scholarly journals Vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the nasal cavity of asymptomatic individuals: a potential public health challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1109-1117
Author(s):  
Morenike Adeoye-Isijola ◽  
Olufunmiso Olajuyigbe ◽  
Kehinde Adebola ◽  
Roger Coopoosamy ◽  
Anthony Afolayan
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Inhibition Zones ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Potential Public Health

Background: The potential of transmitting multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus from asymptomatic individuals to healthy individuals could constitute a great challenge to antimicrobial therapy. Methods: The antibiograms of the S. aureus from asymptomatic individuals were determined by disk diffusion and agar dilution assay techniques with different antibiotics and vancomycin. Results: Of the 152 S. aureus isolated, (59)38.8% isolates were multi-drug resistant strains. Streptomycin was the most effective and inhibited (135)88.82% of the isolates while ceftazidime inhibited (24)15.8% of the isolates. While (82)54.0% of the isolates inhibited by cefuroxime had resistant colonies within their inhibition zones (Rc) and ofloxacin inhibited (100)65.8% of the isolates without having resistant colonies within the inhibition zones, ceftazidime inhibited (7)4.6% of the isolates with resistant colonies within the inhibition zones. Subjecting the isolates to vancomycin showed that (27)17.8% were resistant to 2 µg/ml, (43)28.3% were resistant to 4 µg/ml and (27)17.8% of the isolates were simultaneously resistant to both concentrations of vancomycin. Although (100)65.8% of the isolates had MARindex ≥0.2, (52)34.2% of the isolates had MARindex ≤ 0.2 and (65)428% of the isolates were considered multidrug resistant strains. Conclusion: The isolation of multi-drug and vancomycin intermediate resistant strains of S. aureus in high percentage, in this study, presents a great threat to clinicians and general populace. The vancomycin intermediate resistant S. aureus (VISA) in asymptomatic individuals could be a critical concern to the therapeutic dilemma to be added to the presence of multi-drug resistance. A more sustainable therapy must be in place to prevent its dissemination or the outbreak of its infection. Keywords: Antibacterial activity; multidrug resistance; VRSA; VISA; vancomycin

scholarly journals Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity of Licochalcones A and E against MDR (Multidrug Resistant) Strains of Clinical Origin

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Eun Kim ◽  
Goo Yoon ◽  
Jung-Hyun Shim ◽  
Seung-Sik Cho
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Inflata ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Potential Use

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the licochalcones A (1) and E (2) against drug resistant strains of clinical origin. The results indicate that the licochalcones had a broad inhibitory activity against tested bacteria. Compared to vancomycin and teicoplanin, these compounds provided weaker activity against non-MDR Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus but broader activity against MRSA and VRE strains. The results provide promising baseline information for the potential use of 1 and 2 from Glycyrrhiza inflata in the treatment of drug resistant bacterial infections.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Malaysia: A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance and Characteristics of the Clinical Isolates, 1990–2017

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainal Mardziah Che Hamzah ◽  
Chew Chieng Yeo ◽  
Suat Moi Puah ◽  
Kek Heng Chua ◽  
Ching Hoong Chew
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Comprehensive Surveillance

Staphylococcus aureus is an important nosocomial pathogen and its multidrug resistant strains, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), poses a serious threat to public health due to its limited therapeutic options. The increasing MRSA resistance towards vancomycin, which is the current drug of last resort, gives a great challenge to the treatment and management of MRSA infections. While vancomycin resistance among Malaysian MRSA isolates has yet to be documented, a case of vancomycin resistant S. aureus has been reported in our neighboring country, Indonesia. In this review, we present the antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. aureus clinical isolates in Malaysia with data obtained from the Malaysian National Surveillance on Antimicrobial Resistance (NSAR) reports as well as various peer-reviewed published records spanning a period of nearly three decades (1990–2017). We also review the clonal types and characteristics of Malaysian S. aureus isolates, where hospital-associated (HA) MRSA isolates tend to carry staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type III and were of sequence type (ST)239, whereas community-associated (CA) isolates are mostly SCCmec type IV/V and ST30. More comprehensive surveillance data that include molecular epidemiological data would enable further in-depth understanding of Malaysian S. aureus isolates.

scholarly journals The Biology and Role of Interleukin-32 in Tuberculosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Li ◽  
Wanyan Deng ◽  
Jianping Xie
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Host Molecule ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Important Host ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with nearly 10.4 million new cases of incidence and over 1.7 million deaths annually. Drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains, especially multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant strains, have further intensified the problem associated with tuberculosis control. Host-directed therapy is a promising alternative for tuberculosis control. IL-32 is increasingly recognized as an important host molecule against tuberculosis. In this review, we highlight the proinflammatory properties of IL-32 and the mode of action of IL-32 in mycobacterial infections to inspire the development of novel immunity-based countermeasures and host-directed therapies against tuberculosis.

Intravenous Antibiotics Used in the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
Kristine Anne Scordo
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Intravenous Antibiotics ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in medical care, the prevalence of both community-acquired and hospital-acquired MRSA has progressively increased. Community-acquired MRSA typically occurs in patients without recent illness or hospitalization, presents as acute skin and soft tissue infections, and is usually not multidrug resistant. Hospital-acquired MRSA, however, presents in patients recently hospitalized or treated in long-term care settings and in those who have had medical procedures and is usually associated with multidrug-resistant strains. Both types of infections, if not properly treated, have the potential to become invasive. This article discusses current intravenous antibiotics that are available for the empiric treatment of MRSA infections along with a newer phenomenon known as the “seesaw effect.”

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Gene Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Healthy Edible Marine Fish

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Justine Fri ◽  
Henry A. Njom ◽  
Collins N. Ateba ◽  
Roland N. Ndip
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Vancomycin Mics ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Thirty-three (33) isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from healthy edible marine fish harvested from two aquaculture settings and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, were characterised in this study. The phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profiles to 13 antibiotics were determined, and their antibiotic resistance determinants were assessed. A multiplex PCR was used to determine the epidemiological groups based on the type of SCCmec carriage followed by the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin-encoding genes sea-sed and the Panton Valentine leucocidin gene (pvl). A high antibiotic resistance percentage (67–81%) was observed for Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Rifampicin, and Clindamycin, while maximum susceptibility to Chloramphenicol (100%), Imipenem (100%), and Ciprofloxacin (94%) was recorded. Nineteen (58%) of the MRSA strains had Vancomycin MICs of ≤2 μg/mL, 4 (12%) with MICs ranging from 4–8 μg/mL, and 10 (30%) with values ≥16 μg/mL. Overall, 27 (82%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) with Erythromycin-Ampicillin-Rifampicin-Clindamycin (E-AMP-RIP-CD) found to be the dominant antibiotic-resistance phenotype observed in 4 isolates. Resistance genes such as tetM, tetA, ermB, blaZ, and femA were detected in two or more resistant strains. A total of 19 (58%) MRSA strains possessed SCCmec types I, II, or III elements, characteristic of healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), while 10 (30%) isolates displayed SCCmec type IVc, characteristic of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). Six (18%) of the multidrug-resistant strains of MRSA were enterotoxigenic, harbouring the see, sea, or sec genes. A prevalence of 18% (6/33) was also recorded for the luk-PVL gene. The findings of this study showed that marine fish contained MDR-MRSA strains that harbour SCCmec types, characteristic of either HA-MRSA or CA-MRSA, but with a low prevalence of enterotoxin and pvl genes. Thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring and implementation of better control strategies within the food chain to minimise contamination of fish with MDR-MRSA and the ultimate spread of the bug.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Defatted and Nondefatted Methanolic Extracts of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria of Clinical Importance

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Olufunmiso Olusola Olajuyigbe ◽  
Otunola Adedayo ◽  
Roger Murugas Coopoosamy
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Inhibition Zones

The antibacterial activity of the extracts of Aframomum melegueta including n-hexane extract (NHE), nondefatted methanol extract (NDME), and defatted methanol extract (DME) was investigated in this study. The NHE exhibited no antibacterial activity. The DME showed higher antibacterial activity than the NDME against the different isolates. At the highest concentration of 10 mg/mL in agar diffusion, NDME produced inhibition zones ranging from 11 to 29 mm against the microorganisms while DME produced inhibition zones ranging from 20 to 40 mm with the concentration of 10 mg/mL against the microorganisms. 0.1 mg/mL of the DME produced inhibition zones ranging between 12 and 14 mm in Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 35654 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, respectively, while none of the isolates were inhibited by the NDME at a concentration of 1 mg/mL or less. In the agar dilution assay, the MICs of the NDME and DME ranged between 0.31 and 10 mg/mL, but more isolates were inhibited at 0.31 mg/mL of DME than those in NDME. In macrobroth assay, the MICs of the NDME ranged between 0.15 and 5.0 mg/mL and the MBCs ranged between 0.63 and 5.0 mg/mL, and the MICs of the DME ranged between 0.08 and 5.0 mg/mL and the MBCs were between 0.31 and 5.0 mg/mL. This study indicated that DME was more active with higher antibacterial activity than the NDME of this plant, and extracting the fatty portion of plant materials prior susceptibility testing would allow plant extracts to be more effective as well as justifying the use of Aframomum melegueta in traditional medicine for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Antituberculosis activities of clofazimine and its new analogs B4154 and B4157.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
V M Reddy ◽  
G Nadadhur ◽  
D Daneluzzi ◽  
J F O'Sullivan ◽  
P R Gangadharam
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antituberculosis Drugs ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Activity ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Intracellular Activities ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

In our efforts to develop new drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis, especially that caused by multidrug-resistant strains, we investigated clofazimine (CFM) and two of its analogs, B4154 and B4157, for their antituberculosis activities. Twenty M. tuberculosis strains were tested, including 16 drug-resistant strains (strains resistant to one or more antituberculosis drugs), for their susceptibilities to these three agents. All of the strains were found to be susceptible to B4154 and B4157, and one strain showed moderate resistance to CFM. The MICs of B4154, B4157, and CFM at which 90% of strains were inhibited were 0.25, 0.12, and < or = 1.0 microgram/ml, respectively. The intracellular activities of CFM and B4157 were superior to that of B4154. The chemotherapeutic activities of the three compounds were evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. At a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight, the activity of CFM was slightly superior to that of B4157; however, both compounds prevented mortality and caused a significant reduction in the numbers of CFU in the lungs and spleens. The animals treated with B4157 showed less pigmentation than animals treated with CFM. The chemotherapeutic activity of CFM was comparable to those of rifampin and isoniazid. Complete susceptibility of multidrug-resistant strains to CFM and B4157 and the therapeutic efficacies of these compounds against mouse tuberculosis make these drugs attractive agents for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Identification, Typing, Antifungal Resistance Profile, and Biofilm Formation ofCandida albicansIsolates from Lebanese Hospital Patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Bitar ◽  
Roy A. Khalaf ◽  
Houda Harastani ◽  
Sima Tokajian
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Recurrent Infection ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antifungal Resistance ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Evolutionary Relatedness ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

As leading opportunistic fungal pathogens identification and subtyping ofCandidaspecies are crucial in recognizing outbreaks of infection, recognizing particularly virulent strains, and detecting the emergence of drug resistant strains. In this study our objective was to compare identification ofCandida albicansby the hospitals through the use of conventional versus identification based on the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) and to assess biofilm forming capabilities, drug resistance patterns and correlate these with MLST typing. ITS typing revealed a 21.2% hospital misidentification rate. Multidrug resistance to three drugs out of four tested was detected within 25% of the isolates raising concerns about the followed treatment regimens. Drug resistant strains as well as biofilm formers were phylogenetically related, with some isolates with significant biofilm forming capabilities being correlated to those that were multidrug resistant. Such isolates were grouped closely together in a neighbor-joining tree generated by MLST typing indicating phylogenetic relatedness, microevolution, or recurrent infection. In conclusion, this pilot study gives much needed insight concerningC. albicansisolates circulating in Lebanese hospitals and is the first study of its kind correlating biofilm formation, antifungal resistance, and evolutionary relatedness.

scholarly journals Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Alberta and British Columbia, 1989 to 1998

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hersi ◽  
Kevin Elwood ◽  
Robert Cowie ◽  
Dennis Kunimoto ◽  
Richard Long
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Culture Positive

OBJECTIVE: To describe the extent of the problem of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Alberta and British Columbia from 1989 to 1998.DESIGN: A retrospective, population-based descriptive study of all notified MDR-TB cases in the context of all notified TB cases, all notified culture-positive TB cases and all notified drug-resistant TB cases.SETTING: Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, and their TB registries.PATIENTS: All people with TB reported to the TB registries of Alberta and British Columbia between January 1, 1989 and June 30, 1998.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Drug susceptibility testing was performed in all cases of culture-positive TB. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data on all cases of MDR-TB were recorded.RESULTS: Of 4606 notified cases of TB, 3553 (77.1%) were culture positive. Of these, 365 (10.3%) were drug resistant; of the drug-resistant cases, 24 (6.6%) were MDR. Most MDR-TB patients were foreign-born; of the four Canadian-born patients, two were infected while travelling abroad. Although foreign-born patients were significantly more likely to harbour drug-resistant strains, 14.3% versus 4.8%, respectively (P<0.001), among those who were harbouring a drug-resistant strain, the proportion of Canadian-born versus foreign-born patients with an MDR strain was the same (6.7% versus 6.6%, respectively). From 1994 to 1998 versus 1989 to 1993, the proportion of all drug-resistant strains that were MDR was greater (9.0% versus 4.3%, respectively), but the difference was not statistically significant. Isolates from 16 of the 24 MDR-TB cases had been archived. Each of these was fingerprinted and found to be unique. Most MDR-TB cases (88%) were respiratory. Of those tested for human immunodeficiency virus (n=17), only one was seropositive. MDR-TB was ‘acquired’ in 67% and ‘primary’ in 33% of cases. Eight (33%) of the MDR-TB cases received curative courses of treatment, six (25%) are still being treated, and the remainder have either died (five, 21%), transferred out (four, 17%) or become ‘chronic’ (one, 4%). No secondary case of MDR-TB has been identified in Alberta and British Columbia.CONCLUSIONS: Most MDR-TB in Alberta and British Columbia is imported. The proportion of all drug-resistant cases that are MDR appears to be increasing, but not because of disease acquired from recent contact with MDR-TB in Canada.

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