scholarly journals Occurrence and distribution of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Water and Sediments of Earthen Fish Ponds in South Western Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Joseph Kiyuka Nyaundi ◽  
Albert Getabu ◽  
James Onchieku ◽  
Zachary Kinaro ◽  
Samuel Bassa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organochlorine Pesticide ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Water Courses ◽  
Upstream Catchment

Persistent organochlorine residues in the environment are a threat to ecological health of aquatic organisms and pose a health risk to both animals and human consumers. Organochlorine pesticides were determined in water and sediments collected during wet and dry season from selected riverine and earthen fish pond sites in high altitude catchment areas within Kuja River (Kenya) between August 2016–May, 2017. Analysis of DDT and metabolites, Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) isomers and cyclodienes using a gas chromatograph (GC), and electron capture detector (ECD), confirmed using GC - Mass Spectrometry (MS). Mean (± Standard error) results of DDTs, cyclodienes and HCHs in pond waters were:- below detection level (BDL) to 0.27±0.03µg/L, BDL to 0.11±0.00µg/L, and 4.39±1.01µg/L respectively; and BDL to 0.23±0.01µg/L, 1.20±0.005µg/L, and 1.71±0.02µg/L in river water respectively. Sediment mean OCPs contents were significantly (p<0.05) higher for Dieldrin (3.043±0.43µg/kg), Endrin (2.56±0.460µg/kg), Heptachlor (3.61±0.02µg/kg) DDT (2.97±1.32µg/kg), Endosulfan (6.31.27±1.051µg/kg), Methoxychlor (2.15±1.641µg/kg) and Lindane (2.96±1.32µg/kg), respectively. A longitudinal spatial distribution pattern was noted for both water and sediment OCPs contents, demonstrating that cyclodienes are predominant contaminants in point and non-point sources in water courses. The study recommends continuous monitoring of OCPs in upstream catchment areas for informed management and policy decisions on pesticide use. Keywords: Kuja-Migori River; Organic contaminants; Organochlorine Pesticide.

Effects of seasonal variation in precipitation on estimation of non-point source pollution

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-C. Lin ◽  
J.-J. Kao
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Sediment Loads ◽  
Significant Seasonal Variation ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Reservoir Watershed ◽  
Central Taiwan ◽  
Upstream Catchment

The extent of nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) generated from upstream catchment areas of a reservoir is normally estimated based on a design rainfall. However, rainfall generally varies in different seasons. This seasonal change may significantly influence the estimation of runoff volume and associated NPSP arising within a reservoir watershed. The NPSP management, reservoir operation, and water treatment operation strategies developed based on the estimation will also be altered. This study analyzes the effects of monthly and seasonal variation in precipitation on the estimation of pollution levels from non-point sources in a reservoir watershed. The area studied is the Derchi reservoir watershed located in central Taiwan. This watershed is subdivided into twenty-six sub-watersheds, and the Thiessen method is used to determine the rainfall intensity in each sub-watershed. Runoff pattern and NPSP contributions for each sub-watershed are estimated using the AGNPS model. Results show significant seasonal variation in precipitation; estimated NPSP loads likewise vary significantly over time. Seven- to one hundred-fold differences among monthly and seasonal estimations of phosphorus and sediment loads are observed.

Sources of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Catchment Area of Neusiedlersee/Fertö, Austria/Hungary

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. v. d. Emde ◽  
H. Fleckseder ◽  
N. Matsché ◽  
F. Plahl-Wabnegg ◽  
G. Spatzierer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
The One

Neusiedlersee (in German) / Fertö tó (in Hungarian) is a shallow lake at the Austro-Hungarian border. In the late 1970s, the question arose what to do in order to protect the lake against eutrophication. A preliminary report established the need for point-source control as well as gave first estimates for non-point source inputs. The proposed point-source control was quickly implemented, non-point sources were - among other topics - studied in detail in the period 1982 - 1986. The preliminary work had shown, based on integrated sampling and data from literature, that the aeolic input outweighed the one via water erosion (work was for totP only). In contrast to this, the 1982 - 1986 study showed that (a) water erosion by far dominates over aeolic inputs and (b) the size of nonpoint-source inputs was assessed for the largest catchment area in pronounced detail, whereas additional estimates were undertaken for smaller additional catchment areas. The methods as well as the results are presented in the following. The paper concludes with some remarks on the present management practice of nonpoint-source inputs.

The impact of agricultural pollutants in six drinking water reservoirs

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tanik ◽  
B. Beler Baykal ◽  
I. E. Gonenc
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Environmental Evaluation ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
The Status ◽  
Agricultural Pollutants ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Impact

Water is supplied in the Greater Istanbul Metropolitan Area from the surface water of six main reservoirs. The present land use in the catchment areas of the reservoirs indicates that the area devoted to agricultural activities and to forests and meadows varies between 73 and 97% and that only a minor percentage, 1-26%, is devoted to settlements and industries. In contrast to the land use profile, the current environmental evaluation of the catchment areas reveals that point sources dominate over diffuse sources. However, this trend is expected to be reversed in the near future, making diffuse sources and control of fertilizers and pesticides the most significant issue. Pollutant loads regarding pesticides and fertilizers are calculated from unit loads based on area. These pollutants are observed to have a negative impact on water quality in terms of eutrophication and toxicity. In this paper, the status of fertilizers and pesticides are addressed and some protective measures for reducing the impact of agricultural pollutants in the reservoirs are recommended.

Assessment of biogenous load on the Gulf of Finland exerted from the Russian territory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai Voronov ◽  
Nataly Victorova ◽  
Dmitry Shilov
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Russian Territory ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Bodies Of Water ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland

&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the essay was analysis and evaluation of the load generated by pollutants in the Russian part of the catchment area directly entering the Baltic Sea, as well as consideration of pro-rata contribution of all sources in the formation of factual biogenous load at the catchment areas of rivers flowing into the Gulf of Finland.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The assessment of biogenous load was made on the basis of observation data, statistical reporting data, mathematical modelling data and additional monitoring data for bodies of water in previously uncontrolled areas. To assess the amount of biogenous input from uncontrolled tributaries of the Gulf of Finland, field observations of the discharge and concentration of pollutants over a number of past years were analyzed and generalized.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is noted that there has been a tendency towards reduction of pollutants for a number of substances in the last decade, as shown by the analysis. It is demonstrated that a significant decrease is due to reduced load from point sources that discharge pollutants directly to the Baltic Sea and its bays. Some proposals are presented for improving the Russian system of monitoring the load exerted on water bodies.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals A Single Incident of Soil P Leaching in a Mature Forest Corresponds to 10 Years of Average Leaching

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Mari Fransson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Second Year ◽  
P Leaching

Incidental P losses from non-point sources may contribute to eutrophication and to decreased soil fertility. These incidents have been related to heavy rainfall on freshly fertilized agricultural soils and little is known about such incidents on more natural soils or in forests. The aim of this work is to determine if incidents of high P leaching also occur in spruce forests, and if such incidents are of significance in P cycling. We found a peak in the mineral soil solution showing that single events of high P leaching occur. The orthophosphate concentration in the Bf-horizon of the 80-year old spruce forest peaked in the autumn of the second year of a continuous monitoring. The concentration increased by more than 85 times compared to the highest concentration obtained earlier during the sampling. The amount leached during this 6 months peak is 10 times higher than the average annual leaching. This P leaching might be due to a combination of high P deposition/through-fall and a high anion exchange with dissolved-organic-carbon and Cl-. We suggest that single events of high sub-surface P leaching may contribute to the overall P leaching, and might increase with the global warming as more DOC is expected to be released to the soil solution.

scholarly journals Pesticide Residues and Harmful Organic Pollutants In Some Freshwater Fishes From Matlab Floodplain Area, Bangladesh

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Zaman ◽  
M Niamul Naser ◽  
Mozaffar Hossain ◽  
Moazzem Husain ◽  
Aminul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticide ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticide Residues ◽  
Floodplain Area

The level of organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs), viz. ?-, ?-, ?-BHC,heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide isomer B, dieldrin, 4,4’-DDE, endrin, 2,4-DDD, 4,4’-DDT, 4,4’-DDD, 2,4’-DDT in fish samples from Matlab floodplain areas were determined. The fish samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, the extracts were cleaned up by sulphuric acid treatment and analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC) fitted with electron captured detector and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The result showed that none of the studied fishes contained organochlorine pesticide residues but consist some other harmful organic contaminants in tissues. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12899 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40(1): 101-108, 2012

scholarly journals Passive, continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide geostorage using muon tomography

2018 ◽  
Vol 377 (2137) ◽  
pp. 20180059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Gluyas ◽  
Lee Thompson ◽  
Dave Allen ◽  
Charlotte Benton ◽  
Paula Chadwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Muon Tomography

Carbon capture and storage is a transition technology from a past and present fuelled by coal, oil and gas and a planned future dominated by renewable energy sources. The technology involves the capture of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel power stations and other point sources, compression of the CO 2 into a fluid, transporting it and injecting it deep beneath the Earth's surface into depleted petroleum reservoirs and other porous formations. Once injected, the CO 2 must be monitored to ensure that it is emplaced and assimilated as planned and that none leaks back to surface. A variety of methods have been deployed to monitor the CO 2 storage site and many such methods have been adapted from oilfield practice. However, such methods are commonly indirect, episodic, require active signal generation and remain expensive throughout the monitoring period that may last for hundreds of years. A modelling framework was developed to concurrently simulate CO 2 geostorage conditions and background cosmic-ray muon tomography, in which the potential was assessed for using variations in muon attenuation, due to changes in CO 2 abundance, as a means of CO 2 detection. From this, we developed a passive, continuous monitoring method for CO 2 storage sites using muon tomography, the tools for which can be deployed during the active drilling phase (development) of the storage site. To do this, it was necessary to develop a muon detector that could be used in the hostile environment (saline, high temperature) of the well bore. A prototype detector has been built and tested at the 1.1 km deep Boulby potash mine on the northeast coast of England, supported by the existing STFC Boulby Underground Laboratory on the site. The detector is now ready to be commercialized. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

Microbial assessment of selected earthen fish ponds in western Kenya

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-266
Author(s):  
David Onyango Miruka ◽  
James Ochieng Ochieng ◽  
Jeremiah Wafula Were ◽  
Eliud Nyandago Waindi
Keyword(s):  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Western Kenya
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