scholarly journals Assessing tree effect on total soil carbon in agroforestry parklands systems along a rainfall gradient in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 3030-3046
Author(s):  
Yacouba Noël Coulibaly ◽  
Jules Bayala ◽  
Thomas Gaiser ◽  
Gérard Zombre
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Rainfall Gradient ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Tree Effect ◽  
Infrared Method

Trees contribution in improving soil carbon is well established, but few works addressed how this was affected by a climatic gradient. This research investigated effects of Vitellaria paradoxa C. F Gaertn and Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth on total soil carbon in parklands along a rainfall gradient for recommendations of tree species which better improve soil carbon under specific climatic conditions for parklands adaptation to climate change. Total soil carbon at topsoil and subsoil layers measured using spectrophotometry infrared method, was higher when rainfall increased and were respectively (1.598 ± 0.040; 1.033 ± 0.022; 0.834 ± 0.014; 0.857 ± 0.016%). It was higher at topsoil (0.529 ± 0.015%) and subsoil (0.282 ± 0.019%) under V. paradoxa when rainfall decreased while it was higher under P. biglobosa and V. paradoxa when rainfall increased slightly. Its improvement was higher under V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa when rainfall respectively decreased and increased. A decrease trend of total soil carbon under both tree species from trunk to outside the canopy whatever rainfall levels and soil layers was observed. Tree species choice could play an important role in improving total soil carbon and crop productivity according to rainfall level for parklands adaptation to climate change.

scholarly journals Crop adaptation to climate change as a consequence of long-term breeding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod J. Snowdon ◽  
Benjamin Wittkop ◽  
Tsu-Wei Chen ◽  
Andreas Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Stress Constraints ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Conventional Breeding ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMajor global crops in high-yielding, temperate cropping regions are facing increasing threats from the impact of climate change, particularly from drought and heat at critical developmental timepoints during the crop lifecycle. Research to address this concern is frequently focused on attempts to identify exotic genetic diversity showing pronounced stress tolerance or avoidance, to elucidate and introgress the responsible genetic factors or to discover underlying genes as a basis for targeted genetic modification. Although such approaches are occasionally successful in imparting a positive effect on performance in specific stress environments, for example through modulation of root depth, major-gene modifications of plant architecture or function tend to be highly context-dependent. In contrast, long-term genetic gain through conventional breeding has incrementally increased yields of modern crops through accumulation of beneficial, small-effect variants which also confer yield stability via stress adaptation. Here we reflect on retrospective breeding progress in major crops and the impact of long-term, conventional breeding on climate adaptation and yield stability under abiotic stress constraints. Looking forward, we outline how new approaches might complement conventional breeding to maintain and accelerate breeding progress, despite the challenges of climate change, as a prerequisite to sustainable future crop productivity.

Open Innovation at Different Levels for Higher Climate Risk Resilience

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamika Dey ◽  
Anil Gupta ◽  
Gurdeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Formal System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
United Nations Environment Programme ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Local Networks

With the increase in climate variability, creating knowledge networks becomes important for leveraging the embedded resilience in the communities through cross-pollination of ideas, resources and institutional linkages. Communities have developed knowledge systems around climate-mediated environmental changes since time immemorial. Some social groups have capacity to cope with stress better. They have homeostatic advantage due to either accumulated surplus (Burton, 2001, Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the drylands, United Nations Environment Programme) or access to institutions, technology and social networks (Adger, 2003, Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change. Economic Geography, 79(4), 387–404). However, these knowledge systems often remain limited as isolated islands of expertise or small local networks resulting into asymmetries of knowledge at inter- or intra-community level. Intermediary organisations/platforms become important to bridge the gap that exists among communities within the informal sector and also between the formal and informal sectors. The platforms like the Honey Bee Network (henceforth, the Network) have been able to facilitate both horizontal exchanges, people-to-people learning and sharing, and vertical exchanges, connecting the informal actors with the formal system. The variation in different components of an Open Innovation System is studied in this article through their degree of openness in sharing, self-governance and self-regulation. We explore different activities and institutions of the Network to study the degree of openness and how they contribute to make the 26-year-old ecosystem more sustainable. We draw lessons for other institutions, organisations, communities who strive towards an autopoietic system, that is, a self-designed, self-organised and self-governed system with a feedback system from within and outside. This may make the whole innovation and knowledge ecosystem resilient in dealing with changing climatic conditions and fluctuating environment.

scholarly journals Water-Centric Nexus Approach for the Agriculture and Forest Sectors in Response to Climate Change in the Korean Peninsula

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1657
Author(s):  
Chul-Hee Lim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
The Future

Climate change has inherent multidisciplinary characteristics, and predicting the future of a single field of work has a limit. Therefore, this study proposes a water-centric nexus approach for the agriculture and forest sectors for improving the response to climate change in the Korean Peninsula. Two spatial models, i.e., Environmental Policy Integrated Climate and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs, were used to assess the extent of changes in agricultural water demand, forest water supply, and their balance at the watershed level in the current and future climatic conditions. Climate changed has increased the agricultural water demand and forest water supply significantly in all future scenarios and periods. Comparing the results with RCP8.5 2070s and the baseline, the agricultural water demand and forest water supply increased by 35% and 28%, respectively. Water balance assessment at the main watershed level in the Korean Peninsula revealed that although most scenarios of the future water supply increases offset the demand growth, a risk to water balance exists in case of a low forest ratio or smaller watershed. For instance, the western plains, which are the granary regions of South and North Korea, indicate a higher risk than other areas. These results show that the land-use balance can be an essential factor in a water-centric adaptation to climate change. Ultimately, the water-centric nexus approach can make synergies by overcoming increasing water demands attributable to climate change.

scholarly journals Assessment of changes of agro-climatic conditions for cultivation of millet in the southern regions of Ukraine resulted from climate change

2017 ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
N.V. Danilova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Climatic Scenarios ◽  
Weather Changes ◽  
Global Food

The signals of global warming are now being observed throughout the world. Data of hydrometeorological centres show a significant increase of temperature in many regions accompanied by intense frequency of dry periods. Some substantial and direct effects of climate change may be already noticed at present time. Over the next several decades they will be observed in agriculture. Increase of temperature and reduction of precipitation volumes will probably lead to decrease the level of yield. These changes can significantly affect the global food security. Ukraine is known for its fertile soil and agricultural products, so it has a huge agricultural potential, contributing, in fact, to the global food security. However, the observed weather changes, increase of average temperature and uneven distribution of rainfalls can result in sharp transformation of most of agricultural and climatic zones of Ukraine. According to international processes there is an urgent need for improvement of adaptation to climate change of some branches of national economy of Ukraine, including of agriculture. Expanding the range of types of millet used in agricultural production is an economically feasible process that should be implemented in view of significant climate changes resulting in global warming which is widely discussed in scientific literature. Rapid introduction in crop shifts of the millet that is able to withstand recurring periodic droughts, especially in the southern regions, is one of the ways allowing to overcome the consequences of such extreme conditions. Conditions of the southern regions are favourable for millet crop. Millet is one of the most drought-resistant and heat-resistant crops that can sustain heat injuries and seizures and this is very important for arid areas during dry years, when other crops significantly reduce the level of yield. We studied changes of agro-climatic resources and agro-climatic conditions for formation of millet productivity for various periods of time. The analysis of climate change trend was performed through comparing of data as per climatic scenarios A2 and A1B and of average long-term characteristics of climatic and agro-climatic indicators. The comparative description of millet productivity under the conditions of climate change as per average long-term data (1986-2005) and as per scenarios A2 and A1B of climate change (2011-2030 and 2031-2050) was also performed.

scholarly journals How Can Litter Modify the Fluxes of CO2 and CH4 from Forest Soils? A Mini-Review

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Anna Walkiewicz ◽  
Adrianna Rafalska ◽  
Piotr Bulak ◽  
Andrzej Bieganowski ◽  
Bruce Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
The Impact

Forests contribute strongly to global carbon (C) sequestration and the exchange of greenhouse gases (GHG) between the soil and the atmosphere. Whilst the microbial activity of forest soils is a major determinant of net GHG exchange, this may be modified by the presence of litter through a range of mechanisms. Litter may act as a physical barrier modifying gas exchange, water movement/retention and temperature/irradiance fluctuations; provide a source of nutrients for microbes; enhance any priming effects, and facilitate macro-aggregate formation. Moreover, any effects are influenced by litter quality and regulated by tree species, climatic conditions (rainfall, temperature), and forest management (clear-cutting, fertilization, extensive deforestation). Based on climate change projections, the importance of the litter layer is likely to increase due to an litter increase and changes in quality. Future studies will therefore have to take into account the effects of litter on soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes for various types of forests globally, including the impact of climate change, insect infestation, and shifts in tree species composition, as well as a better understanding of its role in monoterpene production, which requires the integration of microbiological studies conducted on soils in different climatic zones.

scholarly journals Status quo of pastures in Uzbekistan and their effective utilization

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (3) ◽  
pp. 032069
Author(s):  
M I Ruzmetov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Gis Technologies ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Pasture Degradation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Global research to assess the impact of climate change on soil-climatic conditions of arid lands has resulted in the following scientific findings: pasture degradation due to inefficient use of available resources; improved technologies for the condition of pasture soils and their restoration and the use of GIS monitoring; soil conditions, desertification factors and degradation processes of anthropogenesis in pasture conditions; developments for remote sensing of the Earth to determine the current state of pastures and the use of GIS technologies; and, improved technologies for adapting to climate change and combating soil degradation. Measures have been developed to restore biodiversity, increase crop productivity, and increase the fertility of these soils. This article describes the relevance of pasture land use around the world and the effectiveness of the use of a variety of water-saving technologies (Water-box) in the foothills and desert pastures.

scholarly journals Changing Trends in Cultivation Practices and Adoption of Climate Adaptive Farming in Eastern Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bed Dahal ◽  
Nani Raut ◽  
Smriti Gurung ◽  
Chhatra Sharma ◽  
Rabindra Kayastha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Significant Difference

Climate change impacts are likely to affect the agricultural production leading to further food insecurity. In this context, the trend of cereal production with climate variables was studied in order to understand the linkages between climate change and crop productivity. The study was conducted in three districts of Sagarmatha zone, namely Solukhumbu (mountain region), Okhaldhunga (hill region) and Saptari (Terai region) representing three ecological zones in Nepal. A household survey (295 households), focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to collect data on the history of the cultivation systems, varieties of crop grown, trends on crop yield, and adaptation to climate change. Results showed farmers’ introduction of high yielding varieties of crops and vegetables due to economic benefit, while traditional varieties are no longer cultivated. The infestation of pest attack is increasingly seen since two decades, while few pests were reported to be disappeared. Although majority of farmers in Saptari and Okhaldhunga districts used pesticides as per the prescribed doses, pesticide use is still random in Solukhumbu district. The multiple comparisons of means showed that there is a significant difference in the average production of rice and maize since 30 years until recently (p<0.05) in these three districts. The average production of rice, maize and wheat increased with decreasing average annual temperature and rainfall in Saptari district since 30 years. In contrast, in Okhaldhunga and Solukhumbu districts, the average production of three cereal crops increased with increasing average annual temperature and rainfall. With the late arrival of the monsoon, farmers have adopted coping strategies particularly for rice cultivation through occasional shift in crop planting dates and selection of shorter duration crop varieties that can be harvested early.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Rural Out-migration in Himalaya

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash C. Tiwari ◽  
Bhagwati Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Weather Events

AbstractThis paper examines linkages between climate change and rural out-migration in Himalaya. Subsistence agriculture constitutes the main source of food and rural livelihoods in the region although the availability of arable land is severely limited and crop productivity is low. The constraints of the subsistence economy compel a large proportion of the adult male population to outmigrate from the mountain region in search of livelihoods and employment. Changing climatic conditions have stressed Himalayan agricultural and livelihood systems through higher mean annual temperatures and melting of glaciers and snow, altered precipitation patterns and hydrological disruptions, and more frequent and severe extreme weather events. The amount of rainfall events and number of rainy days has declined respectively by 52% and 34% during the last ten years and the incidence of high intensity rainfall and droughts have increased. These changes have disrupted the hydrological systems and reduced the availability of water resulting in frequent crop failures, declines in irrigation potential (25%), decreased agricultural productivity (26%), and loss of rural livelihoods (34%) in traditional rural sectors. These pressures have contributed to increasing trends of rural out-migration, specifically an overall increase of 2536% between 2001 and 2013. The increasing trend of outmigration among male youth has affected the quality of life of rural women through feminization of mountain agriculture and resource development processes.

How can climate change modify the carbon stock of forest soils?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienn Horváth ◽  
Zsolt Bene ◽  
Borbála Gálos ◽  
András Bidló
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Sessile Oak ◽  
Turkey Oak ◽  
The Impact

<p>Organic matter, the most complex and heterogeneous component of soil. SOM is a very relevant indicator for soil quality, as it can change the behavior and direction of many properties, soil functions, transformation processes. Less water reduces the amount of biomass produced, resulting in lower production and less plant residue in the soil. Under drier conditions, organic matter decomposes faster due to dominant aerobic processes, thereby reducing soil organic matter content. As the temperature rises, the rate of degradation processes and the intensity of soil respiration increases, which may further increase the reduction of soil carbon stock. Our forests are under high pressure due to climate change, especially in the Carpathian Basin. Therefore, beech and sessile oak are expected to replace with Turkey oak and the afforestation may lead to a change in carbon storage of forests.</p><p>To create a database and estimate the changes, we measured the carbon stock of soil in three different regions in Hungary, where the research sites formed on loess bedrock, on 150 and 250 m a.s.l., 650-710 mm precipitation sum with 10-10.4 °C annual temperature.</p><p>We took a 1.1 m soil column with soil borer and divided it into 11 samples in each column. Physical (texture, bulk density, water holding capacity) and chemical (pH, CaCO<sub>3</sub>) soil properties and SOM were determined based on the methods of the Hungarian Standard in the soil laboratory.</p><p>During the evaluation, the amount of SOC was the highest in the topsoil layers. In summary, we found a larger amount (104 C t/ha) of SOC in the soil of stands, where sessile oak were the main stand-forming tree species. The amount of carbon was lower where turkey oak was dominant in sessile oak stands (70 C t/ha on average).</p><p>To conclude, the SOC order in case of the stand-forming tree species: sessile oak (/hornbeam) > beech > Turkey oak. We detected that different forest utilization and tree species have an effect on the forest carbon as the litter as well (amount, composition). Our measurements are not representative of the whole stand, but the homogenous loess bedrock demonstrates the impact of different mixture forests on carbon stock. After all, vegetation depends on site conditions (e.g. moisture) and not vice versa. The effects of future climatic changes on soil carbon storage are difficult to predict. In the future, it would be important to expand the use of continuous forest cover farming modes.</p>

Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations: New Challenges for the Wine Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Ollat ◽  
Jean-Marc Touzard ◽  
Cornelis van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Wine Making ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractClimate change will have a profound effect on vine growing worldwide. Wine quality will also be affected, which will raise economic issues. Possible adaptations may result from changes in plant material, viticultural techniques, and the wine-making process. Relocation of vineyards to cooler areas and increased irrigation are other options, but they may result in potential conflicts for land and water use. Grapes are currently grown in many regions around the world, and growers have adapted their practices to the wide range of climatic conditions that can be found among or inside these areas. This knowledge is precious for identifying potential adaptations to climate change. Because climate change affects all activities linked to wine production (grape growing, wine making, wine economics, and environmental issues), multidisciplinary research is needed to guide growers to continue to produce high-quality wines in an economical and environmentally sustainable way. An example of such an interdisciplinary study is the French LACCAVE (long-term adaptation to climate change in viticulture and enology) project, in which researchers from 23 institutes work together on all issues related to the impact of climate change on wine production. (JEL Classifications: Q1, Q5)

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