Validity of Members of the Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform Groups for Indicating the Presence of Salmonella in the Quahaug, Mercenaria mercenaria

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 322-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. ANDREWS ◽  
C. D. DIGGS ◽  
J. J. MIESCIER ◽  
C. R. WILSON ◽  
W. N. ADAMS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Mercenaria Mercenaria ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Hard Shell ◽  
Relationship Of

To determine the relationship of most probable number (MPN) of the total and fecal coliform groups in shellfish and shellfish-growing waters to the presence of Salmonella in quahaugs (Mercenaria mercenaria), a microbiological survey of 214 samples of the quahaug, or hard-shell clam, was done over 24 months. For purposes of this study, waters were classified as safe for shellfish harvesting by one of two criteria: (a) a total coliform MPN of ≤ 70/100 ml of water or (b) a fecal coliform MPN value of ⩽ 14/100 ml of water. None of the quahaug samples harvested from waters meeting these standards contained Salmonella. Additionally, Salmonella was not detected in any of the quahaug samples meeting the wholesale market quality standard of 230 fecal coliforms per 100 g of shellfish as specified by the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. An increase in the total coliform and fecal coliform MPN of the waters more closely paralleled an increase in the fecal coliform MPN, as compared to the total coliform MPN of the quahaug meats. Five Salmonella serotypes, including Salmonella parathyphi B, were found singly and in combination in five (2.3%) of the quahaug samples in this survey.

scholarly journals Quantity of Coliform Bacteria as Bioindicator of Water Pollution (Case Study: Several Tributaries in Purwokerto City, Banyumas Regency, Central Java)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Nur Laila Rahayu ◽  
Eko Hendarto ◽  
Indah Sulistiyawati ◽  
Rina Dwi Agustiani
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
The City

The city of Purwokerto is crossed by several large rivers, this research examines several tributaries of a large river. Some tributaries that pass through the city of Purwokerto are the Raden River, the Caban River, the Jurig River and the Luhur River. Tributaries have the potential to influence water quality. This study aimed to analyze the quantity of coliform bacteria as an indicator of water pollution in several tributaries in Purwokerto City, Banyumas Regency. Microbiological tests were carried out by calculating the total coliform quantity and fecal coliform using the Most Probable Number (MPN) test. Total coliform and fecal coliform can be used as a reference indicator of water quality in the presence of water pollution. The laboratory test results for the quantity of coliform bacteria showed in several tributaries in Purwokerto City, Banyumas Regency, very high in total coliform or fecal coliform, exceeding the water quality standard.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF NUMBERS OF COLIFORM BACTERIAL AS WATER QUALITY INDICATOR IN KEPAHIANG DISTRICT RIVERS, BENGKULU PROVINCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-163
Author(s):  
Sipriyadi Sipriyadi ◽  
Risky Hadi Wibowo ◽  
Welly Darwis
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Ph Range

Coliform is a group of microbes that are used as indicators of water quality. Water pollution is generally caused by pathogenic microbes from feces, household waste, and industrial activity waste. This study aimed to estimate the total number of coliform contamination in several rivers in Kepahiang Regency, namely Tebat Monok (TM), Sempiyang (SPY), Penanjung Panjang (PP), Embong Ijok (EI) Air Langkap(ALK), and Air Belimbing (ABB).  Total coliform and Fecal coliform tests were carried out using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method on Lactose Broth, Brillian Green Lactose Bile Broth and pour plates on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar media. Measurement of abiotic factors was on temperature and pH parameters. The test results of total coliform showed that 6 rivers contained total coliform under the Class II river water quality standards with a range of 1210/100 mL– 4310/100 mL and 2 rivers that were contaminated with Fecal coliform, TM and ALK, have the content of 1500/100 mL and 1700 / 100 mL. The results of the measurement of the abiotic factor, the river pH range was 7.4 - 8.2. The lowest temperature was 25oC in SPY river and the highest temperature was 26 oC on the TM, PP, EI, ALK, and ABB rivers.

Comparative Validity of Members of the Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform Groups for Indicating the Presence of Salmonella in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 453-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. ANDREWS ◽  
C. D. DIGGS ◽  
M. W. PRESNELL ◽  
J. J. MIESCIER ◽  
C. R. WILSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Eastern Oyster ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Salmonella Serotypes ◽  
Area Standard

During a 24-month survey, 539 samples each of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and the overlying water were collected to determine the relation of most probable number (MPN) of the total and fecal coliform groups in shellfish and water to the presence of Salmonella in the shellfish themselves. Occurrence of Salmonella in the shellfish more closely paralleled a progressive increase in the fecal coliform MPN as compared to the total coliform MPN in the water and shellfish meat. The percentage of Salmonella-positive shellfish samples was somewhat higher in oysters harvested from waters conforming to the present bacteriological approved growing area standard of ≤70 total coliforms per 100 ml water as compared to these same waters meeting a recently proposed fecal coliform standard of ≤14 organisms per 100 ml. In no instance was Salmonella detected in oysters from growing areas officially approved for harvesting on the basis of both a bacteriological and sanitary survey. Of a variety of enrichment broths and plating media used for recovery of Salmonella from oysters, direct enrichment in tetrathionate broth with added brilliant green followed by streaking on bismuth sulfite agar was the most productive combination of media for recovering a large variety of Salmonella serotypes.

Uptake and Elimination of Bacteria in Shellfish*

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK O. PERKINS ◽  
DEXTER S. HAVEN ◽  
REINALDO MORALES-ALAMO ◽  
MARTHA W. RHODES
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
General Review ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bacterial Accumulation

A general review of knowledge concerning bacterial accumulation and depletion by commercially significant bivalve molluses is presented. Naturally contaminated shellfish can eliminate fecal coliforms (FC) in 48 h to levels below most market standards over a wide range of environmental conditions when sea water flowing to the molluses is treated so that fecal coliform levels are indeterminate or marginally determinate as assayed by standard methodology. Most probable number (MPN) enumerations of shellfish depurated for 48 h by the authors yielded a median value of < 18 FC/100 g of oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) meats with < 10% of the samples exceeding 78 FC/100 g.

Comparison of a Rapid Plate Count and MPN Methods for Enumeration of Fecal Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Soft-Shell Clams

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1197-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUADALUPE R. GARCIA ◽  
ROBERT E. HAYMOND ◽  
DIANE M. SPRAGUE ◽  
EMMA R. SINGLETON ◽  
JAMES T. PEELER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Rapid Procedure ◽  
Soft Shell ◽  
Plate Count Method

A direct elevated temperature plate count method utilizing modified fecal coliform agar with rosolic acid (ETPC/mFC) was compared to 5-tube and 3-tube most probable number (MPN) procedures for its accuracy in enumerating fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in naturally and artificially contaminated soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria). The results indicated that the extent of overall recovery of fecal coliforms was similar in the two methods tested. Therefore, the ETPC/mFC method may be considered as a rapid procedure for fecal coliform screening during depuration of soft-shell clams.

scholarly journals The origin of bacterial contamination in AL-Habania reservoir in Iraq

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania reservoir was studied during the period from February 2005 to January 2006; samples were collected from four stations (AL-Warrar, AL-Theban regulator, middle of the reservoir and the fourth was towards AL-Razzaza reservoir). Coliform bacteria, faecal Coliforms, Streptococci, and faecal Streptococci were used as parameters of bacterial contamination in waters through calculating the most probable number. Highest count of Coliform bacteria (1500 cell/100ml) was recorded at AL-Razaza during August, and the lowest count was less than (300 cell/100ml) in the rest of the collection stations for all months. Fecal Coliform bacteria ranged between less than 300 cells/100ml in all stations for all months to 700 cell/100ml in AL-Warrar, AL-Razaza and in the middle of the reservoir stations during August. Streptococci bacteria count ranged between less than 300 cell/100ml to 700 cell/100ml as a highest record in AL-Razaza station during August for both. The ratio between fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci (FC: FS) was detected to determined the origin of the pollution in the reservoir depending on Geldrich statistical law in this research, the ratio ranged between (1) to (2.3).

Microbial Profiles of On-line–Procured Sprouting Seeds and Potential Hazards Associated with Enterotoxigenic Bacillus spp. in Homegrown Sprouts†

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1648-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PAO ◽  
M. F. KHALID ◽  
A. KALANTARI
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Radish Sprouts ◽  
On Line ◽  
Slight Growth

We examined the microbiological quality of sprouting seeds sold through the Internet. Overall, five types of seeds each from six organic and six conventional sources were evaluated. The growth and toxin production of naturally occurring Bacillus spp. in sprouts produced using home-scale sprouting devices also were investigated. For alfalfa, broccoli, lentil, mungbean, and radish seeds, the average microbial counts were 3.3, 4.0, 2.8, 3.5, and 3.6 log CFU/g, presumptive B. cereus counts were 0.7, 1.0, 0.8, 1.0, and 0.9 log CFU/g, and total coliform counts were −0.3, −0.4, −0.5, 0.0, and −0.4 log of the most probable number per gram, respectively. No Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157, other fecal coliforms, or Staphylococcus aureus was found on seeds. Compared with conventional seeds, the organic seeds had lower or equivalent counts for total microorganisms, presumptive B. cereus, and total coliforms. When seeds were sprouting using a glass jar, the growth of presumptive B. cereus was significant for radish and broccoli but not for alfalfa, lentil, and mungbean sprouts; the counts exceeded 5.0 log CFU/g in radish sprouts. When sprouts were grown using an automatic sprouting device, presumptive B. cereus showed slight growth (<3.0 log cycles) in radish, broccoli, and mungbean sprouts but no growth in alfalfa and lentil sprouts. Although the presumptive B. cereus isolates were enterotoxigenic, they did not produce or accumulate detectable levels of diarrheal toxins in freshly produced sprouts.

Enteric Bacterial and Viral Pathogens and Indicator Bacteria in Hard Shell Clams

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS A. WAIT ◽  
CAMERON RAY HACKNEY ◽  
ROBERT J. CARRICK ◽  
G. LOVELACE ◽  
MARK D. SOBSEY
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Mercenaria Mercenaria ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hard Shell ◽  
Plate Counts

Enteric bacteria and virus levels were determined in hard shell clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, harvested from areas open or closed for commercial shellfishing on the basis of total coliform levels in water. Four pairs of open and closed stations were sampled seasonally over a 1-year period. Enteric viruses were isolated from 3 of 13 100-g clam samples from open beds and 6 of 15 samples from closed beds. Salmonella was found in 1 of 15 samples from closed areas, but not in any samples from open areas. No Shigella or Yersinia were isolated from clams taken from either open or closed beds. Levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an indigenous estuarine microorganism, were similar in clams from open and closed areas. No statistically significant difference was found in the occurrence of enteric viruses in clams from open and closed areas. Product-moment correlations between concentrations of enteric viruses and bacteria in clams or water demonstrated no statistically significant correlations between virus concentrations in clams and total coliforms or fecal coliforms in water or total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci or aerobic plate counts in clams.

Analysis of Coliform and Colifecal Total Pollution Test on Various Types of Drinking Water Using the MPN (Most Probable Number) Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Aulya ◽  
Fadhliani Fadhliani ◽  
Vivi Mardina
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Sample Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria

Water is the main source for life and also the most severe substance caused by pollution. The mandatory parameters for determining microbiological quality of drinking water are total non-fecal Coliform bacteria and Coliform fecal (Escherichia coli). Coliform bacteria are a group of microorganisms commonly used as indicators, where these bacteria can be a signal to determine whether a water source has been contaminated by bacteria or not, while fecal Coliform bacteria are indicator bacteria polluting pathogenic bacteria originating from human feces and warm-blooded animals (mammals) . The water inspection method in this study uses the MPN (Most Probable Number) method which consists of 3 tests, namely, the presumption test, the affirmation test, and the reinforcement test. The results showed that of 15 drinking water samples 8 samples were tested positive for Coliform bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1, 15 (210/100 ml), while 7 other samples were negative. From 8 positive Coliform samples only 1 sample was stated to be negative fecal Coliform bacteria and 7 other samples were positive for Coliform fecal bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1 (210/100 ml).

Microbiological performance and salmonella dynamics in a wastewater depuration pond system of southeastern spain

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Emparanza-Knörr ◽  
Francisco Torrella
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Village ◽  
Final Effluent

The Salmonella presence and the microbiological quality indicators, total and fecal coliforms and coliphages of E. coli C, have been studied in a overloaded wastewater lagoon system treating urban wastewatrers of the village of Guardamar del Segura (Alicante, Spain). Classical microbiological technology to detect salmonellae was used, including pre-enrichment, enrichment, selective media plating and biochemical and serological confirmation. Water was physicochemically characterized according to COD, SS, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The selective migration step through Rappaport-Vassiliadis semisolid agar medium was essential for the consistent detection of Salmonella in the different lagoon effluents. Total and fecal coliform levels of up to 105-106 MPN/100 ml were detected in the final effluent. High coliphage concentrations of 103-104 pfu/ml were also found in the effluent waters. Salmonella was always detected in 100 ml samples and eventually reached an order of value of 103 MPN/100 ml. Total coliform reduction was higher in the anaerobic ponds whereas fecal coliforms were more efficiently eliminated in the facultative (mostly “anoxic”) lagoons. Coliphage reduction was higher in the facultative lagoons when compared to the anaerobic ponds. On many occasions, no reduction or eventual increment of the concentration of salmonellae was detected in the effluents from the anaerobic ponds compared to concentrations of the patohogen in the influent raw wasterwaters. The possibility exists for a capacity of Salmonella to multiply in the anoxic phase of the wastewater treatment, but the presence of microorganisms in raw sewage waters which could maskSalmonella detection with the enrichment methodology employed cannot be ruled out.

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