How Can Litter Modify the Fluxes of CO2 and CH4 from Forest Soils? A Mini-Review

Forests contribute strongly to global carbon (C) sequestration and the exchange of greenhouse gases (GHG) between the soil and the atmosphere. Whilst the microbial activity of forest soils is a major determinant of net GHG exchange, this may be modified by the presence of litter through a range of mechanisms. Litter may act as a physical barrier modifying gas exchange, water movement/retention and temperature/irradiance fluctuations; provide a source of nutrients for microbes; enhance any priming effects, and facilitate macro-aggregate formation. Moreover, any effects are influenced by litter quality and regulated by tree species, climatic conditions (rainfall, temperature), and forest management (clear-cutting, fertilization, extensive deforestation). Based on climate change projections, the importance of the litter layer is likely to increase due to an litter increase and changes in quality. Future studies will therefore have to take into account the effects of litter on soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes for various types of forests globally, including the impact of climate change, insect infestation, and shifts in tree species composition, as well as a better understanding of its role in monoterpene production, which requires the integration of microbiological studies conducted on soils in different climatic zones.

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Combining Tree Species Composition and Understory Coverage Indicators with Optimization Techniques to Address Concerns with Landscape-Level Biodiversity

Land ◽

10.3390/land10020126 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

Brigite Botequim ◽

Miguel N. Bugalho ◽

Ana Raquel Rodrigues ◽

Susete Marques ◽

Marco Marto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Forest Management ◽

Species Composition ◽

Biodiversity Conservation ◽

Tree Species ◽

Optimization Techniques ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Management Models ◽

The Impact ◽

Landscape Level

Sustainable forest management needs to address biodiversity conservation concerns. For that purpose, forest managers need models and indicators that may help evaluate the impact of management options on biodiversity under the uncertainty of climate change scenarios. In this research we explore the potential for designing mosaics of stand-level forest management models to address biodiversity conservation objectives on a broader landscape-level. Our approach integrates (i) an effective stand-level biodiversity indicator that reflect tree species composition, stand age, and understory coverage under divergent climate conditions; and (ii) linear programming optimization techniques to guide forest actors in seeing optimal forest practices to safeguard future biodiversity. Emphasis is on the efficiency and effectiveness of an approach to help assess the impact of forest management planning on biodiversity under scenarios of climate change. Results from a resource capability model are discussed for an application to a large-scale problem encompassing 14,765 ha, extending over a 90-years planning horizon and considering two local-climate scenarios. They highlight the potential of the approach to help assess the impact of both stand and landscape-level forest management models on biodiversity conservation goals. They demonstrate further that the approach provides insights about how climate change, timber demand and wildfire resistance may impact plans that target the optimization of biodiversity values. The set of optimized long-term solutions emphasizes a multifunctional forest that guarantees a desirable local level of biodiversity and resilience to wildfires, while providing a balanced production of wood over time at the landscape scale.

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On Approaches to Taking into Account the Risks of Changing Climatic Conditions when Planning and Implementing Oil and Gas Projects

Issues of Risk Analysis ◽

10.32686/1812-5220-2021-18-1-52-65 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 52-65

Author(s):

P. N. Mikheev

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Physical Factors ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Climate Risks ◽

The Impact

The article discusses issues related to the impact of climate change on the objects of the oil and gas industry. The main trends in climate change on a global and regional (on the territory of Russian Federation) scale are outlined. Possible approaches to the identification and assessment of climate risks are discussed. The role of climatic risks as physical factors at various stages of development and implementation of oil and gas projects is shown. Based on the example of oil and gas facilities in the Tomsk region, a qualitative assessment of the level of potential risk from a weather and climatic perspective is given. Approaches to creating a risk management and adaptation system to climate change are presented.

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Application of a computationally efficient method to approximate gap model results with a probabilistic approach

Geoscientific Model Development Discussions ◽

10.5194/gmdd-7-1535-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1535-1600

Author(s):

M. Scherstjanoi ◽

J. O. Kaplan ◽

H. Lischke

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Efficient Method ◽

Tree Species ◽

Forest Dynamics ◽

Probabilistic Approach ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Computationally Efficient ◽

Tree Species Composition

Abstract. To be able to simulate climate change effects on forest dynamics over the whole of Switzerland, we adapted the second generation DGVM LPJ-GUESS to the Alpine environment. We modified model functions, tuned model parameters, and implemented new tree species to represent the potential natural vegetation of Alpine landscapes. Furthermore, we increased the computational efficiency of the model to enable area-covering simulations in a fine resolution (1 km) sufficient for the complex topography of the Alps, which resulted in more than 32 000 simulation grid cells. To this aim, we applied the recently developed method GAPPARD (Scherstjanoi et al., 2013) to LPJ-GUESS. GAPPARD derives mean output values from a combination of simulation runs without disturbances and a patch age distribution defined by the disturbance frequency. With this computationally efficient method, that increased the model's speed by approximately the factor 8, we were able to faster detect shortcomings of LPJ-GUESS functions and parameters. We used the adapted LPJ-GUESS together with GAPPARD to assess the influence of one climate change scenario on dynamics of tree species composition and biomass throughout the 21st century in Switzerland. To allow for comparison with the original model, we additionally simulated forest dynamics along a north-south-transect through Switzerland. The results from this transect confirmed the high value of the GAPPARD method despite some limitations towards extreme climatic events. It allowed for the first time to obtain area-wide, detailed high resolution LPJ-GUESS simulation results for a large part of the Alpine region.

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Regional assessment of climate risks using GIS technologies (on the example of the Belgorod Region)

Proceedings of the International conference “InterCarto/InterGIS” ◽

10.35595/2414-9179-2020-1-26-271-278 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 271-278

Author(s):

Yuri Chendev ◽

Maria Lebedeva ◽

Olga Krymskaya ◽

Maria Petina

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Quantitative Assessment ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Winter Period ◽

Adaptation Measures ◽

Climate Services ◽

Climate Risks ◽

Weather And Climate ◽

The Impact

The ongoing climate change requires a quantitative assessment of the impact of weather conditions on the nature and livelihoods of the population. However, to date, the concept of “climate risk” has not been finally defined, and the corresponding terminology is not universally recognized. One manifestation of climate change is an increase in climate variability and extremeness in many regions. At the same time, modern statistics indicate growing worldwide damage from dangerous weather and climate events. The most widely used in climate services is the concept of “Vulnerability index”, which reflects a combination (with or without weighing) of several indicators that indicate the potential damage that climate change can cause to a particular sector of the economy. development of adaptation measures to ensure sustainable development of territories. The main criterion for the vulnerability of the territory from the point of view of meteorological parameters is the extremeness of the basic values: daily air temperature, daily precipitation, maximum wind speed. To fully take into account the possible impacts of extreme climatic conditions on the region’s economy, it is necessary to detail the weather and climate risks taking into account the entire observation network, since significant differences in quantitative assessment are possible. The obtained average regional values of the climate vulnerability indices for the Belgorod Region of the Russian Federation provide 150 points for the winter period, 330 points for the summer season, which indicates the prevalence of extreme weather conditions in the warm season. Most of the territory has a relative influence on climatic phenomena, with the exception of the East and the Southeast Region. Moreover, the eastern part of the region is the most vulnerable in climatic terms.

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Aspects Concerning the Impact of Climate Aridization on Forest Ecosystems (Case Study)

Present Environment and Sustainable Development ◽

10.1515/pesd-2017-0025 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 63-75

Author(s):

Nedealcov Maria ◽

Donica Ala ◽

Brașoveanu Valeriu ◽

Grigoraș Nicolae ◽

Deomidova Cristina

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Forest Ecosystems ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Local Level ◽

Aridity Index ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Study Region ◽

Climate Aridization ◽

The Impact

Abstract Assessment activity and surveillance of the forests health, held at the global, regional and local level, has continuously developed, culminating in the current period with interdisciplinary and extensive scientific researches, that evaluate the effects of the main factors on forest ecosystems state, in particular, air pollution and climate change. Scientific researches have shown that among trees ecophysiological processes, forest life processes and meteorological parameters there are direct dependences, particularly in the case of trees supply with water during the growing period (May-July), with major influences for critical months (July and August), which have a decisive impact on growth, vitality and production of organic matter in forests. Dry years, from the beginning of the third millennium can lead to a decrease of mesophilic forests area (beech, sessile oak and penduculate oak), which will tend to retreat towards the center of the area (central Europe) in favor of thermophilic forests with pubescent oak. It was determined that a most significant negative impact of climate aridization will feel the forest ecosystems from Southern and central regions of country (conditioned by the mean air temperature (July-August), monthly rainfall (May-August), evapotranspiration and geographic latitude), and less - the Northern part of the country (Forestry Aridity Index calculated for 3 experimental stations revealed variations of this index between 7.8 - 8.3 - in the Central part of country, and 8.4 - 8.6 - for Southern part of country). At the same time the impact of climate change will determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of pests and pathogenic species. The phenomenon of climate aridization was expressed also through the impact of the Microsphaera alphitoides disease, intensity of “mildew” attack being based on the climatic conditions of the study region. Obtained data, for confirmation, were correlated with indications of bioindicators, present in the study region.

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Long-term response of forest productivity to climate change is mostly driven by change in tree species composition

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-018-23763-y ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Xavier Morin ◽

Lorenz Fahse ◽

Hervé Jactel ◽

Michael Scherer-Lorenzen ◽

Raúl García-Valdés ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Species Composition ◽

Tree Species ◽

Forest Productivity ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Term Response

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ForBioFunCtioN: Forest soil carbon and the effects of climate change and forest management

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-5553 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carl-Fredrik Johannesson ◽

Klaus Steenberg Larsen ◽

Brunon Malicki ◽

Jenni Nordén

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Forest Management ◽

Forest Soil ◽

Large Scale ◽

C Sequestration ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

High Temporal Resolution ◽

Soil C ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Clear Cutting

Boreal forests are among the most carbon (C) rich forest types in the world and store up to 80% of its total C in the soil. Forest soil C development under climate change has received increased scientific attention yet large uncertainties remain, not least in terms of magnitude and direction of soil C responses. As with climate change, large uncertainties remain in terms of the effects of forest management on soil C sequestration and storage. Nonetheless, it is clear that forest management measures can have far reaching effects on ecosystem functioning and soil conditions. For example, clear cutting is a widely undertaken felling method in Scandinavia which profoundly affects the forest ecosystem and its functioning, including the soil. Nitrogen (N) fertilization is another common practice in Scandinavia which, despite uncertainties regarding effects on soil C dynamics, is being promoted as a climate change mitigation tool. A more novel practice of biochar addition to soils has been shown to have positive effects on soil conditions, including soil C storage, but studies on biochar in the context of forests are few.In the face of climate change, the ForBioFunCtioN project is dedicated to investigating the response of boreal forest soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes to experimentally increased temperatures and increased precipitation &#8211; climatic changes in line with projections over Norway &#8211; within a forest management context. The experiment is set in a Norwegian spruce-dominated bilberry chronosequence, including a clear-cut site, a middle-aged thinned stand, a mature stand and an old unmanaged stand. Warming, simulated increased precipitation, N fertilizer and biochar additions will be applied on experimental plots in an additive manner that allows for disentangling the effects of individual parameters from interaction effects. Flux measurements will be undertaken at high temporal resolution using the state-of-the-art LI-7810 Trace Gas Analyzer (&#169;LI-COR Biosciences). The presentation will show the experimental setup and first measurements from the large-scale experiment.

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Climate Change and Entrepreneurial Financing

Handbook of Research on Climate Change and the Sustainable Financial Sector - Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-7967-1.ch024 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 399-410

Author(s):

Ayansola Olatunji Ayandibu ◽

Makhosazana Faith Vezi-Magigaba

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Financial Services ◽

Developing Economies ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Services Sector ◽

Financial Services Sector ◽

Sustainable Economy ◽

Entrepreneurial Financing ◽

The Impact ◽

Gain Access

Entrepreneurs in emerging and developing economies face many challenges curtailing their ability to finance and grow their business ventures. Climate change provides new opportunities for entrepreneurs to gain access to finance and contribute toward more climate-resilient economies. The objective of this chapter is to outline the dimensions of entrepreneurial financing that are sensitive to levels of climate change with emphasis on the financial services sector's role in reacting to these changes. An analysis of current extant literature will be explored, and evidence supporting effective entrepreneurial financing will be used to develop a theoretical framework for climate change and entrepreneurial financing to foster a more climatic conditions-sustainable economy. The literature in this chapter indicated the need for establishing the impact of climate change on entrepreneurial financing in the financial services sector in order to provide recommendations that can direct funding more effectively towards climate-resilient activities and a more climatic conditions-sustainable economy.

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Phenotypic plasticity of stomatal and photosynthetic features of four Picea species in two contrasting common gardens

AoB Plants ◽

10.1093/aobpla/plz034 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ming Hao Wang ◽

Jing Ru Wang ◽

Xiao Wei Zhang ◽

Ai Ping Zhang ◽

Shan Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Phenotypic Plasticity ◽

Global Climate ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Leaf Mass Per Area ◽

Picea Crassifolia ◽

Common Gardens ◽

Picea Species ◽

The Impact

Abstract Global climate change is expected to affect mountain ecosystems significantly. Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of any genotype to produce a variety of phenotypes under different environmental conditions, is critical in determining the ability of species to acclimate to current climatic changes. Here, to simulate the impact of climate change, we compared the physiology of species of the genus Picea from different provenances and climatic conditions and quantified their phenotypic plasticity index (PPI) in two contrasting common gardens (dry vs. wet), and then considered phenotypic plastic effects on their future adaptation. The mean PPI of the photosynthetic features studied was higher than that of the stomatal features. Species grown in the arid and humid common gardens were differentiated: the stomatal length (SL) and width (SW) on the adaxial surface, the transpiration rate (Tr) and leaf mass per area (LMA) were more highly correlated with rainfall than other traits. There were no significant relationships between the observed plasticity and the species’ original habitat, except in P. crassifolia (from an arid habitat) and P. asperata (from a humid habitat). Picea crassifolia exhibited enhanced instantaneous efficiency of water use (PPI = 0.52) and the ratio of photosynthesis to respiration (PPI = 0.10) remained constant; this species was, therefore, considered to the one best able to acclimate when faced with the effects of climate change. The other three species exhibited reduced physiological activity when exposed to water limitation. These findings indicate how climate change affects the potential roles of plasticity in determining plant physiology, and provide a basis for future reforestation efforts in China.

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Long-term effects of stump removal and tree species composition on the diversity and structure of soil fungal communities

FEMS Microbiology Ecology ◽

10.1093/femsec/fiaa061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Dixi Modi ◽

Suzanne Simard ◽

Jean Bérubé ◽

Les Lavkulich ◽

Richard Hamelin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Fungal Community ◽

Tree Species ◽

Management Practice ◽

Tree Regeneration ◽

Root Disease ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Stump removal is a common forest management practice used to reduce the mortality of trees affected by the fungal pathogen-mediated root disease, Armillaria root rot, but the impact of stumping on soil fungal community structure is not well understood. This study analyzed the long-term impact of stumping and tree species composition on the abundance, diversity and taxonomic composition of soil fungal communities using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker-based DNA metabarcoding in a 48-year-old trial at Skimikin, British Columbia. A total of 108 samples were collected from FH (fermented and humus layers), and soil mineral horizons (A and B) from stumped and unstumped plots of six tree species treatments (pure stands and admixtures of Douglas-fir, western red-cedar and paper birch). Fungal α-diversity in the A horizon significantly increased with stumping regardless of tree species composition, while β-diversity was significantly affected by stumping in all the horizons. We also observed that the relative abundance of the saprotrophic fungal community declined while that of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community increased with stumping. In conclusion, increase in ectomycorrhizal fungal associations, which are positively associated with tree productivity, suggests that stumping can be considered a good management practice for mitigating root disease and promoting tree regeneration.

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