Investigating the Effect of Gypsum Powder on Chemical Constituents of Soil and Selected Crops, Adigudem, Tigray, Ethiopia

This paper investigates the effects of gypsum powder from the gypsum plant in Adigudem on chemical properties of soil as well as the yield of two major crops, wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). Three mixes of 10kg of soil with 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50% proportion of gypsum powder were used for pot experiments under glasshouse conditions at Mekelle University. One bulk soil sample was collected from a spot at 4 km from the eastern side of the plant. The chemical concentration of major elements Ca, K, Na, Mg, and Mn, and trace elements, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Fe in soil and plant parts were determined using an Atomic absorption spectrometer as well as NO3, PO4 and SO4 using UV-spectrometer. The results suggest that the gypsum powder enhances metals and anion content in soil and in crop parts compared to the control sample. The chemical constituents in soil and crop parts showed negligible variation with increasing proportions of gypsum powder. Gypsum loaded Ca, SO4, Mn, and Pb onto the soil, which exhibited higher Mg, Cu, Mo, Cd, NO3, and PO4 but the comparable concentrations of Fe, K, Zn, and Cr in decreasing order. However, a direct relationship was noted in chemical constituent loadings along the pathway: powder-soil-crop in a similar fashion in the three mixes. Factor analyses revealed that wheat parts have a higher accumulation of nutrients than the barley parts with higher content in its growth soil blends. As an extension of this research, the in-situ investigation is recommended to assess the direct impact of the gypsum powder emitted over the soil and crops.

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Oxidative Thermal Conversion of Hydrothermal Derived Precursors toward the Mixed-Metal Cobaltite Spinel Oxides (ZnCo2O4 and NiCo2O4): In-Situ Investigation by Synchrotron-Radiation XRD and XAS Techniques

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11101256 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1256

Author(s):

Wanchai Deeloed ◽

Yuranan Hanlumyuang ◽

Wanwisa Limphirat ◽

Songwut Suramitr ◽

Kantapat Chansaenpak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Oxide Phase ◽

Site Preference ◽

Spinel Oxide ◽

Essential Information ◽

Mixed Metal ◽

In Situ Investigation ◽

Spinel Oxides ◽

Cobaltite Spinel

In-situ investigations of structural transitions during the thermal-oxidative event of mixed-metal spinel oxide precursors, the so-called nickel- (NCO) and zinc-containing (ZCO) cobaltite spinel precursors, were investigated to understand the formations of the derived NiCo2O4 and ZnCo2O4 spinel oxides, respectively. In-situ XRD investigation revealed that emerged temperatures for spinel oxide phase were between 325 and 400 °C, depending on the cationic substituent. It indicated that the emerged temperature correlated with the absolute octahedral site preference energy (OSPE) of those cations that participated in the development of the spinel framework. Moreover, the incorporated nickel and zinc in the precursors was beneficial for inhibiting the occurrence of the undesired CoO phase. Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopic (TRXAS) data suggested the local structure rearrangement of nickel and zinc throughout the calcination process, which differed from the behavior of single-metal cobalt system. The essential information reported herein provides a benefit to control the cationic distribution within spinel materials, leading to the tunable physical and chemical properties.

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Studies on nodulation responses to pelleting of subterranean clover seed.

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9610578 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 578 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

JA Thompson

Keyword(s):

Seed Coat ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Trifolium Subterraneum ◽

Coating Materials ◽

Physical Separation ◽

Clover Seed

In a series of field experiments on seven soils of pH 6.0 or higher, nodulation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Tallarook) was improved by pelleting the seed with various glues and coating materials, prior to inoculation with dry peat inoculum. On these soils the responses were not related to the chemical properties of the pellet materials. The beneficial effect was apparently the result of physical separation of the seed coat and inoculum. It is postulated that pelleting of seed protects the inoculum from an antibiotic, whlch has been found in subterranean clover seed coats, and which is active against Rhizobium in culture. On a soil of pH 5.1 a nodulation response to two types of pelleting materials was apparently related to the chemical constituents of the coating materials. In this soil there was less evidence of the importance of physical separation of the inoculum from the seed coat. It seems likely that soils may differ considerably in their ability to inactivate the antibiotic. Nodulation was not improved by in situ fumigation, prior to sowing, of two soils of pH 6.0 and 6.6, which indicated that antagonism by soil microorganisms was not the cause of poor nodulation in these soils. Significant nodulation responses to pelleting were obtained in sowings in these fumigated soils.

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Science goals and new mission concepts for future exploration of Titan’s atmosphere, geology and habitability: titan POlar scout/orbitEr and in situ lake lander and DrONe explorer (POSEIDON)

Experimental Astronomy ◽

10.1007/s10686-021-09815-8 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Sébastien Rodriguez ◽

Sandrine Vinatier ◽

Daniel Cordier ◽

Gabriel Tobie ◽

Richard K. Achterberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar System ◽

Major Elements ◽

Polar Regions ◽

Large Set ◽

The Earth ◽

Northern Latitudes ◽

Spring Equinox ◽

In Situ Investigation ◽

The Ideal

AbstractIn response to ESA’s “Voyage 2050” announcement of opportunity, we propose an ambitious L-class mission to explore one of the most exciting bodies in the Solar System, Saturn’s largest moon Titan. Titan, a “world with two oceans”, is an organic-rich body with interior-surface-atmosphere interactions that are comparable in complexity to the Earth. Titan is also one of the few places in the Solar System with habitability potential. Titan’s remarkable nature was only partly revealed by the Cassini-Huygens mission and still holds mysteries requiring a complete exploration using a variety of vehicles and instruments. The proposed mission concept POSEIDON (Titan POlar Scout/orbitEr and In situ lake lander DrONe explorer) would perform joint orbital and in situ investigations of Titan. It is designed to build on and exceed the scope and scientific/technological accomplishments of Cassini-Huygens, exploring Titan in ways that were not previously possible, in particular through full close-up and in situ coverage over long periods of time. In the proposed mission architecture, POSEIDON consists of two major elements: a spacecraft with a large set of instruments that would orbit Titan, preferably in a low-eccentricity polar orbit, and a suite of in situ investigation components, i.e. a lake lander, a “heavy” drone (possibly amphibious) and/or a fleet of mini-drones, dedicated to the exploration of the polar regions. The ideal arrival time at Titan would be slightly before the next northern Spring equinox (2039), as equinoxes are the most active periods to monitor still largely unknown atmospheric and surface seasonal changes. The exploration of Titan’s northern latitudes with an orbiter and in situ element(s) would be highly complementary in terms of timing (with possible mission timing overlap), locations, and science goals with the upcoming NASA New Frontiers Dragonfly mission that will provide in situ exploration of Titan’s equatorial regions, in the mid-2030s.

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Chemical Variations of Thermally Modified Wild-Grown Bambusa Vulgaris Schrad.Ex J.C. Wendl from Nigeria

International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research ◽

10.18488/journal.64.2021.92.19.27 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 19-27

Author(s):

Olajide O B ◽

Ogunsanwo O Y ◽

Aguda L O ◽

Oriire LT

Keyword(s):

Lignin Content ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Chemical Constituent ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Content Increase ◽

Bambusa Vulgaris ◽

Time Regime ◽

Termite Attack ◽

C 30

Determining the variation of chemical properties of thermally treated Bambusa vulgaris is important to provide the information of the responses of the chemical constituents to the bamboo modification against biodegradation. This research was therefore conducted to determine the chemical properties of thermally modified Bambusa vulgaris. Two hundred and seventy (30 x 2 x 0.5 cm) bamboo strips dimension were thermally modified in a heat-chamber at 100, 110, 120, 130 and 140 °C each, for 10, 20 and 30 minutes, under constant pressure (220 N/m2) in factorial arrangement in completely randomised design with 5 replicates. Unmodified strips served as control. Chemical characteristics (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash contents) were determined using standard procedures. The mean variation range of the control to 140°C/30 minutes of the thermally modified samples is as follows; the cellulose value ranged from 46.46±0.11% to 42.19±0.18%, hemicellulose from 35.59±0.10% to 31.80±0.01%, lignin from 29.11±0.12% to 26.17±0.13%, ash from 0.92±0.02% to 0.63±0.01%; the study also revealed that there were decrease in each chemical constituent value varies from a lower to a higher temperature and time regime proportionally except in the lignin content. Increase in temperature and time of thermal modification reduced the chemical characteristics of Bambusa vulgaris which resulted to reduction in the level of sugar contents (cellulose) of bamboo which enables it to be less attractive to both fungi and termite attack hence extending the service life of bamboo in use.

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Chemical constituent analysis of the Babassu (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) mesocarp

Universitas Scientiarum ◽

10.11144/javeriana.sc24-2.ccao ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 323-335

Author(s):

Gabriela Batista de Farias ◽

Jean Lucas Da Silva Rodrigues ◽

Maria Nilce De Sousa Ribeiro ◽

Lyege Oliveira Magalhães ◽

Antonio Gilberto Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Shifts ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Chemical Constituent ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Acid Mixture ◽

1H And 13C Nmr ◽

Popular Medicine ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

Medicinal Activity

The Babassu nut (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) mesocarp is traditionally transformed to flour and consumed in some Brazilian areas for its attributed medicinal activity; however, its chemical properties remain to be elucidated. The present work aimed at analyzing the babassu mesocarp phytochemical constituents. Babassu nut samples were collected in the Brazilian Amazon, and their mesocarps were prepared and macerated in different solvents. The chromatographic fractionation of selected methanol extracts yielded three fractions, A-5, A-6, and B-1 that were characterized with high resolution methods. Fraction A-5 was characterized through GC/MS as a fatty acid mixture with predominance of eicosanoic (38.67 %) and 11-octadecanoic (21.71 %) acids. Fraction A-6 was characterized by the presence of three phytosteroids (32.02 %), sesquiterpene (nerolidol; 24.89 %), and diterpene (17-acetoxy-19-kauranal; 15.17 %). The 1H and 13C NMR spectra on fraction A-6 showed characteristic chemical shifts for its compounds. Compound B-1 was identified as ergostanol-3-benzoate based on NMR experiments in one and two dimensions. These results constitute the first identification of babassu mesocarp chemical constituents in 1 and 2-dimensions, paving the way to understanding its role in popular medicine.

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Cathodoluminescence of Catalyst Crystallites

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100055667 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 664-665

Author(s):

E.D. Boyes ◽

P.L. Gai ◽

D.B. Darby ◽

C. Warwick

Keyword(s):

Defect Density ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Semiconductor Materials ◽

Environmental Cell ◽

High Resolution Structure ◽

Commercially Important ◽

Crystallographic Defects ◽

Resolution Structure

The extended crystallographic defects introduced into some oxide catalysts under operating conditions may be a consequence and accommodation of the changes produced by the catalytic activity, rather than always being the origin of the reactivity. Operation without such defects has been established for the commercially important tellurium molybdate system. in addition it is clear that the point defect density and the electronic structure can both have a significant influence on the chemical properties and hence on the effectiveness (activity and selectivity) of the material as a catalyst. SEM/probe techniques more commonly applied to semiconductor materials, have been investigated to supplement the information obtained from in-situ environmental cell HVEM, ultra-high resolution structure imaging and more conventional AEM and EPMA chemical microanalysis.

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In situ investigation of the primary recrystallization of alpha titanium in HVEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100110313 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 634-635

Author(s):

S. Naka ◽

R. Penelle ◽

R. Valle

Keyword(s):

Dimensional Analysis ◽

Texture Evolution ◽

Cold Work ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Primary Recrystallization ◽

Thin Foils ◽

In Situ Investigation ◽

Grain Growth Model ◽

Alpha Titanium

The in situ experimentation technique in HVEM seems to be particularly suitable to clarify the processes involved in recrystallization. The material under investigation was unidirectionally cold-rolled titanium of commercial purity. The problem was approached in two different ways. The three-dimensional analysis of textures was used to describe the texture evolution during the primary recrystallization. Observations of bulk-annealed specimens or thin foils annealed in the microscope were also made in order to provide information concerning the mechanisms involved in the formation of new grains. In contrast to the already published work on titanium, this investigation takes into consideration different values of the cold-work ratio, the temperature and the annealing time.Two different models are commonly used to explain the recrystallization textures i.e. the selective grain growth model (Beck) or the oriented nucleation model (Burgers). The three-dimensional analysis of both the rolling and recrystallization textures was performed to identify the mechanismsl involved in the recrystallization of titanium.

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