Incidence and Levels of Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium proliferatum and Fumonisins in Corn and Corn-Based Foods and Feeds1

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
LLOYD B. BULLERMAN ◽  
WEI-YUN J. TSAI
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Dent Corn ◽  
Fumonisin B2 ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Corn Flakes

Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon occurs worldwide on corn intended for human and animal consumption. A closely related species Fusarium proliferatum also occurs frequently on corn. Yellow dent corn, white dent corn, white and yellow popcorn and sweetcorn may be contaminated. Both organisms are capable of producing a group of toxins known as fumonisins, of which Fumonisin B1 (FB1), Fumonisin B2 (FB2) and Fumonisin B3 (FB3) are most common. Fumonisins have been found in corn and corn-based foods worldwide. Fumonisins may be found in sound whole kernel corn at levels at or below 1.0 μg/g. By contrast animal disease problems begin to occur at fumonisin levels above 5.0 to 10.0 μg/g. Corn-based food products that have the most frequent and highest fumonisin levels, besides whole kernels, are corn meal and corn grits. In the United States, corn meal has been found contaminated with Fumonisin B1 at levels from 0.5 to 2.05 μg/g, and grits from 0.14 to 0.27 μg/g. Corn flakes, corn pops, corn chips and tortilla chips have been found negative for fumonisins. Popcorn, sweetcorn and hominy corn have been found contaminated with sporadic, low levels (0.01 to 0.08 μg/g) of fumonisins. The effects of processing on fumonisins in corn are still largely unknown. Heating may cause a loss of fumonisins in corn, but it may be a loss of detectability rather than degradation.

Fumonisin Production in Corn by Toxigenic Strains of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES W. BACON ◽  
PAUL E. NELSON
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusaric Acid ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Corn Products ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

The fungi Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg produce a series of toxins on corn which include the fumonisins of which fumonisin B1 and B2 are considered to have cancer promoting activity. Both fungi produce similar ratios of the fumonisins B1 to B2. Other mycotoxins produced include moniliformin, fusarin C and fusaric acid. Fumonisin B1 has been shown to be responsible for most of the toxicological affects observed from ingesting corn infected by toxigenic isolates of these fungi. The distribution of the two fungi is generally similar, although F. proliferatum is isolated more frequently from sorghum than corn. They occur worldwide on other food crops, such as rice, sorghum, millet, several fruits and vegetables. Both fungi are ear rot pathogens of corn, thus, mycotoxin production occurs under field conditions, although it also may occur in storage. One or both fungi may have a frequency of occurrence of 90% or higher in corn; 90% of the F. moniliforme isolates produce the fumonisins. On corn and corn products the range of concentrations reported is 0.3 to 330 μg/g of corn-based product. These concentrations include both corn-based animal feed and human foods.

Fumonisin B1 Production and Growth of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum on Maize, Wheat, and Barley Grain

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Marin ◽  
N. Magan ◽  
J. Serra ◽  
A.J. Ramos ◽  
R. Canela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum

Comparative Detection of Fumonisin by HPLC, ELISA, and Immunocytochemical Localization in Fusarium Cultures

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA VICTORIA TEJADA-SIMON ◽  
LILIAN T. MAROVATSANGA ◽  
JAMES J. PESTKA
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Immunocytochemical Localization ◽  
Large Deposits

Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins that are elaborated by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum and that have recently been associated with animal and human disease. In this study, the time course of fumonisin B1 (FB1) production in corn was monitored in five Fusarium cultures using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and in situ localization by an enzyme-linked immunocytochemical technique (ELICT). Using HPLC on culture extracts prepared with 50% (vol/vol) acetonitrile in water, FB1 was detectable at 3 days with maximal FB1 (ranging from 230 to 3,000 ppm) occurring between 14 and 28 days. Although there was a positive correlation between FB1 detected by HPLC and ELISA, the latter consistently yielded higher results than HPLC. Maximal FB1 “equivalents” detected by ELISA ranged from 12,000 to 35,000 ppm. Following fixation of Fusarium from cultures, ELICT revealed the presence of large deposits indicative of fumonisin or fumonisin-like cross-reacting compounds in mycelia, microconidia, and microconidia. Prior to fixation, these compounds were extractable in 50% (vol/vol) acetonitrile in water. ELICT results qualitatively correlated with HPLC and ELISA over the time course of the cultures. Taken together, the results suggest that (a) ELISA or ELICT could be used for qualitative screening of FB1-producing cultures, and (b) in addition to FB1, the monoclonal antibody-based ELISA detected one or more compounds that structurally resemble FB1 and occur concurrently with FB1.

scholarly journals Incomplete Recoveries of Fumonisins Present in Naturally Contaminated Corn Foods from an Immunoaffinity Column

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 496-501
Author(s):  
Keum Soon Oh ◽  
Peter M Scott ◽  
Soo-Hyun Chung
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Immunoaffinity Column ◽  
Practical Procedure ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Corn Flakes

Abstract Following previous observations of apparent instability of fumonisin B1 in corn starch and corn meal, immunoaffinity column (IAC) cleanup, of the type used in the analysis of commercial starch-containing corn foods for fumonisins, was investigated. Foods analyzed for naturally occurring fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 included corn flour (3 different products), corn meal, and corn flakes. In 2 series of experiments, fractions were eluted by gravity or vacuum from narrow- or wide-bore Fumonitest IACs either with 2 2 mL methanol, followed by 2 mL methanolwater (8 2, v/v), or with 2 mL methanol, then 2 mL methanolwater (8 2, v/v). The ratio () of fumonisin B1 concentration in the first methanol eluate to the total concentration measured from all eluates in most cases varied from 2570. Incomplete recoveries were also observed for fumonisins B2 and B3. It is concluded that there can be a major underestimation of naturally occurring fumonisins in methods using only methanol elution for IAC cleanup, as in AOAC INTERNATIONAL Official Method 2001.04 (accuracy of these methods had been determined only by spiking the food with fumonisins). Elution with 2 2 mL methanolwater (8 2, v/v) was chosen as a practical procedure; means of 8198 of the total fumonisin B1 concentration were found in the first eluate, except for corn flakes and 2 experiments with corn meal.

Fumonisin Production by Fusanum Species on Solid Substrates

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 522-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E Nelson ◽  
Jean H Juba ◽  
P Frank Ross ◽  
Larry G Rice
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nylon Mesh ◽  
Culture Material ◽  
Yellow Corn ◽  
Solid Substrates ◽  
Fumonisin B2 ◽  
Corn Kernels

Abstract Fumonisins were produced by strains of Fusarium moniliforme and F. proliferatum on a medium consisting of 500 g yellow corn kernels and 500 mL distilled water added to a 30.5 × 61 cm autoclavable polyethylene bag. The corn was inoculated by drawing a suspension from a lyophilized culture into a sterile 5 mL syringe fitted with a 19 gauge needle and injecting 1 mL through the side of each polyethylene culture bag. Bags of inoculated com were incubated in the dark at 20° to 22°C for 4 weeks. Seven to 8 days after inoculation, holes were punched near the tops of the bags to promote aeration. After a 4 week incubation, cultures were soaked in chloroform–acetone (50 + 50, v/v) in 4 L flasks overnight to kill fungus and to remove water. Next, the culture media was filtered through 2 mm nylon mesh screens and air dried from 24 to 48 h. Fumonisin concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography/o-phthalaldialdehyde fluorescence. Confirmation was by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We observed that the 3 most important factors in the production of fumonisins in bulk corn cultures were temperature control, moisture, and aeration. Extraction by acetonitrile–water (50 + 50, v/v) for 30 min produced the highest yields of fumonisins. Measurable concentrations were reduced by as much as 50% when culture material was heated at 50°C overnight. Fusarium moniliforme strains consistently produced fumonisin B1 as the major component, but some strains of F. proliferatum produced fumonisin B2 and/or fumonisin B3 at higher concentrations than fumonisin B1. Results were calculated on the basis of dried culture material.

Occurrence of Fumonisins and Moniliformin in Corn and Corn-Based Food Products of U.S. Origin†

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 1732-1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAREKEGN GUTEMA ◽  
CELESTIN MUNIMBAZI ◽  
LLOYD B. BULLERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Food Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Simultaneous Exposure ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Fumonisin B2 ◽  
Corn Processing

Food-grade corn and corn-based food products intended for human consumption were analyzed for the incidence and levels of fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), moniliformin, and Fusarium molds. A total of 100 food-grade commercial corn samples were obtained from two corn processing companies at five different locations in the United States. Seventy-one percent of the samples contained FB1 with concentrations ranging from 43 to 1,642 μg/kg. None of the samples contained FB2. Fifty percent of the samples contained moniliformin with concentrations ranging from 26 to 774 μg/kg. All samples were infected by Fusarium molds, and the infection rates ranged from 8 to 88%. Thirty-four samples of corn-based food products were purchased from supermarkets in Arizona, California, Nebraska, and Ohio. Sixty-five percent of the samples contained FB1, ranging in concentrations from 28 to 2,679 μg/kg. FB2 was detected in 29% of the samples with concentrations ranging from 30 to 797 μg/kg. Sixty-eight percent of the samples contained moniliformin with concentrations ranging from 31 to 858 μg/kg. Sixty-two percent of the samples contained viable Fusarium mold propagules ranging from 9.5 × 101 to 5.5 × 105/g. The simultaneous occurrence of FB1 and moniliformin was observed in 34% of corn samples and 53% of corn-based food products. This study has shown co-occurrence of fumonisins and moniliformin in food-grade corn and corn-based foods that indicates a risk of simultaneous exposure of consumers to both toxins.

Fumonisin B1 Production by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum as Affected by Cycling Temperatures†

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1456-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOJIN RYU ◽  
CELESTIN MUNIMBAZI ◽  
LLOYD B. BULLERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Low Temperature Stress ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Cycling Temperature

The effects of temperatures cycling between 5 and 20°C, 10 and 25°C, and 15 and 30°C on the production of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ergosterol by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum on rice was studied. Temperatures were cycled at 12-h intervals by manually moving cultures from one temperature to another. Constant temperature incubation at 25°C and a low temperature stress were compared with the cycling temperature incubations. Low temperature stress was achieved by incubating rice cultures at 25°C for 2 weeks followed by 15°C for 4 weeks. The maximum yields of FB1 were found to be 247 μg/g by F. moniliforme at temperatures that cycled between 10 and 25°C after 2 weeks and 284 μg/g by F. proliferatum when the temperatures cycled between 5 and 20°C after 6 weeks. Ergosterol content of the rice cultures was also monitored. Overall, the two Fusarium species showed differences in production of FB1 and ergosterol under the various temperature treatments. The most notable differences were that the temperature treatments that stimulated greatest FB1 production were different for each species: cycling temperatures between 10 and 25°C for F. moniliforme and cycling temperatures between 5 and 25°C for F. proliferatum. At most temperatures, F proliferatum produced more ergosterol than F. moniliforme. Maximum production of ergosterol by F. proliferatum occurred at 6 weeks, with temperatures that cycled between 10 and 25°C, whereas F. moniliforme produced maximum amounts of ergosterol at 6 weeks, with temperatures that cycled between 15 and 30°C.

scholarly journals Potential Health Risk Associated with Mycotoxins in Oat Grains Consumed in Spain

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
Andrea Tarazona ◽  
José Vicente Gómez ◽  
Fernando Mateo ◽  
Misericordia Jiménez ◽  
Eva María Mateo
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Potential Health Risk ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Fumonisin B2 ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Low Levels

Spain is a relevant producer of oats (Avena sativa), but to date there has been no study on the occurrence/co-occurrence of mycotoxins in oats marketed in Spain. The present study is addressed to overcome this lack of knowledge. One hundred oat kernel samples were acquired across different Spanish geographic regions during the years 2015–2019 and analyzed for mycotoxin content using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–ESI–MS/MS) method and matrix-matched calibration. The focus was on the regulated mycotoxins although other relevant mycotoxins were considered. The percentage of incidence (levels ≥ limit of detection), mean and range (ng/g) of mycotoxins were as follows: zearalenone (66%, mean 39.1, range 28.1–153), HT-2 toxin (47%, mean 37.1, range 4.98–439), deoxynivalenol, (34%, mean 81.4, range 19.1–736), fumonisin B1 (29%, mean 157.5, range 63.2–217.4), and T-2 toxin, (24%, mean 49.9, range 12.3–321). Fumonisin B2, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, aflatoxins B1, B2, and G2, and ochratoxin A were also detected at low levels, but aflatoxin G1 was not. The maximum limits established by the European Commission for unprocessed oats were not exceeded, except for zearalenone (in one sample), and the sum of aflatoxins (in two samples). Mycotoxin co-occurrence at quantifiable levels in the same sample (two to five combinations) was found in 31% of samples. The most common mixtures were those of HT-2 + T-2 toxins alone or together with deoxynivalenol and/or zearalenone.

Study of the Reproducibility Characteristics of a Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Fumonisins B1 and B2 in Corn: IUPAC Collaborative Study

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter G Thiel ◽  
Eric W Sydenham ◽  
Gordon S Shephard ◽  
Dirk J Van Schalkwyk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
The United States ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Fumonisin B2 ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Fumonisins B1 And B2

Abstract An interlaboratory study of the reproducibility characteristics of a liquid chromatographic method for the determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn was conducted in 11 laboratories in the United States, South Africa, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, and The Netherlands. Each laboratory was supplied with 12 coded, blind duplicates of 6 samples of naturally contaminated corn containing different amounts of fumonisins B1 and B2 . Samples are extracted with methanol-water (3 + 1), extracts are centrifuged, and supernatants are cleaned up on strong-anion-exchange cartridges, which were supplied to participants. Solutions are derivatized with o-phthaldialdehyde, and individual fumonisins are determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Quantitation is by comparison with the supplied fumonisin standards. The within-laboratory repeatability was determined by statistical analysis of data after exclusion of outliers. Relative standard deviations for within-laboratory repeatability varied from 7.7 to 25.5% for fumonisin B1 at concentrations between 200 and 2000 ng/g and from 12.5 to 36.8% for fumonisin B2 at concentrations between 70 and 740 ng/g. Relative standard deviations for betweenlaboratory reproducibility varied from 18.0 to 26.7% for fumonisin B1 and from 28.0 to 45.6% for fumonisin B2 at the concentrations mentioned above. These measures of variability indicate that the method is suitable for adoption as an official method provided that the accuracy characteristics are verified collaboratively.

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