded best and had greater grain protein concentration on barley silage, pea, and canola stubbles relative to other stubble types. The yield and grain protein concentration of spring cereals was best when grown on pea stubble. Winter wheat production attributes varied most among site by crop combinations, and further investigation indicated the source of this variability may be from winter wheat plantings on canola and pea stubble. Among the optimal stubbles, less variable results were observed when winter wheat was grown on barley silage stubble, suggesting proper crop residue management would reduce the variability observed in canola and pea stubble. Our results suggest stubble alternatives to canola are available for winter wheat plantings in western Canada.

Effect of Seeding Rate on Dose Response of Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) to Fluthiacet-Methyl

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collen Redlick ◽  
Hema S. N. Duddu ◽  
Lena D. Syrovy ◽  
Christian J. Willenborg ◽  
Eric N. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Seed Yields

Concern over the development of herbicide-resistant weeds has led to interest in integrated weed management systems that reduce selection pressure by utilizing mechanical and cultural weed control practices in addition to herbicides. Increasing crop seeding rate increases crop competitive ability and thus can enhance herbicide efficacy. However, it is unknown how increasing the seeding rate affects an herbicide’s efficacy. The objective of this study was to examine the interaction between increasing seeding rate and herbicide dose to control weeds. To meet this objective, the herbicide fluthiacet-methyl was applied to field-grown lentil, with Indian mustard, a proxy for wild mustard, used as a model weed. The experiment was a factorial design with four lentil seeding rates and seven herbicide rates. Overall the herbicide dose response was altered by changing lentil seeding rate. Increasing lentil seeding rate decreased the weed biomass production when herbicides were not applied. In two of the four site-years, increasing lentil seeding rate lowered the herbicide ED50, the dose required to result in a 50% reduction in weed biomass. Increasing the crop seeding rate altered the dose response to provide greater weed control at lower herbicide rates compared with normal crop seeding rates. Increased seeding rates also resulted in higher and more stable crop seed yields across a wider range of herbicide dosages. These results suggest that dose–response models can be used to evaluate the efficacy of other weed management practices that can interact with herbicide performance.

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